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Disproportionate Representation Of School Discipline And Its Effect On Academic Achievement
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Book Synopsis Disproportionate Representation of School Discipline and Its Effect on Academic Achievement by : Yosan Hailemariam
Download or read book Disproportionate Representation of School Discipline and Its Effect on Academic Achievement written by Yosan Hailemariam and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this study was to explore the disproportionate representation of school discipline and the effects on academic achievement for African American students. The study examined the suspension and referrals for African American students, the identified behavior, and the location of the incidents. The study also examined the academic achievement of the African American students to understand the relationship between discipline and student achievement. The study was conducted in a middle school in San Bernardino, California with a student population of 818 students. The ethnicities of the students were African American, Latino, Asian, and White. The researcher used quantitative research with descriptive statistics by analyzing academic data and disciplinary data. Based on the data, the researcher found although African American students accounted for slightly more than 9% of the student population, they represented approximately 20% of the total suspensions. Recommendations for the school include incorporating programs such Restorative Justice and Positive Behavior Intervention Support (PBiS) with a focus on teacher training to build cultural competency.
Book Synopsis Improving Learning Environments by : Richard Arum
Download or read book Improving Learning Environments written by Richard Arum and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2012-06-13 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Improving Learning Environments provides the first systematic comparative cross-national study of school disciplinary climates. In this volume, leading international social science researchers explore nine national case studies to identify the institutional determinants of variation in school discipline, the possible links between school environments and student achievement, as well as the implications of these findings for understanding social inequality. As the book demonstrates, a better understanding of school discipline is essential to the formation of effective educational policies. Ultimately, to improve a school's ability to contribute to youth socialization and student internalization of positive social norms and values, any changes in school discipline must not only be responsive to behavior problems but should also work to enhance the legitimacy and moral authority of school actors.
Book Synopsis Exploring the Effects of Positive Behavioral Supports on Disciplinary Practices in Schools and It's Potential to Mitigate Disproportionality in Disciplinary Outcomes for African American Students by :
Download or read book Exploring the Effects of Positive Behavioral Supports on Disciplinary Practices in Schools and It's Potential to Mitigate Disproportionality in Disciplinary Outcomes for African American Students written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Disproportionality in special education and school discipline in the U.S. Education system has been a crucial and complex issue. Research has shown that evidence-based interventions that lie within the positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS) framework has been effective in improving educational outcomes for all students. In this study, the author investigated the impact of the School-Wide Benchmarks of Quality, a PBIS fidelity measure, on student disciplinary outcomes. 380 schools presented four years of disciplinary outcome data. Results showed that the PBIS fidelity measure had a modest effect on the overall student disciplinary outcomes but did not address the disproportionate representation of African Americans. Observations of the effects of PBIS on African American student outcomes without the fidelity measure showed similar results. Per the results of this study, PBIS is an important strategy for reducing school disciplinary actions but has not address disproportionality in African American student disciplinary outcomes.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Classroom Management by : Carolyn M. Evertson
Download or read book Handbook of Classroom Management written by Carolyn M. Evertson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-10-31 with total page 1357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Classroom management is a topic of enduring concern for teachers, administrators, and the public. It consistently ranks as the first or second most serious educational problem in the eyes of the general public, and beginning teachers consistently rank it as their most pressing concern during their early teaching years. Management problems continue to be a major cause of teacher burnout and job dissatisfaction. Strangely, despite this enduring concern on the part of educators and the public, few researchers have chosen to focus on classroom management or to identify themselves with this critical field. The Handbook of Classroom Management has four primary goals: 1) to clarify the term classroom management; 2) to demonstrate to scholars and practitioners that there is a distinct body of knowledge that directly addresses teachers’ managerial tasks; 3) to bring together disparate lines of research and encourage conversations across different areas of inquiry; and 4) to promote a vigorous agenda for future research in this area. To this end, 47 chapters have been organized into 10 sections, each chapter written by a recognized expert in that area. Cutting across the sections and chapters are the following themes: *First, positive teacher-student relationships are seen as the very core of effective classroom management. *Second, classroom management is viewed as a social and moral curriculum. *Third, external reward and punishment strategies are not seen as optimal for promoting academic and social-emotional growth and self-regulated behavior. *Fourth, to create orderly, productive environments teachers must take into account student characteristics such as age, developmental level, race, ethnicity, cultural background, socioeconomic status, and ableness. Like other research handbooks, the Handbook of Classroom Management provides an indispensable reference volume for scholars, teacher educators, in-service practitioners, and the academic libraries serving these audiences. It is also appropriate for graduate courses wholly or partly devoted to the study of classroom management.
Book Synopsis Closing the School Discipline Gap by : Daniel J. Losen
Download or read book Closing the School Discipline Gap written by Daniel J. Losen and published by Teachers College Press. This book was released on 2015 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Educators remove over 3.45 million students from school annually for disciplinary reasons, despite strong evidence that school suspension policies are harmful to students. The research presented in this volume demonstrates that disciplinary policies and practices that schools control directly exacerbate today's profound inequities in educational opportunity and outcomes. Part I explores how suspensions flow along the lines of race, gender, and disability status. Part II examines potential remedies that show great promise, including a district-wide approach in Cleveland, Ohio, aimed at social and emotional learning strategies. Closing the School Discipline Gap is a call for action that focuses on an area in which public schools can and should make powerful improvements, in a relatively short period of time. Contributors include Robert Balfanz, Jamilia Blake, Dewey Cornell, Jeremy D. Finn, Thalia González, Anne Gregory, Daniel J. Losen, David M. Osher, Russell J. Skiba, Ivory A. Toldson “Closing the School Discipline Gap can make an enormous difference in reducing disciplinary exclusions across the country. This book not only exposes unsound practices and their disparate impact on the historically disadvantaged, but provides educators, policymakers, and community advocates with an array of remedies that are proven effective or hold great promise. Educators, communities, and students alike can benefit from the promising interventions and well-grounded recommendations.” —Linda Darling-Hammond, Charles E. Ducommun Professor of Education, Stanford University “For over four decades school discipline policies and practices in too many places have pushed children out of school, especially children of color. Closing the School Discipline Gap shows that adults have the power—and responsibility—to change school climates to better meet the needs of children. This volume is a call to action for policymakers, educators, parents, and students.” —Marian Wright Edelman, president, Children’s Defense Fund
Book Synopsis Reimagining School Discipline for the 21st Century Student by : John A. Williams III
Download or read book Reimagining School Discipline for the 21st Century Student written by John A. Williams III and published by IAP. This book was released on 2022-01-01 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Regularly, schools and their personnel enact school disciplinary practices without considering how to harness the engagement of students, practitioners, and communities to enact transformative changes that reduce if not eliminate punitive school discipline approaches. Reimagining School Discipline for the 21st Century centralizes the assets and strengths of historically marginalized students and the professional knowledge of school personnel as possible avenues to implement solutions to eliminate school discipline disproportionality. Rather than redressing the issues of school discipline disproportionality overall, this book examines the existence of school on student groups who, according to research and national and state reports, are afflicted the most: African American, Latinx, Native American, and LGBTQ+ population. A confluence of these identities can exacerbate such disproportionality, which based on the literature decreases the academic growth of students. However, situated within these disparities are opportunities to better and critically engage students based on their cultural, racial/ethnic, and social emotional learning assets. The significant feature of this book lies in its purpose and audience reach. Each chapter was written based on the scholar’s affinity to that student group or practitioner’s affiliation to that specific profession. This provides a genuine perspective and knowledge based on first hand experiences concerning school discipline and applicable approaches to remedy such issues. Additionally, all the chapters articulate the pressing issue of school discipline according to their group, and explicates best-practices to best serve the assets of students in K-12 school settings. As this book is situated, the intended audience is for the following stakeholders, policy makers, social workers, school counselors, school administrators, teachers, and community organizers who want to make impactful and socially-just changes in their school(s) immediately.
Book Synopsis Approaching Disparities in School Discipline: Theory, Research, Practice, and Social Change by : Adams, Anthony Troy
Download or read book Approaching Disparities in School Discipline: Theory, Research, Practice, and Social Change written by Adams, Anthony Troy and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2022-06-30 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: School discipline is a leading cause of inequities in educational opportunities and contributes to the achievement gap. To understand where these disparities originate and what can be done to ensure students have an equal education, further study must be done. It is crucial for schools and educators to adjust their discipline policies in order to promote social change and support the learning of all students. Approaching Disparities in School Discipline: Theory, Research, Practice, and Social Change considers theory, research, methods, results, and discussions about social change and describes the school discipline quandary by presenting numerous frameworks for understanding disparities in school discipline. Covering a range of topics such as cultural bias, education reform, and school suspensions, this reference work is ideal for academicians, researchers, scholars, practitioners, instructors, and students.
Book Synopsis Disproportionate Discipline and Racial Differences in Educational Attainment by : Claire Kunesh
Download or read book Disproportionate Discipline and Racial Differences in Educational Attainment written by Claire Kunesh and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this study, I use multilevel modeling and multivariate matching to estimate the effect of suspension on college attendance. I build upon existing research that has suggested a negative relationship between school suspension and educational outcomes but that has mostly not been able to control for pre-existing differences in academic achievement between suspended and non-suspended students. I also extend my analysis to college attendance, which is currently an under-studied outcome related to high school suspension and thought to be important for many life outcomes. After controlling for baseline academic achievement, socioeconomic status, and other potential confounders, the college attendance rate of students who were suspended once or twice in the first semester of tenth grade was approximately 10 percentage points lower than that of non-suspended students. These results suggest that racial differences in educational attainment are in part due to the disproportionate discipline of African American students.
Book Synopsis Discipline Referrals and Their Relationship to Middle School Student Academic Achievement by : Jeffrey Michael Flexer Friedenberg
Download or read book Discipline Referrals and Their Relationship to Middle School Student Academic Achievement written by Jeffrey Michael Flexer Friedenberg and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 75 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis studies how disproportionate discipline rates contribute to an achievement gap between African American and Latino students and their White and Asian peers at the middle school level. Four years' worth of discipline referral data were collected from six different middle schools in the same district. These referral data were then sorted by ethnicity. Calculations were done to determine each ethnicity's Composition Index, a metric derived from dividing the ethnicity's percentage of representation in discipline referrals, by its percentage of representation in the school population. The Composition Index values were then compared against each ethnicity's achievement data as measured by the California Standardized Test (CST). The study focuses on the correlation between each ethnicity's Composition Index value and their achievement on the CST above or below the school's average. The result of the research at all six middle schools shows that not only are African American and Latino students disciplined disproportionately more than their White and Asian peers, but this disproportionality strongly correlates with a gap in academic achievement.
Book Synopsis School Discipline, Classroom Management, and Student Self-Management by : Howard M. Knoff
Download or read book School Discipline, Classroom Management, and Student Self-Management written by Howard M. Knoff and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2012-06-12 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An integrated, comprehensive approach to positive behavioral supports and interventions How do you help students who "act out" or "shut down" due to academic frustration or whose social and emotional issues keep them from achieving success in school? Based on Project ACHIEVE, a nationally recognized model of school effectiveness and continuous improvement program, this book shows you how. Educators will find a pragmatic, easy-to-follow blueprint for Positive Behavior Support Systems (PBSS) implementation that integrates academics, instruction, and achievement with discipline, behavior management, and student self-management. Award-winning author Howard M. Knoff provides guidance on: Implementing a schoolwide discipline and safe schools program Teaching students interpersonal, social problem solving, conflict prevention and resolution, and emotional coping skills Guiding professional development, staff and student buy-in, and evaluation Strengthening parent and community outreach and involvement Included are classroom charts and posters, implementation steps and worksheets, and action plans and checklists. Case studies from more than 20 years of research and practice demonstrate how the book′s strategies create positive climates, pro-social interactions, and effective management approaches from classroom to common school areas. The results? The students involved are more cooperative and academically engaged; have fewer disciplinary problems; are more socially successful; and earn higher grades and test scores.
Book Synopsis Discipline, Achievement, and Race by : Augustina H. Reyes
Download or read book Discipline, Achievement, and Race written by Augustina H. Reyes and published by R & L Education. This book was released on 2006 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fifty years after Brown v. Board of Education, inequalities in public education are evident in the number of Black and Latino students who are held back, fail to graduate from high school, or have been removed from school by unforgiving zero-tolerance discipline policies. Augustina H. Reyes contends that when ineffective zero-tolerance discipline policies disproportionately remove minority and low-income students from schools, the very roots of a democracy are threatened. It is important for educators to understand the effects of zero-tolerance discipline policies on low-income students, at-risk students, special education students, and students of color. It is equally important that educators critically investigate the effects of zero-tolerance discipline policies, re-evaluate the use of these policies in public schools. Discipline, Achievement, and Race offers a comprehensive analysis of policy and practice and recommends solutions to the exclusionary discipline policies of zero tolerance. It will be of interest to teachers, principals and assistant, principals, counselors, and concerned parents. Book jacket.
Book Synopsis Disproportionality in School Discipline by : Rosemarie O'Conner
Download or read book Disproportionality in School Discipline written by Rosemarie O'Conner and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study of Maryland State Department of Education data on K-12 public school students in Maryland for 2009/10, 2010/11, and 2011/12 examines whether exclusionary discipline (suspension and expulsion) is given out in a way that has a disproportionate impact on Black and other racial/ethnic minority students relative to White students, and on students in special education relative to other students. These disparities are a concern because exclusionary discipline has been linked to poor academic achievement, grade retention, recurrent misbehavior, dropout, juvenile delinquency, and other undesirable out-comes (Anfinson et al., 2010; Fabelo et al., 2011; Forsyth et al., 2013; Gregory, Skiba, & Noguera, 2010; Kinsler, 2011). This study uses Maryland State Department of Education data on K-12 public school students for 2009/10, 2010/11, and 2011/12 to answer two questions on disproportionality in student discipline in the 24 Maryland school systems: (1) Is exclusionary discipline (suspension and expulsion) given out in a way that has a disproportionate impact on Black and other racial/ethnic minority students relative to White students? (2) Is exclusionary discipline given out in a way that has a disproportionate impact on students in special education relative to other students? The study found that during these three school years: (1) The percentage of Maryland students receiving out-of-school suspension or expulsion dropped from 5.6 percent in 2009/10 to 5.0 percent in 2011/12; (2) Because rates of out-of-school suspension and expulsion decreased more rapidly for White students than for Black students, disproportionality between Black and White rates increased in 2011/12, the most recent year examined; (3) For the same type of infraction, Black students had higher rates of out-of-school suspension or expulsion than did Hispanic and White students; (4) In all 24 Maryland school systems Black students received out-of-school suspension or expulsion at more than twice the rate of White students; and (5) Statewide, students in special education were removed from school at more than twice the rate of other students, even though the number of out-of-school suspensions and expulsions decreased for both groups over the three years. Study implications indicate exclusionary discipline exacerbates behavior and attendance problems and contributes to poor academic performance, all of which make dropping out of school more likely (Bridgeland, DiIulio, & Morison, 2006; Gleason & Dynarski, 2002). Students who are suspended or expelled miss classroom instruction time and thus fall behind in their coursework, becoming twice as likely as other students to repeat a grade (Fabelo et al., 2011). Suspension has also been linked to a greater likelihood of recurring misbehavior and future suspension (Anfinson et al., 2010). Although the study findings indicate some large disproportionalities in discipline-especially for Black students and students in special education-the data cannot establish the source of these disparities. Collecting discipline data describing the severity of each type of infraction would help administrators and educators move toward more equitable disciplinary practices. A next step for the Maryland State Department of Education is to identify the most appropriate "tipping point" in disproportionality that will require school districts to develop remediation plans to ensure fair disciplinary practices for all students. "Calculating Relative Rate Ratios" is appended. [This report was prepared for the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) by Regional Educational Laboratory Mid-Atlantic administered by ICF International. It summarizes the findings of Porowski A., O'Conner, R., & Passa, A., 2014, "Disproportionality in school discipline: An assessment of trends in Maryland, 2009-12 (REL 2014-017), ED544770.].
Book Synopsis Corporal Punishment in U.S. Public Schools by : Elizabeth T. Gershoff
Download or read book Corporal Punishment in U.S. Public Schools written by Elizabeth T. Gershoff and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-01-27 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Brief reviews the past, present, and future use of school corporal punishment in the United States, a practice that remains legal in 19 states as it is constitutionally permitted according to the U.S. Supreme Court. As a result of school corporal punishment, nearly 200,000 children are paddled in schools each year. Most Americans are unaware of this fact or the physical injuries sustained by countless school children who are hit with objects by school personnel in the name of discipline. Therefore, Corporal Punishment in U.S. Public Schools begins by summarizing the legal basis for school corporal punishment and trends in Americans’ attitudes about it. It then presents trends in the use of school corporal punishment in the United States over time to establish its past and current prevalence. It then discusses what is known about the effects of school corporal punishment on children, though with so little research on this topic, much of the relevant literature is focused on parents’ use of corporal punishment with their children. It also provides results from a policy analysis that examines the effect of state-level school corporal punishment bans on trends in juvenile crime. It concludes by discussing potential legal, policy, and advocacy avenues for abolition of school corporal punishment at the state and federal levels as well as summarizing how school corporal punishment is being used and what its potential implications are for thousands of individual students and for the society at large. As school corporal punishment becomes more and more regulated at the state level, Corporal Punishment in U.S. Public Schools serves an essential guide for policymakers and advocates across the country as well as for researchers, scientist-practitioners, and graduate students.
Book Synopsis The Puzzle of Discipline by : Bettie Ray Butler
Download or read book The Puzzle of Discipline written by Bettie Ray Butler and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The intent of this study was to systematically investigate the relationship between African American disproportionality in school discipline -- which is the overrepresentation of students for exclusionary discipline practices (i.e., out-of-school suspensions and/or expulsions) - and student performance. Utilizing official disciplinary records and performance data obtained from the Colorado Department of Education and a single urban school district within the same state, a series of quantitative analyses that included correlations and logistic and multiple regressions, were conducted to determine how out-of-school suspensions and expulsions impact African American students. The premise upon which the present study is based relies heavily on the tenets of Critical Race Theory as it applies to education, which in part asserts that American schools are permeated by racism and that White privilege is used to preserve school inequities through the use of stratification. Given this, it is argued that out-of-school suspensions and expulsions have been used, or rather misused, to perpetuate the disproportionate exclusion of African American students from the classroom for relatively minor offenses; which in some ways, can explain why this group typically suffers from poor student performance. This dissertation was guided by two separate, yet interrelated studies, which posed the following research questions where the first study asks; What factors are important in predicting the likelihood of being suspended and/or expelled from school? and Are suspensions and race correlated? Here, the interest is in exploring the influence of race, class, gender and other possible demographic characteristics, such as school level and behavior role, on exclusionary discipline practices. The second study asks; How does the overrepresentation of African American students for exclusionary sanctions impact student performance? The interest, here, is in identifying the relationship between school suspensions and/or expulsions and its impact on the dropout rate, graduation rate, and performance on high stakes tests. This dissertation study produces two findings that are not only unprecedented; they are cutting-edge and provocative. First, female and elementary students were found to be more likely to face suspension and/or expulsion in comparison to male and secondary students, respectively. Second, by increasing the number of suspended and expelled African American students, school districts improved their overall student performance on high stakes tests. With the contribution of these findings, a paradigmic shift in research and discourse on disproportionality in school discipline is both fitting and warranted.
Book Synopsis Student Discipline Strategies by : Oliver C. Moles
Download or read book Student Discipline Strategies written by Oliver C. Moles and published by State University of New York Press. This book was released on 1990-08-27 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Almost a third of public school teachers have considered leaving teaching because of student misbehavior. When asked what were the greatest problems facing their local schools, respondents to Gallup polls have cited discipline first almost every year back to the early 1970s. Discipline problems may range from crimes in schools, such as robbery and drug dealing committed by students or intruders, to lack of respectful behavior toward teachers and classmates, and the spectrum from crimes to disrespect is discussed in the chapters of this ground-breaking volume. This collection by leading scholars should be useful to social scientists, educational researchers, educators, and school administrators—all those who need to understand how specific and manipulable features of schools, classrooms, and their surrounding environments affect the course of student behavior and prospects for sustained improvement in the discipline climate in schools. The information in these chapters provides many practical ideas, as well as some cautions, for trying new approaches to make schools more orderly learning environments for all students.
Book Synopsis The School-to-Prison Pipeline by : Catherine Y. Kim
Download or read book The School-to-Prison Pipeline written by Catherine Y. Kim and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2012-04-01 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines the relationship between the law and the school-to-prison pipeline, argues that law can be an effective weapon in the struggle to reduce the number of children caught, and discusses the consequences on families and communities.
Book Synopsis Inequality in School Discipline by : Russell J. Skiba
Download or read book Inequality in School Discipline written by Russell J. Skiba and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-20 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume fills a critical void by providing the most current and authoritative information on what is known about disciplinary disparities. School exclusion—out-of-school suspension and expulsion in particular—remains a substantial component of discipline in our nation’s schools, and those consequences continue to fall disproportionally on certain groups of learners. The negative consequences of frequent and inequitable use of school exclusion are substantial, including higher rates of academic failure, dropout, and contact with the juvenile justice system. As educators, policymakers, community leaders, and other youth-serving organizations begin the difficult work of creating more equitable school disciplinary systems, the need for effective disparity-reducing alternatives could not be more important. Drawing on the multi-year ground-breaking work of the Discipline Disparities Collaborative, the chapters in this book provide cutting edge knowledge supporting a new national imperative to eliminate race, gender, disability, and sexual orientation-based disciplinary disparities.
