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Effects Of Elevated Water Temperature On Some Aspects Of The Physiological And Ecological Performance Of Juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus Ishawytscha
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Book Synopsis Effects of Elevated Water Temperature on Some Aspects of the Physiological and Ecological Performance of Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus Ishawytscha) by : Keith Richard Marine
Download or read book Effects of Elevated Water Temperature on Some Aspects of the Physiological and Ecological Performance of Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus Ishawytscha) written by Keith Richard Marine and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Effects of Elevated Temperature and Stress on Immune Function in Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha) by : Laura Nicole Martini Harrahy
Download or read book The Effects of Elevated Temperature and Stress on Immune Function in Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha) written by Laura Nicole Martini Harrahy and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stress, including extreme or rapidly changing temperatures, are known to have deleterious effects on fish health and physiology. This thesis examines the combined effects of elevated acclimation temperature and acute handling stress on the number of antibody producing cells, plasma lysozyme concentrations, and the number of pronephric leukocytes in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). An additional goal of this thesis was to explore the effects of a temperature fluctuation, as a potential instigator of thermal shock, on innate immunity in wild fall chinook salmon of the Columbia River, specifically to determine if there are effects on plasma lysozyme concentrations and on the frequencies of lymphocytes, neutrophils, and thrombocytes in circulation. Finally, based on results found in an experiment involving elevated acclimation temperature, the relationship between the number of antibody producing cells and fish body weight was examined. Plasma lysozyme concentrations and the number of pronephric leukocytes were both affected by acclimation to 21°C compared to 13°C. While a positive relationship was found between temperature and lysozyme, an inverse relationship was found between temperature and the number of pronephric leukocytes. Plasma lysozyme concentrations, the number of pronephric leukocytes, and the number of antibody producing cells did not respond to the stressor, and the combination of elevated temperature and stress did not have an additive effect on any of the physiological or immunological variables studied. Differences between controls and temperature-treated fish were not detected among individual time points throughout a temperature fluctuation experiment, despite overall responses in plasma lysozyme concentrations and the frequencies of circulating lymphocytes. The frequencies of circulating neutrophils and thrombocytes did not respond to the thermal stressor. Finally, a significant positive relationship was detected between the number of antibody producing cells (assessed by a hemolytic plaque assay) and body weight among non-stressed fish acclimated to 21°C and 13°C. Regardless of acclimation temperature, these results emphasize the importance of the standardization of fish size for immunological experiments. Results from this thesis suggest that some components of innate immunity are affected by elevated acclimation temperatures and that the adaptive immune system is affected by acclimation temperature differently in small and large fish.
Book Synopsis Authorization of Incidental Take and Implementation of Fruit Growers Supply Company's Multi-Species Habitat Conservation Plan by :
Download or read book Authorization of Incidental Take and Implementation of Fruit Growers Supply Company's Multi-Species Habitat Conservation Plan written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 706 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book California Fish and Game written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 606 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Revised Draft Environmental Impact Report and Environmental Impact Statement for the Delta Wetlands Project by :
Download or read book Revised Draft Environmental Impact Report and Environmental Impact Statement for the Delta Wetlands Project written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 1154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Water Temperature Effects on Chinook Salmon (oncorhynchus Tshawytscha) with Emphasis on the Sacramento River by : Gerald L. Boles
Download or read book Water Temperature Effects on Chinook Salmon (oncorhynchus Tshawytscha) with Emphasis on the Sacramento River written by Gerald L. Boles and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Changes in the Swimming Performance, Behavior and Physiology of Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus Tshawytcha) After Exposure to One, Two Or Three Acute Handling Stresses by : Linda A. Sigismondi
Download or read book Changes in the Swimming Performance, Behavior and Physiology of Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus Tshawytcha) After Exposure to One, Two Or Three Acute Handling Stresses written by Linda A. Sigismondi and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The performance of an organism or organismic subsystem is the result of the interaction between the performance capacity of the system and Its environment. Environmental conditions can stress an organism and thus affect it's performance. In this study, three whole organism performances were examined: critical swimming speed, fatigue time and response time to a sudden bright light. In addition, subsystem performances were examined by measuring changes in hematocrit and plasma levels of cortisol, glucose, lactic acid, osmolarity, sodium and potassium. Performance tests were made on juvenile chinook salmon stressed 0, 1, 2 or 3 times, with 1 or 3 h between stresses, and on fish allowed to recover 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after each level of stress. A stress consisted of holding the fish in a dip net in the air for 30 sec. The physiological responses and the swimming tests were conducted on salt water adapted fish while the behavioral response was measured with fish in fresh water. Plasma levels of cortisol, lactic acid, osmolarity and sodium increased cumulatively following several acute handling stresses spaced I h apart, though each parameter returned to control levels in 6-12 h. Plasma glucose rose significantly by 1 h after the first stress and remained higher than control levels at all levels of stress and through 24 h after stress. Plasma potassium increased initially following one and two stresses, dropped below control levels within 1-6 h after the last stress, and then increased above control levels for the remainder of the 24 h. Following three stresses potassium was lower than controls initially and then was similar to the levels for one and two stresses throughout the rest of the 24 h recovery period. There was a decrease in hematocrit 3-6 h after each level of stress followed by a return to control levels within 12 h of the last stress. Critical swimming speed was measured by increasing the water velocity in a flow-through swim tube and noting the velocity at which each fish stopped swimming. Critical swimming speeds after handling were highly variable and no differences were found between stressed fish and unstressed fish at any level of stress or any recovery time. Fatigue time was measured as the time a fish can maintain position in a swim tube at a given constant water velocity (60 cm/sec). Following each fatigue test, fish were killed and blood samples were obtained. Unlike unstressed fish, which all fatigued within13 min, the times to fatigue of stressed fish varied with some fish fatiguing within a few minutes and some fish swimming the 60 min period. There was a depression in fatigue times immediately following one and three handling stresses spaced 1 h apart. Immediately after two stresses and with all groups given time to recover from stress, fatigue times were similar to or higher than for unstressed fish. Plasma levels of cortisol, glucose, osmolarity and sodium were higher in swimming fish than in non-swimming controls. Plasma concentrations of cortisol, glucose and lactic acid were all highly variable in fish following fatigue and no differences were found betweeen fish handled in a dip net and unhandled fish at any level of stress or any time after stress. Plasma osmolarity and sodium levels in fatigued fish immediately after one stress were higher than levels in unstressed fatigued fish. Plasma potassium was higher in fatigued fish than in unstressed fatigued controls at several time periods after one and three stresses. The behavior test consisted of exposing groups of salmon in fresh water to a sudden bright light and measuring the time it took each fish to reach cover. Unstressed fish reached cover within 15 sec. Stressed fish took longer to reach cover, with the greatest delay immediately after stress and a gradual decrease in response time with recovery from stress. Exposure to two and three consecutive stress with 3 h between stresses increased the response times and the recovery times indicating that the effects of stress were cumulative.
Book Synopsis Inland Fishes of California by : Peter B. Moyle
Download or read book Inland Fishes of California written by Peter B. Moyle and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2002-05-21 with total page 533 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When the first edition of Inland Fishes of California was published in 1976, it was a benchmark reference. Since that time, our knowledge of California's freshwater fishes has dramatically increased. This completely revised edition incorporates a vast amount of new information and creates a fresh synthesis of the historical data. Written by the leading expert on California's freshwater fishes and illustrated with beautiful line drawings, this compendium is the single best source for understanding and identifying the state's freshwater fishes. It is an essential resource for anyone who needs to have accurate and detailed information on California's fishes at their fingertips. Since the 1870s, the state's native fishes have been joined by thirty-four alien species, which now dominate many bodies of water. This book treats both native and introduced species, first in a key for identification, and then in individual species accounts covering characteristics, taxonomy, names, distribution, and life history. Each account includes the author's personal assessment of how well the species is doing and problems associated with its management. Most of the native fishes are found only in California and show many wonderful adaptations for living in the state's diverse waters. Unfortunately, many are also in danger of extinction. The message underlying the first edition of this book was that we knew astonishingly little about many of California's inland fishes. Although our knowledge is increasing, full accounts of some native fishes may not be complete before they become extinct. Preventing the loss of native fishes is the major goal of this book, and Moyle makes important suggestions for conservation strategies as well as presenting up-to-date information on ecology, life history, and distribution. With this knowledge, preserving our native fishes becomes possible even in the face of the state's growing economy and population.
Book Synopsis Physiological Ecology of Pacific Salmon by : Cornelis Groot
Download or read book Physiological Ecology of Pacific Salmon written by Cornelis Groot and published by UBC Press. This book was released on 2010-10-01 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every year, countless juvenile Pacific salmon leave streams and rivers on their migration to feeding grounds in the North Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea. After periods ranging from a few months to several years, adult salmon enter rivers along the coasts of Asia and North America to spawn and complete their life cycle. Within this general outline, various life history patterns, both among and within species, involve diverse ways of exploiting freshwater, estuarine, and marine habitats. There are seven species of Pacific salmon. Five (coho, chinook chum, pink, and sockeye) occur in both North America and Asia. Their complex life histories and spectacular migrations have long fascinated biologists and amateurs alike. Physiological Ecology of Pacific Salmon provides comprehensive reviews by leading researchers of the physiological adaptations that allow Pacific Salmon to sustain themselves in the diverse environments in which they live. It begins with an analysis of energy expenditure and continues with reviews of locomotion, growth, feeding, and nutrition. Subsequent chapters deal with osmotic adjustments enabling the passage between fresh and salt water, nitrogen excretion and regulation of acid-base balance, circulation and gas transfer, and finally, responses to stress. This thorough and authoritative volume will be a valuable reference for students and researchers of biology and fisheries science as they seek to understand the environmental requirements for the perpetuation of these unique and valuable species.
Book Synopsis The Effects of Warming and Hypoxia as Individual and Combined Stressors on the Survival, Physiology, and Development of Early Life Stage Chinook Salmon by : Annelise Mary Del Rio
Download or read book The Effects of Warming and Hypoxia as Individual and Combined Stressors on the Survival, Physiology, and Development of Early Life Stage Chinook Salmon written by Annelise Mary Del Rio and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations in the Central Valley of California are the most vulnerable to climate variability within the species (Crozier et al., 2019). Major threats include climate change, habitat loss, and water management infrastructure. Early life stages of salmon are particularly susceptible to stressors related to these threats because they have little to no ability to swim away from sub-optimal conditions within the incubation environment. Instead, they must rely on internal physiological responses to cope with stressors. Developing salmon thrive in cool, well-oxygenated water; however, warming and hypoxia (low dissolved oxygen) are two stressors that are prevalent within the gravel redds. Few studies have examined the effects of multiple, co-occurring stressors on salmon embryos, but warming and hypoxia are likely to interact because of opposing effects on metabolic rate and physiological performance. The interaction between warming and hypoxia may have contributed to recent high embryo mortality in an endangered population of Sacramento River salmon, where low flows and resulting hypoxia are hypothesized to have reduced the thermal tolerance of salmon embryos (Martin et al. 2017). In this dissertation I examined the effects of warming and hypoxia on the survival and physiology of early life stage Chinook salmon in laboratory and field studies. Rearing embryos under chronic hypoxia resulted in higher mortality, especially in combination with warming, and affected upper thermal tolerance and hypoxia tolerance (Chapter 2). In Chapter 3, I investigated how the timing of exposure to warming, hypoxia, or both stressors affected early life stages during the exposure and found that exposure to both stressors had the greatest effect on hatching, growth, and metabolic rate if embryos were chronically exposed to these stressors during their entire embryogenesis or if they were only exposed late in embryogenesis, shortly before hatch. Furthermore, salmon developmental rate, metabolic rate, and acute stress tolerance continued to be affected in the alevin and fry even though they were transferred to control conditions following hatch, suggesting there are lasting effects of early stress exposure on the physiological performance of juvenile salmon. In Chapter 4, I conducted a field experiment to study how natural water quality variables, with a focus on dissolved oxygen and temperature, affected salmon embryo hatching and survival within artificial redds on the American River near Sacramento, California. Overall, hatching success was low, in part because of poor egg quality. Intergravel dissolved oxygen was highly variable and contributed to differences in embryo survival among the redds, along with intergravel temperature and water flow above the redds. Overall, these studies indicate that the interactions between temperature and dissolved oxygen affect key aspects of early salmon development and physiology in different ways than the individual stressors. My dissertation should help to inform management strategies to improve early life stage salmon survival in Central Valley rivers such as dam management plans for river flows that consider dissolved oxygen and water temperature for salmon.
Book Synopsis Biological Opinion [that Address the Potential Effects on Sacramento River Winter-run Chinook Salmon from the Bureau of Reclamation's Proposed Los Vaqueros Project] by :
Download or read book Biological Opinion [that Address the Potential Effects on Sacramento River Winter-run Chinook Salmon from the Bureau of Reclamation's Proposed Los Vaqueros Project] written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Background Investigation and Review of the Effects of Elevated Water Temperature on Reproductive Performance of Adult Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha) with Suggestions for Approaches to the Assessment of Temperature Induced Reproductive Impairment of Chinook Salmon Stocks in the American River, California by : Keith R. Marine
Download or read book A Background Investigation and Review of the Effects of Elevated Water Temperature on Reproductive Performance of Adult Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha) with Suggestions for Approaches to the Assessment of Temperature Induced Reproductive Impairment of Chinook Salmon Stocks in the American River, California written by Keith R. Marine and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Ecology, Assemblage Structure, Distribution, and Status of Fishes in Streams Tributary to the San Francisco Estuary, California by : Robert Alfred Leidy
Download or read book Ecology, Assemblage Structure, Distribution, and Status of Fishes in Streams Tributary to the San Francisco Estuary, California written by Robert Alfred Leidy and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 1394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Effects of Transmitter Type, Tagging Method, Body Size, and Temperature on Behavior, Physiology, and Swimming Performance of Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha) by : Russell W. Perry
Download or read book Effects of Transmitter Type, Tagging Method, Body Size, and Temperature on Behavior, Physiology, and Swimming Performance of Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha) written by Russell W. Perry and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Elevated Temperature and the Production of Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha) in a Model Stream by : Peter Andre Bisson
Download or read book Elevated Temperature and the Production of Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha) in a Model Stream written by Peter Andre Bisson and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Temperature was elevated approximately 4° C in a model stream relative to an unheated, but otherwise similar control stream. The streams were located outdoors, received identical amounts of exchange water from a nearby creek, and followed natural diurnal and seasonal temperature cycles Juvenile spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were introduced into each stream and allowed to remain about 1 year until the following winter. Their production was measured tri-weekly and related to changes in temperature, food availability, and other environmental factors. Ancillary experiments utilizing water from the model streams measured changes in pre-feeding survival and weight and differences in growth efficiencies at various rations. Two year-classes of juvenile salmon were studied. Chinook production in the unheated control stream exceeded that in the heated stream. In 1972 total production was twofold greater and in 1973 it was about 30 percent higher. Elevated temperature lowered productivity of the heated stream by causing increased mortality of eggs and fry and reduced growth efficiencies of juveniles as food became less abundant. It also resulted in lower biomasses of food organisms, either because the experimental elevation directly affected survival and growth of benthic invertebrates or because increased siltation associated with heavier growths of filamentous algae made riffle substrate less suitable for immature stages of certain insects. Beneficial effects of increased temperature included protection from infection by a trematode parasite (Nanophyetus salmincola) and, possibly, increased tendencies of some invertebrates to enter the drift.
Author :National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Water Resources Management, Instream Flows, and Salmon Survival in the Columbia River Basin Publisher :National Academy Press ISBN 13 : Total Pages :274 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (91 download)
Book Synopsis Managing the Columbia River by : National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Water Resources Management, Instream Flows, and Salmon Survival in the Columbia River Basin
Download or read book Managing the Columbia River written by National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Water Resources Management, Instream Flows, and Salmon Survival in the Columbia River Basin and published by National Academy Press. This book was released on 2004 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com).
Book Synopsis Ecology of Atlantic Salmon and Brown Trout by : Bror Jonsson
Download or read book Ecology of Atlantic Salmon and Brown Trout written by Bror Jonsson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-05-03 with total page 720 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Destruction of habitat is the major cause for loss of biodiversity including variation in life history and habitat ecology. Each species and population adapts to its environment, adaptations visible in morphology, ecology, behaviour, physiology and genetics. Here, the authors present the population ecology of Atlantic salmon and brown trout and how it is influenced by the environment in terms of growth, migration, spawning and recruitment. Salmonids appeared as freshwater fish some 50 million years ago. Atlantic salmon and brown trout evolved in the Atlantic basin, Atlantic salmon in North America and Europe, brown trout in Europe, Northern Africa and Western Asia. The species live in small streams as well as large rivers, lakes, estuaries, coastal seas and oceans, with brown trout better adapted to small streams and less well adapted to feeding in the ocean than Atlantic salmon. Smolt and adult sizes and longevity are constrained by habitat conditions of populations spawning in small streams. Feeding, wintering and spawning opportunities influence migratory versus resident lifestyles, while the growth rate influences egg size and number, age at maturity, reproductive success and longevity. Further, early experiences influence later performance. For instance, juvenile behaviour influences adult homing, competition for spawning habitat, partner finding and predator avoidance. The abundance of wild Atlantic salmon populations has declined in recent years; climate change and escaped farmed salmon are major threats. The climate influences through changes in temperature and flow, while escaped farmed salmon do so through ecological competition, interbreeding and the spreading of contagious diseases. The authors pinpoint essential problems and offer suggestions as to how they can be reduced. In this context, population enhancement, habitat restoration and management are also discussed. The text closes with a presentation of what the authors view as major scientific challenges in ecological research on these species.
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