Drought Stress Described By Transcriptional Responses Of Picea Abies L H Karst Under Pathogen Heterobasidion Parviporum Attack

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Drought Stress Described by Transcriptional Responses of Picea Abies (L.) H. Karst. Under Pathogen Heterobasidion Parviporum Attack

Author : Xenia Hao-Yi Yeoh
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis Drought Stress Described by Transcriptional Responses of Picea Abies (L.) H. Karst. Under Pathogen Heterobasidion Parviporum Attack by : Xenia Hao-Yi Yeoh

Download or read book Drought Stress Described by Transcriptional Responses of Picea Abies (L.) H. Karst. Under Pathogen Heterobasidion Parviporum Attack written by Xenia Hao-Yi Yeoh and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: The major threats to the sustainable supply of forest tree products are adverse climate, pests and diseases. Climate change, exemplified by increased drought, poses a unique threat to global forest health. This is attributed to the unpredictable behavior of forest pathosystems, which can favor fungal pathogens over the host under persistent drought stress conditions in the future. Currently, the effects of drought on tree resistance against pathogens are hypothetical, thus research is needed to identify these correlations. Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) is one of the most economically important tree species in Europe and is considered highly vulnerable to changes in climate. Dedicated experiments to investigate how disturbances will affect the Norway spruce--Heterobasidion sp. pathosystem are important, in order to develop different strategies to limit the spread of H. annosum s.l. under the predicted climate change. Here, we report a transcriptional study to compare Norway spruce gene expressions to evaluate the effects of water availability and the infection of Heterobasidion parviporum. We performed inoculation studies of three-year-old saplings in a greenhouse (purchased from a nursery). Norway spruce saplings were treated in either high (+) or low (−) water groups: high water group received double the water amount than the low water group. RNA was extracted and sequenced. Similarly, we quantified gene expression levels of candidate genes in biotic stress and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways using qRT-PCR, through which we discovered a unique preferential defense response of H. parviporum-infected Norway spruce under drought stress at the molecular level. Disturbances related to water availability, especially low water conditions can have negative effects on the tree host and benefit the infection ability of the pathogens in the host. From our RNA-seq analysis, 114 differentially expressed gene regions were identified between high (+) and low (−) water groups under pathogen attack. None of these gene pathways were identified to be differentially expressed from both non-treated and mock-control treatments between high (+) and low (−) water groups. Finally, only four genes were found to be associated with drought in all treatments

Wood Production, Wood Technology, and Biotechnological Impacts

Author : Ursula Kües
Publisher : Universitätsverlag Göttingen
ISBN 13 : 3940344117
Total Pages : 646 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (43 download)

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Book Synopsis Wood Production, Wood Technology, and Biotechnological Impacts by : Ursula Kües

Download or read book Wood Production, Wood Technology, and Biotechnological Impacts written by Ursula Kües and published by Universitätsverlag Göttingen. This book was released on 2007 with total page 646 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the year 2001, Prof. Dr. Ursula Kües was appointed at the Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology of the Georg-August-University Göttingen to the chair Molecular Wood Biotechnology endowed by the Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt (DBU). Her group studies higher fungi in basic and applied research. Research foci are on mushroom development and on fungal enzymes degrading wood and their applications in wood biotechnology. This book has been edited to thank the DBU for all support given to the chair Molecular Wood Biotechnology. Contributions to the book are from scientists from Göttingen recognised in different fields of forestry and wood science. Chapters presented by members of the group Molecular Wood Biotechnology introduces into their areas of research. The book is designed for interested students of wood biology and wood technology but will also address scientists in the field.

Recent Trends in Mycological Research

Author : Ajar Nath Yadav
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030606597
Total Pages : 503 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (36 download)

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Book Synopsis Recent Trends in Mycological Research by : Ajar Nath Yadav

Download or read book Recent Trends in Mycological Research written by Ajar Nath Yadav and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-02-04 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fungi range from being microscopic, single-celled yeasts to multicellular and heterotrophic in nature. Fungal communities have been found in vast ranges of environmental conditions. They can be associated with plants epiphytically, endophytically, or rhizospherically. Extreme environments represent unique ecosystems that harbor novel biodiversity of fungal communities. Interest in the exploration of fungal diversity has been spurred by the fact that fungi perform numerous functions integral in sustaining the biosphere, ranging from nutrient cycling to environmental detoxification, which involves processes like augmentation, supplementation, and recycling of plant nutrients - a particularly important process in sustainable agriculture. Fungal communities from natural and extreme habitats help promote plant growth, enhance crop yield, and enhance soil fertility via direct or indirect plant growth promoting (PGP) mechanisms of solubilization of phosphorus, potassium, and zinc, production of ammonia, hydrogen cyanides, phytohormones, Fe-chelating compounds, extracellular hydrolytic enzymes, and bioactive secondary metabolites. These PGP fungi could be used as biofertilizers, bioinoculants, and biocontrol agents in place of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in eco-friendly manners for sustainable agriculture and environments. Along with agricultural applications, medically important fungi play a significant role for human health. Fungal communities are useful for sustainable environments as they are used for bioremediation which is the use of microorganisms' metabolism to degrade waste contaminants (sewage, domestic, and industrial effluents) into non-toxic or less toxic materials by natural biological processes. Fungi could be used as mycoremediation for the future of environmental sustainability. Fungi and fungal products have the biochemical and ecological capability to degrade environmental organic chemicals and to decrease the risk associated with metals, semi-metals, and noble metals either by chemical modification or by manipulating chemical bioavailability. The two volumes of Recent Trends in Mycological Research aim to provide an understanding of fungal communities from diverse environmental habitats and their potential applications in agriculture, medical, environments and industry. The books are useful to scientists, researchers, and students involved in microbiology, biotechnology, agriculture, molecular biology, environmental biology and related subjects.

Molecular Mechanisms of Plant and Microbe Coexistence

Author : Chandra Shekhar Nautiyal
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783642094811
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (948 download)

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Book Synopsis Molecular Mechanisms of Plant and Microbe Coexistence by : Chandra Shekhar Nautiyal

Download or read book Molecular Mechanisms of Plant and Microbe Coexistence written by Chandra Shekhar Nautiyal and published by Springer. This book was released on 2010-11-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Molecular Mechanisms of Plant and Microbe Coexistence presents studies on the complex and manifold interactions of plants and microbes at the population, genomics and proteomics level. The role of soil microbial diversity in enhancing plant health and plant microbe beneficial symbioses is discussed. Microbial communities are shown in the light of evolution. Main topics include genome coexistence and the functional genomics and proteomics of plant-associated microbes, which could form the basis for new environmentally benign strategies to combat infectious plant diseases and regulate plant growth. Further chapters focus on the role of signaling during the different stages of plant microbe coexistence, in symbiotic or pathogenic relationships, in quorum sensing and plant viral infections. Methods for studying the interactions in the root zone complement the book, which will certainly be of relevance in the practical application to agriculture, food security and for maintaining the balance of our ecosystems.

RNA Exosome

Author : Torben Heick Jensen
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441978410
Total Pages : 161 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

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Book Synopsis RNA Exosome by : Torben Heick Jensen

Download or read book RNA Exosome written by Torben Heick Jensen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-29 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The diversity of RNAs inside living cells is amazing. We have known of the more “classic” RNA species: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNA and snoRNA for some time now, but in a steady stream new types of molecules are being described as it is becoming clear that most of the genomic information of cells ends up in RNA. To deal with the enormous load of resulting RNA processing and degradation reactions, cells need adequate and efficient molecular machines. The RNA exosome is arising as a major facilitator to this effect. Structural and functional data gathered over the last decade have illustrated the biochemical importance of this multimeric complex and its many co-factors, revealing its enormous regulatory power. By gathering some of the most prominent researchers in the exosome field, it is the aim of this volume to introduce this fascinating protein complex as well as to give a timely and rich account of its many functions. The exosome was discovered more than a decade ago by Phil Mitchell and David Tollervey by its ability to trim the 3’end of yeast, S. cerevisiae, 5. 8S rRNA. In a historic account they laid out the events surrounding this identification and the subsequent birth of the research field. In the chapter by Kurt Januszyk and Christopher Lima the structural organization of eukaryotic exosomes and their evolutionary counterparts in bacteria and archaea are discussed in large part through presentation of structures.

The Carbon Dioxide Dilemma

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309167019
Total Pages : 150 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Carbon Dioxide Dilemma by : National Research Council

Download or read book The Carbon Dioxide Dilemma written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-08-29 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Growing concerns about climate change partly as a result of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions has prompted the research community to assess technologies and policies for sequestration. This report contains presentations of a symposium held in April of 2002. The sequestration options range form ocean disposal, terrestrial disposal in geologic formations, biomass based approaches and carbon trading schemes. The report also presents current efforts at enhanced oil recovery using carbon dioxide and demonstrating its utility. The volume is intended only as introduction to the subject and not the final word.

Endophytic Fungi

Author : Ahmed M. Abdel Azeem
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 032399315X
Total Pages : 466 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

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Book Synopsis Endophytic Fungi by : Ahmed M. Abdel Azeem

Download or read book Endophytic Fungi written by Ahmed M. Abdel Azeem and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2024-08-15 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Endophytic Fungi: The Full Story of the Untapped Treasure covers the developments in endophytic fungal research from beginning to the end by the eminent researchers involved in the field. It sheds light on the endophytic fungal current research, challenges, and future possibilities, the trending recent topics in the plant-fungal endophytes' biodynamics for sustainable development of bioproducts and its applications are supported in large-scale biosynthesis of industrially and pharmaceutical important biomolecules. Endophytic Fungi: The Full Story of the Untapped Treasure highlights the bioprospecting and applied aspects of endophytic fungal communities from diverse hosts and discusses the practical applications of such endophytes in detail. It also reviews recent strategies on alternative sustainable sources of medicines such as secondary metabolites of fungi instead of over collection of plants under prohibiting of biodiversity conventions. The uniqueness of this book is the inclusion of updated bioinformatics-based strategies and its importance in bioactive molecules produced by endophytic fungi. The book addresses one of the most eminent issues in this field: how to translate the potential that endophytic fungi hold in stable practical application. Covers major concepts of plant-fungi interaction, biodiversity of endophytic fungi from diverse and biotechnological applications for sustainable development Is extensively illustrated and clearly written, using easy-to-understand language, sharing the latest developments and potential of fungal products for various applications Sheds light on the endophytic fungal current research, challenges, and future possibilities

Fungal Strategies of Wood Decay in Trees

Author : Francis W.M.R. Schwarze
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642573029
Total Pages : 195 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (425 download)

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Book Synopsis Fungal Strategies of Wood Decay in Trees by : Francis W.M.R. Schwarze

Download or read book Fungal Strategies of Wood Decay in Trees written by Francis W.M.R. Schwarze and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wood-destroying fungi play an important role in nature, because they are the only forms of life capable of reducing wood to its initial constituents. However, they can also be dangerous for people and property, as they can impair the stability and fracture-safety of trees. This book gives detailed information, based on new and original scientfic findings, on the examination and effects of the most important species of fungi associated with failure of infected urban trees. In addition, new ways are presented for predicting the advance of decay in the living tree. The subject is illustrated and made easily accessible by numerous colored photos of fungus fruit bodies, defect symptoms, and macroscopic and microscopic pictures of wood decay. A detailed introduction to the fundamentals of wood pathology provides a way into the subjects of applied mycology and tree care for readers without previous special knowledge. Francis W.M.R. Schwarze, National Diploma of Arboriculture at Merrist Wood College, UK (1991), Master of Science in Pure, Applied Plant and Fungal Taxonomy, University of Reading, UK (1992), doctorate at Freiburg University (1995), since 1996 assistant at the Institute for Forest Botany and Tree Physiology at Freiburg University, concentrating on research into wood-destroying fungi and host-fungus interactions. Julia Engels, Diploma Forester at Freiburg University (1995), doctorate on root fungi at Freiburg University (1998). Since 1998 active in tree care and mycology in Luxembourg. Claus Mattheck, born 1947, doctorate in theoretical physics (1973), qualified as lecturer on damage studies at Karlsruhe University (1985), and now teaches there as Professor. Since 1991 he has been an officially appointed and attested expert on tree mechanics and fracture behaviour. Has been awarded numerous prizes for research and publication. Head of the Biomechanics Department at the Karlsruhe Research Centre.

Genomics of Plants and Fungi

Author : Rolf A. Prade
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780203912249
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (122 download)

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Book Synopsis Genomics of Plants and Fungi by : Rolf A. Prade

Download or read book Genomics of Plants and Fungi written by Rolf A. Prade and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-04-30 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides technical insight on how genomics-oriented studies may be used to bring new understanding to established models of fungal development. The book helps to assess and solve problems associated with multiple copies of genes and proteins with seemingly identical functions and depicts various industrial applications. To bridge the in

Recent Trends in Mycological Research

Author : Ajar Nath Yadav
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030682609
Total Pages : 532 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (36 download)

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Book Synopsis Recent Trends in Mycological Research by : Ajar Nath Yadav

Download or read book Recent Trends in Mycological Research written by Ajar Nath Yadav and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-04-14 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fungi range from being microscopic, single-celled yeasts to multicellular and heterotrophic in nature. Fungal communities have been found in vast ranges of environmental conditions. They can be associated with plants epiphytically, endophytically, or rhizospherically. Extreme environments represent unique ecosystems that harbor novel biodiversity of fungal communities. Interest in the exploration of fungal diversity has been spurred by the fact that fungi perform numerous functions integral in sustaining the biosphere, ranging from nutrient cycling to environmental detoxification, which involves processes like augmentation, supplementation, and recycling of plant nutrients--a particularly important process in sustainable agriculture. Fungal communities from natural and extreme habitats help promote plant growth, enhance crop yield, and soil fertility via direct or indirect plant growth promoting (PGP) mechanisms of solubilization of phosphorus, potassium, and zinc, production of ammonia, hydrogen cyanides, phytohormones, Fe-chelating compounds, extracellular hydrolytic enzymes, and bioactive secondary metabolites. These PGP fungi could be used as biofertilizers, bioinoculants, and biocontrol agents in place of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in eco-friendly manners for sustainable agriculture and environments. Along with agricultural applications, medically important fungi play significant role for human health. Fungal communities are useful for sustainable environments as they are used for bioremediation which is the use of microorganisms' metabolism to degrading waste contaminants (sewage, domestic, and industrial effluents) into non-toxic or less toxic materials by natural biological processes. Fungi could be used as mycoremediation for the future of environmental sustainability. Fungi and fungal products have the biochemical and ecological capability to degrade environmental organic chemicals and to decrease the risk associated with metals, semi-metals, and noble metals either by chemical modification or by manipulating chemical bioavailability. The two volumes of "Recent Trends in Mycological Research” aim to provide an understanding of fungal communities from diverse environmental habitats and their potential applications in agriculture, medical, environments and industry. The books are useful to scientists, researchers, and students involved in microbiology, biotechnology, agriculture, molecular biology, environmental biology and related subjects.

Biosurfactants

Author : Gloria Soberón-Chávez
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 364214490X
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (421 download)

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Book Synopsis Biosurfactants by : Gloria Soberón-Chávez

Download or read book Biosurfactants written by Gloria Soberón-Chávez and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-09-29 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biosurfactants, tensio-active compounds produced by living cells, are now gaining increasing interest due to their potential applications in many different industrial areas in which to date almost exclusively synthetic surfactants have been used. Their unique structures and characteristics are just starting to be appreciated. In addition, biosurfactants are considered to be environmentally “friendly,” relatively non-toxic and biodegradable. This Microbiology Monographs volume deals with the most recent advances in the field of microbial biosurfactants, such as rhamnolipids, serrawettins, trehalolipids, mannosylerythritol lipids, sophorolipids, surfactin and other lipopeptides. Each chapter reviews the characteristics of an individual biosurfactant including the physicochemical properties, the chemical structures, the role in the physiology of the producing microbes, the biosynthetic pathways, the genetic regulation, and the potential biotechnological applications.

Biotechnology for Sustainable Agriculture

Author : Ram Lakhan Singh
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0128122382
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Biotechnology for Sustainable Agriculture by : Ram Lakhan Singh

Download or read book Biotechnology for Sustainable Agriculture written by Ram Lakhan Singh and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2017-09-12 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biotechnology for Sustainable Agriculture: Emerging Approaches and Strategies is an outstanding collection of current research that integrates basic and advanced concepts of agricultural biotechnology with future development prospects. Using biotechnology with sustainable agriculture effectively contributes to gains in agricultural productivity, enhanced food security, reduced poverty and malnutrition, and more ecologically sustainable means of food production. Written by a panel of experts, this book is unique in its coverage of the broad area of biotechnology for sustainable agriculture. It includes intriguing topics and discussions of areas such as recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering. Identifies and explores biotechnological tools to enhance sustainability Encompasses plant and microbial biotechnology, nanotechnology and genetic engineering Focuses on plant biotechnology and crop improvement to increase yield and resilience Summarizes the impact of climate change on agriculture, fisheries and livestock

Microbial Services in Restoration Ecology

Author : Jay Shankar Singh
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128204273
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Microbial Services in Restoration Ecology by : Jay Shankar Singh

Download or read book Microbial Services in Restoration Ecology written by Jay Shankar Singh and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-04-21 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial Services in Restoration Ecology describes the role of microbial resources and their beneficial services in soil fertility and restoration of degraded ecosystems. The role of microbial interactions with crop plants which benefit agricultural productivity is also discussed. The book also includes significant advances in microbial based bio-pesticide production and strategies for high-density bio-inoculant cultivation to improve stress survivability of crop plants. This work provides next-generation molecular technologies for exploring complex microbial secondary metabolites and metabolic regulation in viability of plant–microbe interactions. Describes the role of microbial resources and their beneficial services in soil fertility and restoration of degraded ecosystems Discusses the role of microbial interactions with crop plants and how it benefits of agricultural productivity Includes significant advances in microbial based bio-pesticide production and strategies for high-density bio-inoculant cultivation to improve stress survivability of crop plants provides next-generation molecular technologies for exploring complex microbial secondary metabolites and metabolic regulation in viability of plant–microbe interactions

Fungicides in Crop Protection, 2nd Edition

Author : Richard P. Oliver
Publisher : CABI
ISBN 13 : 1780641664
Total Pages : 201 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (86 download)

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Book Synopsis Fungicides in Crop Protection, 2nd Edition by : Richard P. Oliver

Download or read book Fungicides in Crop Protection, 2nd Edition written by Richard P. Oliver and published by CABI. This book was released on 2014-10-24 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant pathogenic fungi cause devastating damage to crop production worldwide. The growing global population necessitates reduced crop losses to improve food security, and the control of fungal plant pathogens is vital to help maintain food production. Providing a concise and balanced review of fungicides used in crop protection, this book describes the science of fungicide use, selection and resistance within the context of farming situations. Major updates and additions reflecting the emergence of two new classes of fungicides (strobilurins and SDHI) and the increased incidence of fungicide resistance are included in this new edition, which also discusses legislative requirements to reduce fungicide applications, and current trends in fungicide use.

Catharanthus roseus

Author : M. Naeem
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319516205
Total Pages : 414 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Catharanthus roseus by : M. Naeem

Download or read book Catharanthus roseus written by M. Naeem and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-04-11 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book studies the production of indole alkaloids in the important medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don, commonly known as periwinkle. The anticancer alkaloids, viz. vinblastine and vincristine, are mainly present in the leaves of C. roseus and inhibit the growth of cancer cells by hindering the formation of mitotic apparatus during cell division. Further, vinblastine helps increase the chance of surviving childhood leukemia while vincristine is used to treat Hodgkin’s disease. Great efforts have been made to produce these alkaloids at a large scale by the culture of plant cells. In view of this worldwide demand for commercial use, this book explores how to maximize the production of anticancer alkaloids from C. roseus. This reference book will be helpful for research students, teachers, ethnobotanists, pharmacologists and herbal growers who have a strong interest in this anticancer medicinal plant of paramount importance.

Fungal Pathogenesis in Plants and Crops

Author : P. Vidhyasekaran
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420021036
Total Pages : 536 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Fungal Pathogenesis in Plants and Crops by : P. Vidhyasekaran

Download or read book Fungal Pathogenesis in Plants and Crops written by P. Vidhyasekaran and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-08-09 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dramatic progress in molecular biology and genetic engineering has recently produced an unparalleled wealth of information on the mechanisms of plant and pathogen interactions at the cellular and molecular levels. Completely revised and expanded, Fungal Pathogenesis in Plants and Crops: Molecular Biology and Host Defense Mechanisms, Second Edition

Endotoxins: Structure, Function and Recognition

Author : Xiaoyuan Wang
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9048190789
Total Pages : 419 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (481 download)

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Book Synopsis Endotoxins: Structure, Function and Recognition by : Xiaoyuan Wang

Download or read book Endotoxins: Structure, Function and Recognition written by Xiaoyuan Wang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-06-30 with total page 419 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Endotoxins are potentially toxic compounds produced by Gram-negative bacteria including some pathogens. Unlike exotoxins, which are secreted in soluble form by live bacteria, endotoxins are comprised of structural components of bacteria. Endotoxins can cause a whole-body inflammatory state, sepsis, leading to low blood pressure, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and death. This book brings together contributions from researchers in the forefront of these subjects. It is divided into two sections. The first deals with how endotoxins are synthesized and end up on the bacterial surface. The second discussed how endotoxins activate TLR4 and, in turn, how TLR4 generates the molecular signals leading to infectious and inflammatory diseases. The way endotoxins interact with the host cells is fundamental to understanding the mechanism of sepsis, and recent research on these aspects of endotoxins has served to illuminate previously undescribed functions of the innate immune system. This volume presents a description of endotoxins according to their genetic constitution, structure, function and mode of interaction with host cells.