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Effects Of Age On Learning A Spatial Motor Task In Younger And Older Adults Individualizing Their Knowledge Of Results Schedule
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Book Synopsis Effects of Age on Learning a Spatial Motor Task in Younger and Older Adults Individualizing Their Knowledge of Results Schedule by : Michael J. Carter
Download or read book Effects of Age on Learning a Spatial Motor Task in Younger and Older Adults Individualizing Their Knowledge of Results Schedule written by Michael J. Carter and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Effect of Old Age on Motor Control by : Rachael Kathleen Raw
Download or read book The Effect of Old Age on Motor Control written by Rachael Kathleen Raw and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A decrease in motor ability can have a profound impact on a person's capacity to maintain independence. Motor skill levels decline with age and this can create difficulties for older adults as they attempt to maintain independent lives. The fact that people in today's society are living for much longer means that robust methods for examining movement in older adults, must be developed. These methods will increase our understanding of how movement deteriorates with age and inform approaches to rehabilitation in cases where movement is lost (e.g. motor paresis after stroke). Accordingly, this doctoral research used sophisticated kinematic technology to create a series of computerised visuomotor tasks designed to achieve the following primary aims (i) to examine specific questions regarding age differences in motor performance; (ii) to create an experimental task to measure and infer potential causes of age-related changes in motor learning; and (iii) use the motor learning task to assess the outcomes of tDCS in healthy younger and older adults. A secondary aim was to produce tests that have the potential for use in rehabilitative settings, where more sensitive methods of assessment are required. Chapter 1 reviews previous research on the topics of ageing, motor control, and rehabilitation, and identifies needs for further empirical investigation. Age differences in motor performance are examined in the experimental work of Chapters 2 and 3, which suggests that older people compensate for motor decline by making spatial and temporal adjustments to their movements in order to meet task demands - a finding that generalised between two different motor tasks. Chapter 4 considers performance differences between the preferred and non-preferred hand, and includes findings of a tracing study where manual asymmetries were reduced in older adults. The problems that can arise when measuring differences between the hands are, however, highlighted in the experimental work of Chapter 5. The research in Chapters 6 and 7 focuses on motor learning. In Chapter 6 a motor sequence learning task is developed, which was used to examine the relationship between motor performance and learning. This task paradigm was used again in Chapter 7, which begins by reviewing previous studies that have applied Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) to modify movement in healthy people and in stroke populations, and ends with two experiments that found no beneficial effects of tDCS on motor sequence learning in younger and older adults. Finally, Chapter 8 summarises the findings of each experimental chapter and considers future applications of the motor tasks designed throughout this doctoral work.
Book Synopsis Changes in Sensory Motor Behavior in Aging by : A.-M. Ferrandez
Download or read book Changes in Sensory Motor Behavior in Aging written by A.-M. Ferrandez and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1995-12-11 with total page 407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recently, studies on aging processes and age-related changes in behavior have been expanding considerably, probably due to the dramatic changes observed in the demographics. This increase in the overall age and proportion of elderly people has heightened the severity of problems associated with the safety and well-being of elderly persons in everyday life. Many researchers working on motor control have thus focused more intensely on the effects of age on motor control. This new avenue of research has led to programs for alleviating or delaying the specific sensory-motor limitations encountered by the elderly (e.g. falls) in an attempt to make the elderly more autonomous. The aggregation of studies from different perspectives is often fascinating, especially when the same field can serve as a common ground between researchers. Nearly all contributors to this book work on sensory-motor aging; they represent a large range of affiliations and backgrounds including psychology, neurobiology, cognitive sciences, kinesiology, neuropsychology, neuropharmacology, motor performance, physical therapy, exercise science, and human development. Addressing age-related behavioral changes can also furnish some crucial reflections in the debate about motor coordination: aging is the product of both maturational and environmental processes, and studies on aging must determine how the intricate interrelationships between these processes evolve. The study of aging makes it possible to determine how compensatory mechanisms, operating on different subsystems and each aging at its own rate, compensate for biological degenerations and changing external demands. This volume will contribute to demonstrating that the study of the aging process raises important theoretical questions.
Book Synopsis Effects of Orientation Change on Spatial Learning of Novel Environments on Younger and Older Adults by : Michael J. Fox
Download or read book Effects of Orientation Change on Spatial Learning of Novel Environments on Younger and Older Adults written by Michael J. Fox and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Yamamoto and DeGirolamo (2012) found that increasing age has unequal effects of impairment on spatial learning dependent on the perspective in which an environment is learned. Further, the learned condition of ground-level perspective (first-person exploratory) showed greater decline in elderly participants than was found in aerial (map reading) conditions. These results supported previous research involving fMRI scans implicating the medial temporal lobe (MTL) role in exploratory navigation of novel environments and MRI scans indicating MTL atrophy with age. However, Yamamoto and DeGirolamo (2012) did not consider the effects of conducting the experiment with one condition being presented with changing orientation (ground-level) and the other condition having fixed orientation (aerial). Utilizing new research revealing the MTL's role in orientation processing, the present study reexamined Yamamoto and DeGirolamo (2012) findings with the introduction of the condition aerial-with-turns (map reading with changing orientation). The findings of this experiment suggest changing orientation in the learning condition has greater impact on elderly participants' performance of spatial learning tasks than that of the perspective in which the learning condition is in.
Book Synopsis Bandwidth Feedback Effects on Retained Movements in Young and Old Adults by : Surbhi Pahuja
Download or read book Bandwidth Feedback Effects on Retained Movements in Young and Old Adults written by Surbhi Pahuja and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Feedback representing a performer's success for a given response has long been considered a critical factor in motor learning. Numerous studies of learning from augmented feedback have produced ambiguous guidelines for frequency design-some have recommended minimal feedback, whereas others have advocated more extensive feedback. Due to conflicting opinions regarding the frequency of Knowledge of Results, this study aimed to identify how young and old adults retain motor skills when two different frequency schedules of augmented feedback, everytrial and bandwidth are provided in acquisition. The participants performed a ballistic lever movement pattern involving four different target locations in a 1-day retention test. Behavioral outcomes and kinematic movement patterns were analyzed from two groups, young adults (20-30 years) and old adults (above 71 years) from a previously completed experiment. Results revealed that in both the age groups, bandwidth feedback promoted motor learning as compared to every-trial feedback. Further, bandwidth feedback promoted slower movements with longer durations as compared to an every-trial feedback schedule. Additionally, no significant interaction of age with any of the feedback conditions was found, suggesting that the effects of augmented feedback on motor learning are similar in young and old adults.
Book Synopsis The Effect of Knowledge of Results Upon the Learning and Retention of a Simple Motor Task by : Joan Elizabeth Parker
Download or read book The Effect of Knowledge of Results Upon the Learning and Retention of a Simple Motor Task written by Joan Elizabeth Parker and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis THE EFFECTS OF AGING ON COGNITIVE MOTOR CONTROL. by : Alexandra Shaver
Download or read book THE EFFECTS OF AGING ON COGNITIVE MOTOR CONTROL. written by Alexandra Shaver and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: THE EFFECTS OF AGING ON COGNITIVE MOTOR CONTROL Alex Shaver June, 2019 Director of Thesis: Dr. J.C. Mizelle Major Department: Kinesiology Introduction: Processing speed, working memory capacity, inhibitory function, and long-term memory are all aspects of information processing that become less efficient with age. Unsurprisingly, brain size, density, and proficiency regarding complex motor behavior deteriorate with the introduction of neurological disorders illness, injury, and even healthy aging. What remains unexplained is why declines in the understanding and execution of tool-related actions similar to clinical populations have been seen in the healthy aging population. However, some older individuals maintain the ability to plan and execute complex, goal-oriented movements, referred to as praxis. Whether praxis deficits are a product of neuroanatomical alterations or arise from changes in the functional properties of regions and networks normally recruited for processing tasks is currently unknown. We do know that older adults engage in scaffolding, overactivation of expected brain regions or the additional activation of regions not typically recruited by younger adults in the same task. More specifically, hemispheric asymmetry reduction is a type of scaffolding seen in the older brain (HAROLD). HAROLD activation is described as a reduced activity in the initial region and increased activation in the same area of the opposite hemisphere - reminiscent of a mirror-image. Shifts from using posterior brain regions to anterior regions (PASA) are also patterns seen in healthy older adults. Whether or not these activation patterns are helpful or harmful in compensating for the inevitable changes with healthy aging is unclear. Hypotheses: We hypothesized that the older group (OG) would show increased bilateral activity compared to the younger group (YG) in response to the ideal tool (C1) and plausible tool (C2) conditions. This was expected to be true for each region of interest (ROI): frontal, premotor, and parietal. This bilateral activation is expected to apply to the expected shift from recruiting posterior brain regions to an anterior focus expected for C1 and C2 in OG compared to YG. We also expected to see differences between the groups' ERP amplitudes and latencies indicative of greater task difficulty for OG compared to YG. Purpose: This study aimed to better understand the cortical dynamics that support the ability of some healthy older individuals to evaluate common tools in different situations by comparing the neural responses to younger adults. A better understanding of the neurophysiological differences between these two healthy populations in successful tool-use and evaluation could be helpful in creating more personalized and effective rehabilitation programs for clinical populations as well as otherwise healthy older adults presenting with performance deficits. Methods: This study included twenty-one younger and twelve older right-handed participants between the ages of 18-35 and 60-84 years-old, respectively. Participants were presented with high resolution black and white images of ideal and plausible tool use and asked to identify them based on a preceding action description. Participants indicated their choice by pressing a corresponding button on a response pad. Using a 64-channel electroencephalography cap, the neural responses of these individuals to the stimuli were recorded. The results reported here include two latency windows (0-250ms and 350-550ms post stimulus onset) over bilateral frontal, premotor, and parietal regions of interest (ROIs) for the C1 and C2. Variance was reduced using the Bootstrap resampling method and age-based comparisons of brain activation were made with non-parametric permutation-based statistics, p
Book Synopsis An Investigation of the Effects of Quality of Knowledge of Results, Schedule of Knowledge of Results, Personality, and Age on Persistence and Tracking Performance in a Motor Learning Task by : Robert Johnston May
Download or read book An Investigation of the Effects of Quality of Knowledge of Results, Schedule of Knowledge of Results, Personality, and Age on Persistence and Tracking Performance in a Motor Learning Task written by Robert Johnston May and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Effect of Age on Visuomotor Learning Processes by : Chad Michael Vachon
Download or read book The Effect of Age on Visuomotor Learning Processes written by Chad Michael Vachon and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: People can rapidly adapt their movements to a wide array of changes in our environment or the motor apparatus, although this ability can decline with age. Adaptation of movements, such as reaching with altered visual feedback, is thought to rely on the quality of sensory feedback and how well we can predict our movements. Cognitive strategies can also contribute to how quickly adaptation can occur. Age-related declines in sensory acuity and cognitive function, such as strategy use, may explain poorer adaptation in older adults compared to younger adults. The current study tested the effects of instruction and strategy use on how well older (n=38) and younger (n=42) adults were able to compensate for a 30o visuomotor rotation during reach-training, and use this strategy afterwards when reaching without a cursor. Next, training-induced changes in proprioceptive and predicted estimates of the adapted hand in these two age groups were compared. This was done by having older and younger adults estimate the location of their unseen hand when it was either moved out by a robot (passive localization: proprioception only, no prediction) or was moved by the participant themselves (active localization: prediction and proprioception) before and after visuomotor adaptation. The difference between these localization tasks represents changes in predicted or efferent-based estimates. Instruction benefitted older adults less than younger adults during initial reach training, but a similar pattern in reach aftereffects in the two age groups suggests that older adults strategy use could be evoked during no-cursor reaches after sufficient training. Following visuomotor adaptation, older adults, whether instructed or not, showed larger visually driven changes in their passive or proprioceptive hand estimates but not their efferent-based or predicted estimates of hand position. These results suggest that older adults do not differ much from younger adults in their ability to adapt their reaching movements implicitly or use cognitive strategies; however their estimates of updated hand proprioception are more affected by visual training.
Book Synopsis The Impact of Vision on Movement of Older Adults by : Amanda L. Brown
Download or read book The Impact of Vision on Movement of Older Adults written by Amanda L. Brown and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As people continue to live longer lives, the need to understand age-related cognitive change will increase. Understanding how older adults control their movements is one way to better understand how aging affects behavior. Research conducted by Welford, Norris, and Shock (1969) and Temprado et al. (2013) using a task to measure speed and accuracy demonstrated that as a human ages, the characteristics of their movements change. In particular, as compared with younger adults, older participants aged 60-79 showed a trend of reducing their movement speed while maintaining similar levels of accuracy across increases in task difficulty. Using a task to measure the speed and accuracy of participants over changes in the task difficulty, Coats and Wann (2011) suggested that older adults are more reliant on vision in order to complete a task that required accuracy in the placement of their movement endpoints. In the present study, older and younger adults used a computer mouse to move back and forth between two targets for 400 movements. The conditions included manipulations of visual information i.e., whether movement will occur in the presence or absence of visual feedback and difficulty. The results show that older adults were overall slower and less accurate than younger adults, but had less movement variability. ID and Vision were important for motor control, but the interactions with Group did not have a significant effect on motor control.
Book Synopsis The Effects of Estimating Good Vs. Poor Knowledge of Results During Acquisition of a Spatial Motor Task by : Jana Azizieh
Download or read book The Effects of Estimating Good Vs. Poor Knowledge of Results During Acquisition of a Spatial Motor Task written by Jana Azizieh and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Motor Skill Retention in Elderly Adults by : Krishma D. Dholakia
Download or read book Motor Skill Retention in Elderly Adults written by Krishma D. Dholakia and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Research has shown that motor skill learning in college-aged adults is affected by the nature and frequency of augmented feedback. However, few research efforts have determined if older adults (60 years and older) engage in similar learning processes. In light of the sparse research in this area, the current study examined how elderly adults retain motor skills after two different schedules of augmented feedback (every-trial or bandwidth) in acquisition. Behavioral outcomes and kinematic movement patterns were analyzed from two groups of old adults (young-old adults, between age 60-70 years, and old-old adults who were more than 71 years) from a previously completed experiment. The participants performed a ballistic, bi-directional lever movement pattern involving four different target locations in a 1-day retention test. Bandwidth feedback promoted improved motor learning, accuracy and consistency of the movement tasks as compared to 100% feedback provided in both the age groups. However, the older adults moved slower and took more time to reach the target position as compared to younger adults. No age related differences were found in accuracy and consistency of performance and motor learning.
Book Synopsis Contribution of Cognitive Processes to Fine Motor Reprogramming and Adaptation Processes and Effects of Musical Expertise on Motor Processes in Advanced Age by : Yana Korotkevich
Download or read book Contribution of Cognitive Processes to Fine Motor Reprogramming and Adaptation Processes and Effects of Musical Expertise on Motor Processes in Advanced Age written by Yana Korotkevich and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is known that aging is associated with normative declines in both motor and cognitive processes, specifically, executive functioning. It is also known that these two processes become increasingly interdependent with advanced age. However, due to this increased interdependence between motor and cognitive processes, it remains challenging to disentangle the concurrent contributions of cognitive and motor aging. Numerous aging studies show an association between frequent cognitive stimulation and preserved cognitive abilities (e.g., enhanced executive functioning). What has been less often evaluated is whether specific skills influence cognitive and motor processes in old age. The primary objective of the current dissertation was to explore the contribution of executive functioning and musical experience to fine motor reprogramming and adaptation processes in advanced age. Firstly, we explored the involvement of three aspects of executive functioning: divided attention, response reprogramming/inhibition, and adaptation in fine motor performance of older adults. Secondly, we investigated the prediction that musical experience might provide benefits to cognitive processes involved in motor performance. To address these goals, participants overlearned repeated pairs of key presses to establish a pre-potent motor response. Participants’ performance on the pre-potent responses was compared to conflicting responses. Kinematic analyses were used to disentangle reaction time into broadly cognitive, measured by planning time (PT), and motor, measured by execution time (ET), components. The main goal of Study 1 was to investigate the contribution of cognitive and motor processes involved in fine motor reprogramming of younger and older adults. To this end, a dual-task paradigm was used to simulate the effects of cognitive aging in young adults. With the addition of a cognitive load, the ET of younger adults became more similar to that of older adults and as compared to full attention conditions. In Study 2, the same dual-task paradigm was adapted to investigate the effects of musical expertise on cognitive and motor reprogramming processes of older adults. With increased attentional load, musicians and non-musicians showed no differences in ETs. However, as opposed to musicians, non-musicians slowed down their PTs for well-learned stimuli. These findings suggest that musical experience was more beneficial to cognitive (PT) components rather than the more motor (ET) components of fine motor performance. Study 3 was designed to explore the contribution of musical experience to motor adaptation processes in older adults. In this study, previous exposure to conflict helped older musicians to adapt their motor responses, while older non-musicians failed to show motor adaptation effects with increasing conflict frequency. In conclusion, these findings provide compelling evidence that age-related declines in fine motor response reprogramming may be related to reduced cognitive capacity. These data also provide evidence for a contribution of musical experience to enhanced motor reprogramming and motor adaptation skills in older age. Notably, the observed benefits of musical experience were found in the cognitive aspects of performance and not the motor components. Together, the reported studies advance the current understanding of how cognitive processes play a role in fine motor performance. The work has implications for how to maintain or improve functional independence in late life.
Book Synopsis The Intersection of Cognitive, Motor, and Sensory Processing in Aging: Links to Functional Outcomes by : Jeannette R. Mahoney
Download or read book The Intersection of Cognitive, Motor, and Sensory Processing in Aging: Links to Functional Outcomes written by Jeannette R. Mahoney and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-10-07 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Effects of Aging on Sensory Feedback Utilization During the Planning of Upper Limb Movements by : Rachel Goodman
Download or read book The Effects of Aging on Sensory Feedback Utilization During the Planning of Upper Limb Movements written by Rachel Goodman and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Previous work on sensorimotor integration for movement planning has mainly focused on visual environments and targets. Further, age-related adaptations to sensorimotor integration for movement planning are seldom explored. In the current dissertation, four experiments were conducted to investigate sensorimotor processes occurring during movement planning to targets of varying sensory modality, in both younger and older adults. They were asked to perform upper limb reaching movements to various target cues in the absence of visual feedback, and reaction time was evaluated as the main outcome variable. The goal of the first experiment was to investigate if target modality modulated movement planning time, and if these effects were different across age groups. The results showed longer reaction times for movements planned to somatosensory targets versus visual or bimodal targets, and these longer reaction times were significantly longer for older adults than for younger adults. The goals of the second and third experiments were to test for any contributing effects known to be affected by aging, such as sensory acuity or movement planning strategy. The results showed that older adults did not appear to have acuity deficits, nor did they plan their movements differently than younger adults to the various sensory cues. The goal of the fourth experiment was to implement a somatosensory perturbation to further investigate sensorimotor processes when planning movements to somatosensory targets. The results showed that somatosensory perturbations to the effector limb caused even further elongation of reaction times, and this effect was greater in older than younger adults. Overall, the current work provides a further look into the age-related differences in somatomotor integration processes, when planning movements to somatosensory targets. It was hypothesized that sensorimotor transformations may be responsible for the delays in movement planning time, as older adults may be mapping all cues into a visual reference frame, regardless of the presence of visual inputs.
Book Synopsis EVALUATING AGE DIFFERENCES IN THE SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM MEMORY PROCESSES UNDERLYING MOTOR LEARNING by :
Download or read book EVALUATING AGE DIFFERENCES IN THE SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM MEMORY PROCESSES UNDERLYING MOTOR LEARNING written by and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : Motor learning involves improving the proficiency of a novel skill through the repetition of movement. The early stages of motor learning rely on explicit memory - a cognitive function known to be impacted by Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent research has shown that motor behavior, especially complex motor tasks, may be impaired in mild cognitive impairment and AD. However, little is known about how motor learning may decline in AD or whether it could aid in diagnostic clarity early in disease progression. The overall goal of this dissertation was to examine the acquisition and long-term retention of motor learning tasks in individuals experiencing healthy aging and identify new motor behavioral markers sensitive to cognitive impairments in the earliest stages of Alzheimer's disease. Our first study explored age differences in acquisition and retention between younger and older adults on a force field adaptation task, while our second study explored acquisition and retention differences on a self-report visuomotor rotation task. Healthy younger and older adults completed the prescribed motor learning task on two days, with testing sessions occurring 24 hours apart. Older adults also completed a standard neuropsychological battery used to diagnose Alzheimer's disease. These studies revealed age differences in long-term task retention despite the lack of differences in initial acquisition and short-term retention. In both tasks, younger adults appeared to retain more information from Day 1 to Day 2 than older adults. Scores from the neuropsychological battery associated with overall cognitive functioning were correlated with long-term retention performance measures. Our third study examined force-field adaptation performance differences between healthy older adults and those experiencing Alzheimer's-like cognitive impairment. We further examined whether retention measures from the force field adaptation task could improve our ability to discriminate between healthy aging and cognitive impairments beyond standard neuropsychological test scores. Again, participants completed the force field adaptation task on two days, with testing occurring 24 hours apart. Both groups also completed a standard diagnostic neuropsychological battery. We found that healthy older adults retained more information from Day 1 to Day 2 than those with cognitive impairment, and a retention measure from the force field adaptation task increased group discriminability when used alongside neuropsychological scores. Overall, this work shows that age-related changes in long-term memory contribute to differences in motor skill task retention, and these changes are exacerbated by Alzheimer's-like cognitive impairment. Measuring long-term retention of motor skill learning may provide a behavioral measure that can improve the reliability of neuropsychological test batteries to the earliest stages of dementia.
Book Synopsis Age-related Differences in Spatial Processing by : Hannah Landry
Download or read book Age-related Differences in Spatial Processing written by Hannah Landry and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Associative memory, especially episodic memory, declines in old age--an effect ascribed to age-related decline in the hippocampus. The hippocampus also supports some form of spatial processing, and some have suggested that the decline of spatial processing as early as perception could underly episodic memory deficits. However, to date, no one has investigated spatial processing in older adulthood without the confound of long-term memory demands. I therefore examined age-related differences in spatial perception by having 29 participants complete a novel spatial task that minimized memory demands.The sample comprised 15 younger adults (Mage = 25; SD = 5.75) and 14 older adults(M age = 64; SD = 3.77). Participants compared screenshots of 3D virtual rooms to simultaneously presented 2D room layouts and indicated whether the rooms were identical or not. My results indicated no age-related difference in accuracy scores on either location or object-based trials. However, older adults spent significantly longer on location-based trials than younger adults did. These results suggest that healthy older adults exhibit subtle age-related deficits in spatial processing, even at perception. My findings support theories proposing that an age-related deficit in spatial processing may cause episodic memory problems in older adults.
