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Effects Of Nutritional Management On Peripartum Glucose And Energy Metabolism And Postpartum Health In Transition Dairy Cows
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Book Synopsis Effects of Nutritional Management on Peripartum Glucose and Energy Metabolism and Postpartum Health in Transition Dairy Cows by : Winfield Scott Burhans
Download or read book Effects of Nutritional Management on Peripartum Glucose and Energy Metabolism and Postpartum Health in Transition Dairy Cows written by Winfield Scott Burhans and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 706 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Metabolic Diseases of Ruminants, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice by : Thomas Herdt
Download or read book Metabolic Diseases of Ruminants, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice written by Thomas Herdt and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2013-07-28 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A current, comprehensive issue on metabolic diseases for the food animal practitioner. Topics include obesity and insulin resistance in dairy cows, ketosis therapy, use of serum NEFA and BHBA concentrations in herd-level assessment, mineral nutrition in transition diets, protein, fat, and energy in dairy transition diets, prophylactic calcium therapy in peripartum dairy cows, metabolic regulators of feed intake, assessing and managing body condition score for the prevention of metabolic disease, and more!
Book Synopsis Nutritional Implications for Oxidative Status, Immune Function, and Energy Metabolism in Transition Dairy Cows and Relationships with Postpartum Performance and Endometritis by : Takashi Yasui
Download or read book Nutritional Implications for Oxidative Status, Immune Function, and Energy Metabolism in Transition Dairy Cows and Relationships with Postpartum Performance and Endometritis written by Takashi Yasui and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Factors associated with a failure to adapt metabolic and physiological regulation during the transition period include oxidative stress, metabolic disorders, and imbalanced energy status. Those factors are not only correlated to each other, but also related to low performance and immune suppression, which leads to development of periparturient-related diseases such as cytological endometritis (CE). The objectives of this work were to investigate the: 1) effect of source of trace minerals on production, oxidative metabolism, and the incidence of CE; 2) effect of chromium propionate (Cr-Pro) supplementation on production, metabolism, and the incidence of CE; 3) effect of supplemental monensin and varying postpartum fermentable starch level on the incidence of CE and related immune functions; and 4) association of CE with energy metabolism and inflammation. The first experiment found that, compared to inorganic or organic sources, supplemental hydroxy trace minerals (HTM), a recently available source of trace minerals, improved aspects of milk production, modulated plasma indices of oxidative balance, and reduced plasma haptoglobin levels immediately after parturition, suggesting that HTM are more bioavailable and can affect the body system related to production, oxidative metabolism, and inflammatory responses. In experiment two, feeding Cr-Pro resulted in improved prepartum dry matter intake in addition to reduced prepartum plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), and decreased incidence of CE along with increased uterine neutrophil influx immediately after parturition. This implies that Cr-Pro can improve periparturient energy metabolism and uterine immunity. The third experiment revealed that innate immune responses were improved during the early postpartum period in cows fed high starch diets for 3 weeks after parturition, and during early lactation in cows fed monensin. Finally, analyses conducted indicated that negative energy balance during the first 3 weeks after parturition was a critical factor to develop CE because cows with CE had higher area under the curve of plasma NEFA and beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and lower calculated energy balance during that period compared to cows without CE. The findings obtained from this work give practical approaches to optimize overall performance in transition dairy cows and provide partial mechanisms for how oxidative status, metabolism, and energy balance interrelate.
Book Synopsis Transition Cow Metabolism In Relation To Plane Of Energy Prepartum by : Sabine Mann
Download or read book Transition Cow Metabolism In Relation To Plane Of Energy Prepartum written by Sabine Mann and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transition dairy cows face unique metabolic challenges with increased use of energetic substrates from mobilization of body tissue as a hallmark of this adaptation. This change is characterized by a dramatic drop in the circulating insulin concentrations with the onset of milk production and is accompanied by a significant reduction in circulating insulin concentration which may be exacerbated by insulin resistance on the receptor and post-receptor level. Feeding strategies for dry cows have continuously evolved over the last decades and increasing evidence suggests that overfeeding of energy has detrimental effects on the ability of the dairy cow to successfully accomplish this transition, reflected in increased concentration of markers of negative energy balance postpartum. However, it is unclear if dry period plane of energy has direct effects on systemic or local insulin sensitivity in the peripartum period that hamper the metabolic adaptation of the transition cow. The objectives therefore were to 1) evaluate the effect of three different dry period feeding strategies on markers of energy balance and colostrum and milk production 2) evaluate the effect of different feeding strategies on systemic glucose tolerance and insulin response 3) evaluate the effect of different feeding strategies on adipose and muscle tissue accretion and loss as well as tissue-specific insulin signaling. Cows overfed energy during the prepartum period were at higher risk of hyperketonemia and had elevated concentrations of serum nonesterified fatty acids postpartum, whereas milk production remained unchanged. Colostral IgG concentration was highest in cows fed a controlled energy diet prepartum. Whole body glucose tolerance was unaffected by plane of energy prepartum whereas resting concentrations of insulin and glucose remained more stable during the transition period in cows fed a controlled energy diet. Insulin signaling in muscle and adipose tissue was not affected by dry period feeding and overfeeding did not lead to overt inflammatory changes in adipose tissue. Overall, feeding a controlled energy diet prepartum was associated with favorable metabolic parameters in the absence of changes in early lactation milk production. Changes in glucose tolerance or insulin signaling in peripheral tissues did not provide an explanation for the underlying metabolic mechanisms.
Book Synopsis Relationships Between Carbohydrate Nutrition and Metabolism, Inflammation, and Performance of Dairy Cattle During the Periparturient Period by : Sarah Elizabeth LaCount
Download or read book Relationships Between Carbohydrate Nutrition and Metabolism, Inflammation, and Performance of Dairy Cattle During the Periparturient Period written by Sarah Elizabeth LaCount and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The transition from pregnancy to lactation is a time of great metabolic adaptations for the dairy cow. Dry matter intake decreases, yet demand for nutrients increase vastly with the onset of milk production resulting in negative energy balance. Cows must mobilize body tissues to increase energy for the body while sparing glucose for the mammary gland. Due to this increased metabolic demand and negative energy balance, cows often end up in a state of metabolic dysfunction which can have disastrous consequences. Nutritional strategies can help increase glucose precursors while decreasing body tissue mobilization that is linked to increased risk of disease. Previous research is mixed on the impacts of high starch to increase glucose precursors to the cow immediately postpartum, likely due to an increased risk for subacute ruminal acidosis that can result in metabolic dysfunction and inflammation. Feeding strategies which utilize high starch while also including higher fiber to promote rumen health have not been conducted. The objectives of this dissertation were to: 1) investigate interplay of fiber fractions in high starch postpartum dairy cow diets on performance, hepatic metabolism and energy balance, 2) examine interplay of inflammation, hepatic metabolism, energy metabolites, and metabolic hormones in the postpartum period, and 3) investigate opportunities to combine use of a higher digestibility corn silage with monensin to optimize production and health in the periparturient period. Increased fiber in the postpartum diet can limit intake in early lactation, resulting in negatively altered metabolism and production. As intake restrictions were eased by feeding a more fermentable diet, cows were able to recover intake, production, and energy metabolites in a matter of days to match cows that were not limited in intake early postpartum. Increased fiber in diets that may pose a higher risk of subacute ruminal acidosis may still be warranted, though further research on fiber levels and fractions is needed. Correlations between improved hepatic metabolism and metabolic hormones indicative of energy balance were positive, though correlations between markers of improved hepatic metabolism and inflammation were negative. Cows fed corn silage with higher digestibility and monensin, which increases glucose precursors, showed a possible synergistic effect on milk production. Using either strategy alone increased energy status, improved metabolism and health status, however a combination of both strategies decreased milk components, indicating they might negatively alter the rumen environment and milk fat synthesis.
Book Synopsis Effect of Prepartum Dietary Energy Density and Protein Content on Peripartum Body Fat Mobilization, Milk Yield, Health Performance and Protein Turnover in Holstein Cows by : Galal Moustafa Yousif
Download or read book Effect of Prepartum Dietary Energy Density and Protein Content on Peripartum Body Fat Mobilization, Milk Yield, Health Performance and Protein Turnover in Holstein Cows written by Galal Moustafa Yousif and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Management of Peripartum Dairy Cows for Metabolic Health and Immune Function by : Cynthia Miltenburg
Download or read book Management of Peripartum Dairy Cows for Metabolic Health and Immune Function written by Cynthia Miltenburg and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Effects of Transition Cow Management Strategies on Regulation of Metabolism, Immune Signaling, and Mammary Function by : Caroline M. Ylioja
Download or read book Effects of Transition Cow Management Strategies on Regulation of Metabolism, Immune Signaling, and Mammary Function written by Caroline M. Ylioja and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The weeks around parturition and the adaptation to lactation continue to present a challenge for the dairy cow and for the producers responsible for dairy cow management. Physiological adaptations to lactation can easily become dysregulated by factors such as insufficient nutrient availability to meet energy demands, oxidative stress, reduced immune competence, and excessive systemic inflammation, which can have lasting negative effects on the subsequent lactation. Recent literature shows that treatment strategies to reduce inflammation in early lactation have promoted sustained increases in milk production. Evaluation of transcriptional differences in mammary tissue due to anti-inflammatory treatment revealed no obvious differences to explain long-term effects, but differences in methylation of mammary tissue DNA warrant further investigation into potential epigenetic effects of inflammation mitigation. Management strategies to prevent excessive adiposity in transition cows are also often employed in commercial herds, as cows with excess body condition and lipid mobilization often have altered immune function and poor metabolic health in early lactation. MicroRNA, a type of non-coding RNA, facilitate communication and signaling between immune cells. We evaluated associations between maternal adiposity and microRNA in colostrum. Although no large-scale differences were detected in the colostrum profile of microRNA, further investigation of microRNA found in the mammary gland may help to determine the role of microRNA in the regulation of metabolism and immune signaling in the mammary gland, and to identify strategies to optimize cow health and production at the post-transcriptional level. Mitigation of the disparity between nutrients required by the dairy cow at the onset of lactation and the nutrients consumed through feed can also improve metabolic and immune function and promote the successful adaptation to lactation. We evaluated the effects of altered nutrient demand by reducing frequency of milking in early lactation. Although we did not observe large differences in glucose metabolism, reduced milking frequency did alter circulating glucose concentrations as well as some inflammatory markers in tissue and in circulation. Further development of strategies to optimize the resources available to the cow will help facilitate a successful navigation through this transition period and optimize both cow health and milk production.
Book Synopsis Hepatic Energy Metabolism in Early Lactation Dairy Cows by : Maris Mayumi McCarthy
Download or read book Hepatic Energy Metabolism in Early Lactation Dairy Cows written by Maris Mayumi McCarthy and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the period immediately following calving, feed intake is insufficient to support the high milk production of early lactation, resulting in a state of negative energy balance. This state of negative energy balance results in many metabolic adaptations such as the increased mobilization of adipose tissue, manifested as the release of non-esterified fatty acids into circulation to be metabolized by the liver and other tissues and incorporated into milk fat in the mammary gland. Propionate that is produced via fermentation of starch in the rumen is the main precursor for hepatic glucose production, and higher feed and energy intake postpartum generally results in lower circulating non-esterified fatty acids and has been associated with improved health, performance, and less severe postpartum negative energy balance. The objectives herein were to: 1) evaluate the effects of different energetic nutritional strategies on postpartum production and metabolism; 2) evaluate the impact of these nutritional strategies on liver metabolism; 3) evaluate temporal changes in liver metabolism through the transition to lactation and the relationships between hepatic energy substrates; and 4) evaluate the association between the degree of early lactation inflammation with production and metabolism. Cows that were fed diets with greater propiogenic capacity during the postpartum period had improvements in production and metabolism, and increased in vitro conversion of propionate to glucose in the liver. Overall, alterations in fatty acid metabolism that lead to increased triglyceride accumulation during the transition period appear to impair postpartum hepatic gluconeogenesis, and cows that had elevated inflammation in the first week postpartum exhibited a diverse range of production responses, indicating that there is a large degree of variation in individual adaptation.
Book Synopsis Dietary Cation Anion Difference and Acidified Coproducts by : Darrel James Rezac
Download or read book Dietary Cation Anion Difference and Acidified Coproducts written by Darrel James Rezac and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The transition from gestation to lactation requires numerous physiological and metabolic adaptations in order for the body to maintain relative homeostasis. For the modern dairy cow, the difficulty to meet these challenges is increased many-fold due to the large demand for energy and metabolites placed on the body by the high producing mammary gland. Milk fever or periparturient hypocalcemia can be defined as a failure of the calcium homeostatic mechanisms to maintain serum calcium around the time of calving. Though clinical cases may only arise in [approximately equals] 5% of transition cows, subclinical rates are much higher. Animals suffering from even subclinical milk fever are much more susceptible to numerous other transition disorders. Preventing milk fever by formulation of the prepartum ration may be accomplished by decreasing the dietary cation anion difference (DCAD) which can be defined as the balance between positively and negatively charged ions in the diet. An experiment was designed to test 2 diets containing t products designed to deliver supplementary anions to the diet versus a control ration with no added anions. Total serum calcium and incidence of postpartum health disorders were not affected by prepartum dietary treatment. Though DCAD was drastically different between the control ration and the 2 anionic diets, the concentration of the strong cation potassium was low across all treatments which presumably prevented hypocalcemia with the onset of lactation. Though our diets contained low concentrations of potassium, many diets used by dairymen contain forages that are high in potassium and thus might benefit from the addition of anions. An experiment of an unrelated nature was conducted to observe the effects of 2 diets containing wet corn gluten feed (46 or 56% of DM) as the primary energy substrate and tallgrass prairie hay (14 or 20% of DM) as the sole source of physically effective fiber versus a control ration containing alfalfa and corn silage. The 20% tallgrass prairie hay diet resulted in milk components and efficiencies similar to those of the control ration, but production and income over feed cost did not match that of the control ration in this situation.
Book Synopsis Transition Period in Cows: Nutrition, Metabolism and Metabolic Disease by : Leilson Bezerra
Download or read book Transition Period in Cows: Nutrition, Metabolism and Metabolic Disease written by Leilson Bezerra and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2014-08-11 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The transition period consists of two phases, the first being formed by last three weeks before calving and the second by the first three weeks postpartum. This period is marked by metabolic diseases affecting cows. The heat increment promoted by higher energy demand that occurs during the transition period between the end of lactation and early management, combined with low dry matter intake due to fetal growth major and consequent reduced ability of the rumen, make the dairy cow highly susceptible to the metabolic diseases ketosis, milk fever and hepatic lipidosis. The increase in blood concentrations of non-esterifies fatty acids during this transition period appear to be linked to the onset of these disorders and this can be explained by the high energy mobilization because of the negative energy balance. Diets with high energy density during this period are extremely necessary to minimize the effects of negative energy balance. In addition it is recommended to feed the animals with foods smaller particles, precursors of glucose, such as propylene glycol or starchy concentrates, protected fat and vegetable oils that do not degrade the ruminal microorganisms.
Book Synopsis Effects of Modified Insulin Resistance on Glucose and Fatty Acid Metabolism During Late Gestation in Dairy Cattle by : Katie Marie Schoenberg
Download or read book Effects of Modified Insulin Resistance on Glucose and Fatty Acid Metabolism During Late Gestation in Dairy Cattle written by Katie Marie Schoenberg and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In dairy cattle, insulin resistance of peripheral tissues during the transition from pregnancy to lactation is a normal adaptation to spare glucose for the gravid uterus and mammary gland. Exaggerated insulin resistance, a potential factor in overfed dry cows, may contribute to excess mobilization of adipose tissue in early lactation. The objectives were to determine the mechanism by which an insulin sensitizing agent (2,4-thiazolidinedione; TZD) and plane of nutrition (PON) can affect the metabolic health of transition cows. In experiment one, plasma leptin and tumor necrosis factor-[alpha], and adipose tissue peroxisome proliferator activated-[gamma] (PPAR[gamma]) mRNA were increased by prepartum TZD administration. The effects of PON and feed deprivation on insulin responses were measured in experiment two via glucose tolerance test (GTT) and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (HEC) techniques. Cows subjected to high and low PON and then subjected to feed deprivation had different responses in glucose and lipid metabolism as measured by both GTT and HEC. The effects of feed deprivation were much greater than PON. Cows deprived of feed had much slower clearance of glucose during GTT, suggesting greater insulin resistance. Following feed deprivation, cows had greatly attenuated insulin response to GTT. In the final experiment, the effects of both PON and TZD were investigated using GTT, insulin challenge (IC), and adipose tissue mRNA analysis. There were differential effects of PON on glucose and fatty acid metabolism such that cows fed a lower PON had smaller glucose but larger NEFA responses following GTT. The only significant interactions of PON and TZD administration were that plasma NEFA responses were most dramatic for cows treated with TZD and fed lower PON. While TZD administration or diet did not affect fatty acid synthase, leptin, TNF[alpha], or adiponectin mRNA expression, the higher energy level diet increased mRNA of PPAR[gamma] and lipoprotein lipase. It is possible that these effects and interactions of diet and TZD would be more dramatic closer to the time of calving. Results from GTT and IC indicate that PON and insulin-sensitizing agents affect glucose and lipid metabolism during the dry period, which may have implications for the transition period.
Book Synopsis Associations of Pre- and Post-partum Lying Time with Metabolic Status, Health, Survival, and Performance of Dairy Cows by : Juan M. Piñeiro
Download or read book Associations of Pre- and Post-partum Lying Time with Metabolic Status, Health, Survival, and Performance of Dairy Cows written by Juan M. Piñeiro and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dairy cattle have strong behavioral need to rest and deprivation of their lying time (LT) has been associated with lameness and changes in feeding behavior and endocrinological milieu. However, the effects of LT during the transition period on metabolic stress, inflammation, health and performance have not yet been fully investigated. Therefore, the following tree specific aims were conducted. A total of 1052 Holstein cattle (401 nulliparous heifers and 651 parous cows) from 3 commercial dairy farms were enrolled for this prospective cohort study. The first aim (Chapter 3) was to evaluate the association of pre- and postpartum lying time (LT) on calcium and energy balance (NEFA and BHB), inflammation (haptoglobin and hemogram), and health status of dairy cows. Prepartum LT had significant quadratic association on serum NEFA concentration, but was not significantly associated with serum Ca concentration within 48 h after calving. Increased LT within 14 DIM was associated with increased risk of diagnosis with ketosis within 14 DIM, inflammation, and incidence of postpartum diseases. Findings from this study suggest that LT along with Ca and energy balance are critical for transition cow health. The second aim (Chapter 4) was to assess the association of post-partum LT on milk yield, components (milk fat and protein percentage), and somatic cell count (SCC). Milk yield at first DHIA test was not associated with LT within the first 14 DIM, but was negatively correlated with the daily coefficient of variation (CV) of LT within 14 DIM. However, health status was associated with milk yield and components, and health status was associated with LT within 14 DIM. The third aim (Chapter 5) was to evaluate the association of lying time (LT) within the first 14 days in milk (DIM) and health status on culling within 60 DIM, cyclicity, and reproductive performance. LT had a positive linear association with culling, for every hour increment of LT within 14 DIM the culling risk within 60 DIM increased by 1 percentage point, and negative quadratic association with cyclicity at 42 DIM. Multiparous cows with a LT of 9-13 h/d had greater probability of pregnancy up to 300 DIM compared to cows with a LT >13 h/d. These findings suggest that there is an optimum daily LT range for early postpartum cows housed in freestall barns, different than reported for mid lactation cows, with the potential for improved reproductive performance.
Book Synopsis Effects of Peripartum Propylene Glycol Supplementation on Nitrogen Metabolism, Body Composition and Gene Expression for the Major Proteolytic Systems in Skeletal Muscle in Transition Dairy Cows by :
Download or read book Effects of Peripartum Propylene Glycol Supplementation on Nitrogen Metabolism, Body Composition and Gene Expression for the Major Proteolytic Systems in Skeletal Muscle in Transition Dairy Cows written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Early-lactating dairy cows mobilize body protein, primarily from skeletal muscle, to provide amino acids which are directed towards gluconeogenesis and milk protein synthesis. Propylene glycol (PG) is a precursor of ruminal propionate, and our hypothesis was that its dietary inclusion could attenuate skeletal muscle wasting by reducing amino acid-driven gluconeogenesis. The major objectives of this study were to delineate the effects of pre- and post-partum PG supplementation in transition dairy cows on whole-body nitrogen (N) balance, urinary 3-methylhistidine (3-MH) excretion, body composition, and gene expression profiles for the major protein degradation pathways in skeletal muscle. Sixteen pregnant cows (7 primiparous and 9 multiparous) were paired based on expected calving dates and then randomly assigned within each pair to either a basal diet (control) or basal diet plus 600 mL/d of PG (PG). Diets were fed twice daily for ad libitum intake, and PG was fed in equal amounts as a top dress. All measurements were conducted at 3 time intervals starting at d -14 " 5, d 15 and d 38 relative to calving. Propylene glycol had no effect (P> 0.05) on whole-body N balance, urinary 3-MH excretion, and body composition. However, N balance was lower (P 0.001) at d 15 and d 38, compared to d -14. Urinary excretion of 3-MH was lower at d -14 than at d 15 (P = 0.01) and d 38 (P = 0.001). Supplemental PG had no effect (P 0.05) on body weight (BW), and all components of empty BW. On average, cows fed both diets mobilized 19 kg of body fat and 14 kg of body protein between d -14 and d 38. Supplemental PG had no effect on mRNA abundance in skeletal muscle for m-calpain (P = 0.96) and 14-kDa ubiquitin-carrier protein E2 (14-kDa E2) (P = 0.54); however, PG supplementation down-regulated mRNA expression for æ-calpain at d 15 (P = 0.02), and tended to down-regulate mRNA expression for ubiquitin at d 15 (P = 0.07) and proteasome 26S subunit-ATPase at d 38 (P = 0.097). Relative to.
Book Synopsis Periparturient Diseases of Dairy Cows by : Burim N. Ametaj
Download or read book Periparturient Diseases of Dairy Cows written by Burim N. Ametaj and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-12-21 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book summarizes the results achieved so far by application of various biological systems (including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) involved in the pathomechanisms and early diagnosis of periparturient diseases as specific biomarkers of disease in cattle. These emerging technologies help to extensively enhance our understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of periparturient diseases of transition dairy cows. The book includes a chapter dedicated to ‘omics’ sciences and one that discusses the myths established in animal and veterinary sciences in recent decades and emerging, new paradigms. The diseases discussed include metritis, mastitis, laminitis, ketosis, rumen acidosis, periparturient immunosuppression, gastrointestinal microbiota and their involvement in disease, infertility, fatty liver, milk fever, and retained placenta. This book is intended for academics, veterinarians, animal nutritionists, researchers, and graduate students working in the field of ‘omics sciences’ with a special interest in dairy cattle health.
Book Synopsis Dairy Nutrition, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice by : Robert J. Van Saun
Download or read book Dairy Nutrition, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice written by Robert J. Van Saun and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2014-11-05 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dr. Robert Van Saun has assembled an expert panel of authors on the topic of dairy nutrition. Articles include: Feed analysis and its interpretation, Management and evaluation of ensiled forages, Feeding, evaluating and controlling the rumen, Control of energy intake and partitioning through lactation, Protein feeding and balancing diets for amino acids, Lipids feeding and milk fat depression, Dietary management of macrominerals in preventing disease, Trace mineral feeding and assessment, Transition cow feeding and management to prevent disease, Monitoring total mixed rations and feed delivery systems, and more!
Book Synopsis Prepartum CLA Or Postpartum Ammonium Lactate Supplementation Improves Blood Metabolite Profile and Lactation Performance in Transition Dairy Cows by : Rafael Caputo Oliveira
Download or read book Prepartum CLA Or Postpartum Ammonium Lactate Supplementation Improves Blood Metabolite Profile and Lactation Performance in Transition Dairy Cows written by Rafael Caputo Oliveira and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reduced feed intake during the transition period of dairy cows coupled with the high energy demand for milk production results in mobilization of fatty acids (FA) from adipose tissue. Excessive mobilization of FA can exceed the hepatic capacity for complete oxidation of FA, leading to metabolic disorders such as hyperketonemia (HYK) and fatty liver. The overall hypothesis of this dissertation was that metabolic disorders can be prevented by nutritional interventions that decrease supply of blood FA to the liver and/or increase the hepatic capacity for complete oxidation of FA. In the first experiment, we hypothesized that prepartum supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) could be a strategy to decrease serum FA around calving, decrease prevalence of HYK, and improve lactation performance. Cows supplemented with CLA had greater milk protein and fat yield, resulting in an increased milk energy output. Cows fed with CLA had lower serum FA and [Beta]-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) immediately after calving compared to control. Prevalence of HYK reduced from 23% to 3% in CLA supplemented cows. In the second and third experiments, our hypothesis was that fermented ammoniated condensed whey (FACW) supplementation would increase the supply of gluconeogenic precursors to the liver, resulting in an improved postpartum plasma metabolic profile, lactation performance, and decreased liver triglyceride content. Postpartum FACW supplementation increased plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, and decreased those of FA and BHB. Incidence of HYK tended to be reduced from 60% to 37% in FACW supplemented cows. Cows supplemented with FACW also had lowered liver triglyceride content compared to control. Supplementation of FACW improved feed efficiency as accessed by measures of milk output relative to feed intake. Supplementation with FACW increased hepatic pyruvate carboxylase (PC) expression, but did not alter hepatic cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK1), resulting in greater PC:PCK1 ratio. The latter suggests greater hepatic capacity for complete oxidation of FA in FACW-fed cows compared to control. Nutritional interventions presented in this dissertation improved metabolic health in postpartum dairy cows likely driven by decreased supply of FA to the liver and/or by increased hepatic capacity for complete oxidation of FA as suggested in the FACW study.
