Effect Of Hydrogen Supplementation On Performance Knock Behaviour And Emissions Of An Si Engine Operating At Lean Air Fuel Ratios

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Effect of Hydrogen Supplementation on Performance, Knock Behaviour, and Emissions of an SI Engine Operating at Lean Air-fuel Ratios

Author : Yu Chen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 113 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (936 download)

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Book Synopsis Effect of Hydrogen Supplementation on Performance, Knock Behaviour, and Emissions of an SI Engine Operating at Lean Air-fuel Ratios by : Yu Chen

Download or read book Effect of Hydrogen Supplementation on Performance, Knock Behaviour, and Emissions of an SI Engine Operating at Lean Air-fuel Ratios written by Yu Chen and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is contradictory literature about whether hydrogen (H2) supplementation may increase or decrease the likelihood of knock in spark ignition (SI) engines. Such contradictory literature may correlate to the fast laminar flame speed property of H2, which increases the burning rate. Faster combustion allows less time for end-gas autoignition to occur, but also increases the end-gas pressure and temperature, which may reduce the time required for autoignition. Firstly, via experiments, this thesis demonstrates that "knocking cycles are the cycles with faster burning rate when they are compared with normal cycles". Then, via simulations, it is verified that faster combustion promotes knock. Secondly, the thesis shows that H2 supplementation practically promotes knock in an experimental manner. This implies that the knock promotion effects of the fast laminar flame speed and the lower heat capacity of H2 dominate the knock suppression effect of the high research octane number rating. Therefore, from the knock perspective, H2 is not an ideal supplement for gasoline SI engines. Thirdly, an alternative use of H2 supplementation has been studied, i.e. for idle condition. In this part, both performance and emissions are studied. In performance, it is demonstrated that H2 supplementation reduces the cycle-to-cycle variation by increasing the burning rate. Net indicated efficiency, as well as fuel economy, are significantly improved with H2 supplementation. In emissions, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and unburned hydrocarbon are greatly reduced with H2 supplementation. On the other hand, due to the high adiabatic flame temperature of H2, nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions are increased. However, this is less important as the idle NOx emissions are very small relative to the normal operation condition.

Knock Behavior of a Lean-burn Hydrogen-enhanced Engine Concept

Author : Jennifer Ann Topinka
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 116 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (546 download)

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Book Synopsis Knock Behavior of a Lean-burn Hydrogen-enhanced Engine Concept by : Jennifer Ann Topinka

Download or read book Knock Behavior of a Lean-burn Hydrogen-enhanced Engine Concept written by Jennifer Ann Topinka and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experiments to identify the knock trends of lean gasoline-air mixtures, and such mixtures enhanced with hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO), were performed on a single-cylinder research engine with boosting capability. The experimental method used to investigate knock trends consisted of determining the octane number (ON) of the primary reference fuel (mixture of isooctane and n-heptane) supplied to the engine that just produced audible knock. All tests were completed at 1500 rpm, MBT spark timing, with coolant temperature at fully warmed-up conditions and intake air temperature at 200 C. Various relative air-fuel ratio (lambda) sweeps were performed, while holding different parameters constant. First, testing with primary reference fuels investigated knock limits of lean operation; selected tests were then repeated with H2 and CO-enhancement. These mixtures simulated 15% and 30% of the engine's gasoline being reformed in a plasmatron fuel.reformer. Experimental results show that leaner operation does not decrease the knock tendency of an engine under conditions where a fixed output torque is maintained; rather it slightly increases the octane requirement. The onset of knock does decrease with lean operation when the intake pressure is held constant, but engine torque is then reduced. When H2 and CO are added to the mixture, the knock susceptibility is reduced, as illustrated by a decrease in the measured octane number of the primary reference fuel resulting in knock. Experiments conducted with the addition of H2 show similar trends, but to a lesser degree. Therefore, both H2 and CO act as octane enhancers when added to a hydrocarbon-air mixture. The extent to which H2 and CO improve the knock resistance of a mixture can be estimated by finding the bond-weighted octane number for the mixture of fuels. To substantiate these. results, a chemical kinetic ignition model was used to predict autoigntion of the end-gas for various conditions and fuel-air mixtures. Predicted model trends of knock onset partially agree with experimental observations. A comprehensive isooctane chemistry mechanism was used to demonstrate that H2 and CO-enhancement are effective in lengthening the ignition delay, and thereby reduce knock tendency.

Hydrogen Enrichment in Internal Combustion Engines

Author : Eddie Allan Jordan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781267657619
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (576 download)

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Book Synopsis Hydrogen Enrichment in Internal Combustion Engines by : Eddie Allan Jordan

Download or read book Hydrogen Enrichment in Internal Combustion Engines written by Eddie Allan Jordan and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An investigation was made to determine the effects of hydrogen enrichment of ethanol at ultra-lean operating regimes utilizing both experimental and computational methods. A 0.745 liter 2-cylinder SI engine was modified to operate on both hydrogen and ethanol fuels. The study looked at part throttle, fixed RPM operation of 0%, 15%, and 30% hydrogen fuel mixtures operating in ultra-lean operating regimes. Data were collected to calculate NO and HC emissions, power, thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency, brake-specific fuel consumption, and Wiebe burn fraction curves. The data from the experiments were used to develop an empirically based computational engine model utilizing Ricardo's WAVE. Once calibrated, WAVE combustion software was shown to be capable of accurately predicting the results of power and emissions of the ultra-lean hydrogen and ethanol mixtures. It was shown that hydrogen enrichment of ethanol demonstrated an ability to reduce NOx and stabilize and accelerate the combustion process. Both the model and experiments showed that operating near the LOL at both 15% and 30% hydrogen by volume reduced engine out NOx emissions by more than 95% as compared to stoichiometric gasoline operation. This reduction is comparable to the efficiency of modern three-way catalyst and could offer an alternative to current NOx reduction technologies. Power, thermal efficiency, and volumetric efficiency were not affected by the hydrogen mixture at a given equivalence ratio. However, hydrogen addition allowed an increase in the lean operating limit which helped further reduce NOx emissions, but at reduced power and thermal efficiency.

Experimental Performance and Emission from an SI Engine Using Rich-lean Combustion in Successive Cylinders

Author : Alok Goyle
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 188 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (891 download)

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Book Synopsis Experimental Performance and Emission from an SI Engine Using Rich-lean Combustion in Successive Cylinders by : Alok Goyle

Download or read book Experimental Performance and Emission from an SI Engine Using Rich-lean Combustion in Successive Cylinders written by Alok Goyle and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Effects of Knock on the Hydrocarbon Emissions of a Spark-ignition Engine

Author : Henry Peter Davis
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 222 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (891 download)

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Book Synopsis The Effects of Knock on the Hydrocarbon Emissions of a Spark-ignition Engine by : Henry Peter Davis

Download or read book The Effects of Knock on the Hydrocarbon Emissions of a Spark-ignition Engine written by Henry Peter Davis and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Hydrogen Engine Performance Analysis Project

Author : Robert R. Adt
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 544 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Hydrogen Engine Performance Analysis Project by : Robert R. Adt

Download or read book Hydrogen Engine Performance Analysis Project written by Robert R. Adt and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Reduced Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Automobile Engines

Author : Fred Schäfer
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 370913806X
Total Pages : 205 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Reduced Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Automobile Engines by : Fred Schäfer

Download or read book Reduced Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Automobile Engines written by Fred Schäfer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last several years, there has been much discussion on the interrelation of CO2 emissions with the global warming phenomenon. This in turn has increased pressure to develop and produce more fuel efficient engines and vehicles. This is the central topic of this book. It covers the underlying processes which cause pollutant emissions and the possibilities of reducing them, as well as the fuel consumption of gasoline and diesel engines, including direct injection diesel engines. As well as the engine-related causes of pollution, which is found in the raw exhaust, there is also a description of systems and methods for exhaust post treatment. The significant influence of fuels and lubricants (both conventional and alternative fuels) on emission behavior is also covered. In addition to the conventional gasoline and diesel engines, lean-burn and direct injection gasoline engines and two-stroke gasoline and diesel engines are included. The potential for reducing fuel consumption and pollution is described as well as the related reduction of CO2 emissions. Finally, a detailed summary of the most important laws and regulations pertaining to pollutant emissions and consumption limits is presented. This book is intended for practising engineers involved in research and applied sciences as well as for interested engineering students.

Investigating Hydrogen Enhanced Combustion in a Sustainability Context

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis Investigating Hydrogen Enhanced Combustion in a Sustainability Context by :

Download or read book Investigating Hydrogen Enhanced Combustion in a Sustainability Context written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since their invention, internal combustion engines have played a major role in the social and economic development of many countries by allowing people and goods to move from one place to another for longer distances and in shorter times. However, the negative environmental impacts of the widespread use of internal combustion engines in private and commercial vehicles have reached alarming values, with future prospects being much worse. In addition, fuel consumption and the dependency on oil imports of many countries have increased sharply in the past years as vehicle populations and use increased. The current trends are clearly unsustainable and thus new technologies are to be sought that can reduce both engine tailpipe emissions and fuel consumption. Hydrogen enhanced combustion has the potential of doing this. For this reason three engines - a carburetted petrol engine, a fuel injection petrol engine and a diesel engine - have been tested to investigate the effects of adding small amounts of hydrogen to the air intake of the engines on performance and HC, CO and CO2 emissions. The engines were tested at different engine speeds and loads to simulate normal on-the-road operating conditions. The hydrogen was produced from the electrolysis of a solution of distilled water and sodium hydroxide using two different electrolyser designs. Both the hydrogen and oxygen that were produced by electrolysis were added to the engine's intake during the tests. The results show that the addition of hydrogen-oxygen is most effective in stabilizing and enhancing the combustion of lean air-fuel mixtures inside the petrol injected engine, allowing for lower HC, CO and CO2 emissions. Thus hydrogen enhanced combustion could play a role in stabilizing lean burn petrol engines. However, it also transpired that a major drawback of the technology is the energy input required to produce the hydrogen, which in most cases was higher than the increase in output resulting from the more efficient combustion. Thus system optimization and alternative means of energy input would be required to ensure that a net positive effect is achieved.

Performance, Efficiency, and Emissions Characterization of Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines Fueled with Hydrogen

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)

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Book Synopsis Performance, Efficiency, and Emissions Characterization of Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines Fueled with Hydrogen by :

Download or read book Performance, Efficiency, and Emissions Characterization of Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines Fueled with Hydrogen written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydrogen is an attractive fuel source not only because it is abundant and renewable but also because it produces almost zero regulated emissions. Internal combustion engines fueled by compressed natural gas (CNG) are operated throughout a variety of industries in a number of mobile and stationary applications. While CNG engines offer many advantages over conventional gasoline and diesel combustion engines, CNG engine performance can be substantially improved in the lean operating region. Lean operation has a number of benefits, the most notable of which is reduced emissions. However, the extremely low flame propagation velocities of CNG greatly restrict the lean operating limits of CNG engines. Hydrogen, however, has a high flame speed and a wide operating limit that extends into the lean region. The addition of hydrogen to a CNG engine makes it a viable and economical method to significantly extend the lean operating limit and thereby improve performance and reduce emissions. Drawbacks of hydrogen as a fuel source, however, include lower power density due to a lower heating value per unit volume as compared to CNG, and susceptibility to pre-ignition and engine knock due to wide flammability limits and low minimum ignition energy. Combining hydrogen with CNG, however, overcomes the drawbacks inherent in each fuel type. Objectives of the current study were to evaluate the feasibility of using blends of hydrogen and natural gas as a fuel for conventional natural gas engines. The experiment and data analysis included evaluation of engine performance, efficiency, and emissions along with detailed in-cylinder measurements of key physical parameters. This provided a detailed knowledge base of the impact of using hydrogen/natural gas blends. A four-stroke, 4.2 L, V-6 naturally aspirated natural gas engine coupled to an eddy current dynamometer was used to measure the impact of hydrogen/natural gas blends on performance, thermodynamic efficiency and exhaust gas emissions in a reciprocating four stroke cycle engine. The test matrix varied engine load and air-to-fuel ratio at throttle openings of 50% and 100% at equivalence ratios of 1.00 and 0.90 for hydrogen percentages of 10%, 20% and 30% by volume. In addition, tests were performed at 100% throttle opening, with an equivalence ratio of 0.98 and a hydrogen blend of 20% to further investigate CO emission variations. Data analysis indicated that the use of hydrogen/natural gas fuel blend penalizes the engine operation with a 1.5 to 2.0% decrease in torque, but provided up to a 36% reduction in CO, a 30% reduction in NOX, and a 5% increase in brake thermal efficiency. These results concur with previous results published in the open literature. Further reduction in emissions can be obtained by retarding the ignition timing.

Performance of the Supercharged Spark Ignition Hydrogen Engine

Author : B. Nagalingam
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Performance of the Supercharged Spark Ignition Hydrogen Engine by : B. Nagalingam

Download or read book Performance of the Supercharged Spark Ignition Hydrogen Engine written by B. Nagalingam and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Experimental Evaluation of SI Engine Operation Supplemented by Hydrogen Rich Gas from a Compact Plasma Boosted Reformer

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 5 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (684 download)

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Book Synopsis Experimental Evaluation of SI Engine Operation Supplemented by Hydrogen Rich Gas from a Compact Plasma Boosted Reformer by :

Download or read book Experimental Evaluation of SI Engine Operation Supplemented by Hydrogen Rich Gas from a Compact Plasma Boosted Reformer written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is well known that hydrogen addition to spark-ignited (SI) engines can reduce exhaust emissions and increase efficiency. Micro plasmatron fuel converters can be used for onboard generation of hydrogen-rich gas by partial oxidation of a wide range of fuels. These plasma-boosted microreformers are compact, rugged, and provide rapid response. With hydrogen supplement to the main fuel, SI engines can run very lean resulting in a large reduction in nitrogen oxides (NO x) emissions relative to stoichiometric combustion without a catalytic converter. This paper presents experimental results from a microplasmatron fuel converter operating under variable oxygen to carbon ratios. Tests have also been carried out to evaluate the effect of the addition of a microplasmatron fuel converter generated gas in a 1995 2.3-L four-cylinder SI production engine. The tests were performed with and without hydrogen-rich gas produced by the plasma boosted fuel converter with gasoline. A one hundred fold reduction in NO x due to very lean operation was obtained under certain conditions. An advantage of onboard plasma-boosted generation of hydrogen-rich gas is that it is used only when required and can be readily turned on and off. Substantial NO x reduction should also be obtainable by heavy exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) facilitated by use of hydrogen-rich gas with stoichiometric operation.

Effects of Hydrogen Enhancement on Efficiency and NOx Emissions of Lean and EGR-diluted Mixtures in a SI Engine

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780768016369
Total Pages : 14 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (163 download)

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Book Synopsis Effects of Hydrogen Enhancement on Efficiency and NOx Emissions of Lean and EGR-diluted Mixtures in a SI Engine by :

Download or read book Effects of Hydrogen Enhancement on Efficiency and NOx Emissions of Lean and EGR-diluted Mixtures in a SI Engine written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Engine Emission Control Technologies

Author : G. Amba Prasad Rao
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000448991
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Engine Emission Control Technologies by : G. Amba Prasad Rao

Download or read book Engine Emission Control Technologies written by G. Amba Prasad Rao and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-06-09 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new volume covers the important issues related to environmental emissions from SI and CI engines as well as their formation and various pollution mitigation techniques. The book addresses aspects of improvements in engine modification, such as design modifications for enhanced performance, both with conventional fuels as well as with new and alternative fuels. It also explores some new combustion concepts that will help to pave the way for complying with new emission concepts. Alternative fuels are addressed in this volume to help mitigate harmful emissions, and alternative power sources for automobiles are also discussed briefly to cover the switch over from fueled engines to electrics, including battery-powered electric vehicles and fuel cells. The authors explain the different technologies available to date to overcome the limitations of conventional prime movers (fueled by both fossil fuels and alternative fuels). Topics examined include: • Engine modifications needed to limit harmful emissions • The use of engine after-treatment devices to contain emissions • The development of new combustion concepts • Adoption of alternative fuels in existing engines • Switching over to electrics—advantages and limitations • Specifications of highly marketed automobiles • Emission measurement methods

Hydrogen IC Engines

Author : Society of Automotive Engineers
Publisher : SAE International
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 98 pages
Book Rating : 4.X/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Hydrogen IC Engines by : Society of Automotive Engineers

Download or read book Hydrogen IC Engines written by Society of Automotive Engineers and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2006 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Application of Hydrogen Assisted Lean Operation to Natural Gas-Fueled Reciprocating Engines (HALO).

Author : Chad Smutzer
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (316 download)

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Book Synopsis Application of Hydrogen Assisted Lean Operation to Natural Gas-Fueled Reciprocating Engines (HALO). by : Chad Smutzer

Download or read book Application of Hydrogen Assisted Lean Operation to Natural Gas-Fueled Reciprocating Engines (HALO). written by Chad Smutzer and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two key challenges facing Natural Gas Engines used for cogeneration purposes are spark plug life and high NOx emissions. Using Hydrogen Assisted Lean Operation (HALO), these two keys issues are simultaneously addressed. HALO operation, as demonstrated in this project, allows stable engine operation to be achieved at ultra-lean (relative air/fuel ratios of 2) conditions, which virtually eliminates NOx production. NOx values of 10 ppm (0.07 g/bhp-hr NO) for 8% (LHV H2/LHV CH4) supplementation at an exhaust O2 level of 10% were demonstrated, which is a 98% NOx emissions reduction compared to the leanest unsupplemented operating condition. Spark ignition energy reduction (which will increase ignition system life) was carried out at an oxygen level of 9%, leading to a NOx emission level of 28 ppm (0.13 g/bhp-hr NO). The spark ignition energy reduction testing found that spark energy could be reduced 22% (from 151 mJ supplied to the coil) with 13% (LHV H2/LHV CH4) hydrogen supplementation, and even further reduced 27% with 17% hydrogen supplementation, with no reportable effect on NOx emissions for these conditions and with stable engine torque output. Another important result is that the combustion duration was shown to be only a function of hydrogen supplementation, not a function of ignition energy (until the ignitability limit was reached). The next logical step leading from these promising results is to see how much the spark energy reduction translates into increase in spark plug life, which may be accomplished by durability testing.

Lean-burn Characteristics of a Gasoline Engine Enriched with Hydrogen from a Plasmatron Fuel Reformer

Author : Edward Joseph Tully
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 170 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (518 download)

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Book Synopsis Lean-burn Characteristics of a Gasoline Engine Enriched with Hydrogen from a Plasmatron Fuel Reformer by : Edward Joseph Tully

Download or read book Lean-burn Characteristics of a Gasoline Engine Enriched with Hydrogen from a Plasmatron Fuel Reformer written by Edward Joseph Tully and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Characteristics of Knock in Hydrogen-Oxygen-Argon SI Engine

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 9 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)

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Book Synopsis Characteristics of Knock in Hydrogen-Oxygen-Argon SI Engine by :

Download or read book Characteristics of Knock in Hydrogen-Oxygen-Argon SI Engine written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A promising approach for improving the efficiency of internal combustion engines is to employ a working fluid with a high specific heat ratio such as the noble gas argon. Moreover, all harmful emissions are eliminated when the intake charge is composed of oxygen, nonreactive argon, and hydrogen fuel. Previous research demonstrated indicated thermal efficiencies greater than 45% at 5.5 compression ratio in engines operating with hydrogen, oxygen, and argon. However, knock limits spark advance and increasing the efficiency further. Conditions under which knock occurs in such engines differs from typical gasoline fueled engines. In-cylinder temperatures using hydrogen-oxygen-argon are higher due to the high specific heat ratio and pressures are lower because of the low compression ratio. Better understanding of knock under these conditions can lead to operating strategies that inhibit knock and allow operation closer to the knock limit. In this work we compare knock with a hydrogen, oxygen, and argon mixture to that of air-gasoline mixtures in a variable compression ratio cooperative fuels research (CFR) engine. The focus is on stability of knocking phenomena, as well as, amplitude and frequency of the resulting pressure waves.