Direct Indirect Speech

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Direct and Indirect Speech

Author : Florian Coulmas
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
ISBN 13 : 3110871963
Total Pages : 381 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Direct and Indirect Speech by : Florian Coulmas

Download or read book Direct and Indirect Speech written by Florian Coulmas and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2011-07-22 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS is a series of books that open new perspectives in our understanding of language. The series publishes state-of-the-art work on core areas of linguistics across theoretical frameworks as well as studies that provide new insights by building bridges to neighbouring fields such as neuroscience and cognitive science. TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS considers itself a forum for cutting-edge research based on solid empirical data on language in its various manifestations, including sign languages. It regards linguistic variation in its synchronic and diachronic dimensions as well as in its social contexts as important sources of insight for a better understanding of the design of linguistic systems and the ecology and evolution of language. TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS publishes monographs and outstanding dissertations as well as edited volumes, which provide the opportunity to address controversial topics from different empirical and theoretical viewpoints. High quality standards are ensured through anonymous reviewing.

Direct and Indirect Speech: English Speaking

Author : Manik Joshi
Publisher : Manik Joshi
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 53 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Direct and Indirect Speech: English Speaking by : Manik Joshi

Download or read book Direct and Indirect Speech: English Speaking written by Manik Joshi and published by Manik Joshi. This book was released on 2014-10-25 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Book Covers The Following Topics: 01. Direct and Indirect Speech 02. Expression of Time 03. Important Reporting Verbs 04. Pronoun Change 05. Tenses in Direct and Indirect Speech 06. Reporting Verb with Object 07. Changing Modal Verbs 08. ‘Questions’ in Direct and Indirect Speech 09. ‘Exclamations’ in Direct and Indirect Speech 10. ‘Imperatives’ in Direct and Indirect Speech 11. Direct and Indirect Speech: Mixed Types 12. Where to Put Reporting Verb in Direct Speech 13. Punctuation Rules 14. Other Useful Notes Exercise -- 01 Exercise -- 02 Exercise -- 03 Sample This: 01. Direct and Indirect Speech There are two ways to express what someone else has said. On this basis, sentences are of two types: sentences with Direct Speech, and sentences with Indirect Speech. DIRECT SPEECH Direct Speech is also called Quoted Speech or Direct Narration. Direct Speech refers to exactly what someone has said. Direct Speech appears within quotation marks (“..”). A comma is used before starting the exact quote within the quotation marks. Direct Speech should be word for word. The first letter of the quotation begins with a capital letter. Example: The president said, “I will not bear corruption in the country at any cost.” INDIRECT SPEECH Indirect speech is also called Reported Speech or Indirect Narration. Indirect Speech does not refer to exactly what someone has said. Indirect Speech doesn't appear within quotation marks but the word “that” may be used as a conjunction between the reporting verb and reported speech. Indirect Speech shouldn’t be word for word. The pronoun in Indirect Speech is changed according to speaker and hearer. Example: The president declared that he would not bear corruption in the country at any cost. Important rules for changing Direct Speech into Indirect Speech are as follows: 02. Expression of Time You need to change the expression of a time when changing direct speech (DS) into indirect speech (IDS) to match the moment of speaking. Important expressions of time in direct and indirect speech are as follows: ‘a month ago’ is changed into ‘a month before’ ‘a year ago’ is changed into ‘the previous year’ or ‘a year before’ ‘last night’ is changed into ‘the night before’ ‘last Saturday’ is changed into ‘the Saturday before’ ‘last weekend’ is changed into ‘the weekend before’ ‘next year’ is changed into ‘the following year’ or ‘the year after’ ‘now’ is changed into ‘then’ ‘the day after tomorrow’ is changed into ‘in two days’ time’ ‘the day before yesterday’ is changed into ‘two days before’ ‘these (days)’ is changed into ‘those (days)’ ‘this (morning/noon/evening)’ is changed into ‘that (morning/noon/evening)’ ‘today’ is changed into ‘that day’ ‘tomorrow’ is changed into ‘the next/following day’ or ‘the day after’ ‘tonight’ is changed into ‘that night’ ‘yesterday’ is changed into ‘the previous day’ or ‘the day before’ Besides expressions of time, there are many other expressions that need to be changed if you are changing Direct Speech into Indirect Speech. ‘come’ is changed into ‘go’ ‘bring’ is changed into ‘take’ ‘thus’ is changed into ‘so’ ‘hence’ is changed into ‘thence’ ‘hither’ is changed into ‘thither’ ‘here’ is changed into ‘there’

The Difference between Direct and Indirect Speech Acts. When Are Speech Acts Successful?

Author : Sebastian P.
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3668316651
Total Pages : 23 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (683 download)

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Book Synopsis The Difference between Direct and Indirect Speech Acts. When Are Speech Acts Successful? by : Sebastian P.

Download or read book The Difference between Direct and Indirect Speech Acts. When Are Speech Acts Successful? written by Sebastian P. and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2016-10-10 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2016 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,0, Technical University of Braunschweig, course: Approaches to Meaning, language: English, abstract: This term paper will deal with speech act theory, especially with the success of speech acts depending on certain conditions. Due to the usage of direct and indirect speech acts in everyday conversations it will be analysed which conditions have to be fulfilled to have a successful speech act. The following theories will be used to answer the research question whether the same conditions have to be fulfilled for direct and indirect speech acts to be successful: 1) Theory of Felicity Conditions by John Searle 2) Cooperative Principle by Paul Herbert Grice 3) Inference Theory by Gordon and Lakoff The hypothesis is that indirect speech acts are different than direct speech acts due to the demanded hearer uptake and the possible ambiguity. After giving definitions of important linguistic terms and theories, the success of utterances and conversations in general will be described by the help of the Cooperative Principle by Grice. Then different examples of Direct and Indirect Speech Acts will be analysed that will show the difference between the two forms. Some of the used examples are made up and some are dialogues taken from the TV-series “The Big Bang Theory” as well as “The Walking Dead”. To explain how one can interpret the implicature in an utterance, the inference theory by Gordon and Lakoff will be taken into account. In the end it is made clear that the success of Indirect Speech Acts depends on the context in which the utterance is made and also on other external conditions which the speaker cannot control himself as the speaker often requests a hearer uptake. Different texts by Austin, Thomas, Levinson, Renkema, Cruse and Yule will be studied to get an answer to the research question. Special focus will be put on the Indirect Speech Acts as they can be ambiguous and ask for a hearer uptake to be successful.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Author : Kate Woodford
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780521824231
Total Pages : 1550 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (242 download)

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Book Synopsis Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary by : Kate Woodford

Download or read book Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary written by Kate Woodford and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 1550 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary is the ideal dictionary for advanced EFL/ESL learners. Easy to use and with a great CD-ROM - the perfect learner's dictionary for exam success. First published as the Cambridge International Dictionary of English, this new edition has been completely updated and redesigned. - References to over 170,000 words, phrases and examples explained in clear and natural English - All the important new words that have come into the language (e.g. dirty bomb, lairy, 9/11, clickable) - Over 200 'Common Learner Error' notes, based on the Cambridge Learner Corpus from Cambridge ESOL exams Plus, on the CD-ROM: - SMART thesaurus - lets you find all the words with the same meaning - QUICKfind - automatically looks up words while you are working on-screen - SUPERwrite - tools for advanced writing, giving help with grammar and collocation - Hear and practise all the words.

Reported Speech

Author : Theodorus Albertus Johannes Maria Janssen
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9027250561
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

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Book Synopsis Reported Speech by : Theodorus Albertus Johannes Maria Janssen

Download or read book Reported Speech written by Theodorus Albertus Johannes Maria Janssen and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 1996-01-01 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In sentences containing reported speech, thought, or perception, it is possible to distinguish different voices or views, associated with different discourse roles. They originate in two different clauses: one clause signals a reporting situation, and the other a reported situation. This volume examines the methods used for combining these two types of clauses in a range of languages. In each of the contributions, the focus is on the forms and functions of verbs; topics dealt with include the meaning of tense, mood, and aspect (and their interaction) in the various types of reported speech, the speech act status of reported utterances, correlations between reporting verbs and verbs in reported clauses (and the conjunctions introducing them), and possible intra-systemic and cross-linguistic correlations of these properties. The articles concentrate on the Slavic languages Russian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, Croatian, and Slovene, the Romance languages Latin, Old and Modern French, and Spanish, the Germanic languages Swedish, German, Dutch, and English, the Indo-Iranian language Bengali, and Mandarin Chinese.

Speaking of Speaking

Author : Samuel Meier
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004275703
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (42 download)

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Book Synopsis Speaking of Speaking by : Samuel Meier

Download or read book Speaking of Speaking written by Samuel Meier and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2014-09-03 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Direct speech appears on nearly every page of the Hebrew Bible, and the large number of publications on direct discourse in the Bible highlights the importance of the subject for biblical studies. However, thus far only isolated aspects of the various problems that direct discourse presents have received attention. Studies of individual verbs introducing direct discourse, such as "answer", "speak", "say", and others are necessarily atomistic, even though appropriate in their own right. Other markers of direct discourse, such as "Thus said Yahweh", or "oracle of Yahweh", tend to be treated as theological constructs isolated from the larger issues of direct discourse marking in general. Speaking of Speaking aims to enrich the reading of the biblical text by offering a coordinated analysis of all such markers, not only in order to consolidate a considerable body of work that is often overlooked by scholars, but also to move further toward a synthesis that can permit informed generalizations not possible at the present time. The comprehensive index facilitates the use of this book as a valuable reference tool. The exegetical, literary, and theological findings of this book will be of great significance for all levels of research in biblical studies.

Language at Large

Author : Alexandra Aikhenvald
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004207686
Total Pages : 630 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (42 download)

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Book Synopsis Language at Large by : Alexandra Aikhenvald

Download or read book Language at Large written by Alexandra Aikhenvald and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2011-07-27 with total page 630 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The volume brings together important essays on syntax and semantics by Aikhenvald and Dixon, highlighting their expertise in various fields of linguistics. The first part focusses on linguistic typology, covering case markers used on verbs, argument-determined constructions, unusual meanings of causatives, the semantic basis for a typology, word-class-changing derivations, speech reports and semi-direct speech. The second part concentrates on documentation and analysis of previously undescribed languages, from South America and Indigenous Australia. The third part addresses a variety of issues in grammar and lexicography of English. This includes pronouns with transferred reference, comparative constructions, features of the noun phrase, and the discussion of 'twice'. The treatment of Australian Aboriginal words in dictionaries is discussed in the final chapter.

The Dual Voice

Author : Roy Pascal
Publisher : Manchester University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780874719277
Total Pages : 168 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis The Dual Voice by : Roy Pascal

Download or read book The Dual Voice written by Roy Pascal and published by Manchester University Press. This book was released on 1977 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Speech Presentation in Homeric Epic

Author : Deborah Beck
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 029273882X
Total Pages : 269 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (927 download)

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Book Synopsis Speech Presentation in Homeric Epic by : Deborah Beck

Download or read book Speech Presentation in Homeric Epic written by Deborah Beck and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2012-11-01 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Iliad and the Odyssey are emotional powerhouses largely because of their extensive use of direct speech. Yet this characteristic of the Homeric epics has led scholars to underplay the poems’ use of non-direct speech, the importance of speech represented by characters, and the overall sophistication of Homeric narrative as measured by its approach to speech representation. In this pathfinding study by contrast, Deborah Beck undertakes the first systematic examination of all the speeches presented in the Homeric poems to show that Homeric speech presentation is a unified system that includes both direct quotation and non-direct modes of speech presentation. Drawing on the fields of narratology and linguistics, Beck demonstrates that the Iliad and the Odyssey represent speech in a broader and more nuanced manner than has been perceived before, enabling us to reevaluate our understanding of supposedly “modern” techniques of speech representation and to refine our idea of where Homeric poetry belongs in the history of Western literature. She also broadens ideas of narratology by connecting them more strongly with relevant areas of linguistics, as she uses both to examine the full range of speech representational strategies in the Homeric poems. Through this in-depth analysis of how speech is represented in the Homeric poems, Beck seeks to make both the process of their composition and the resulting poems themselves seem more accessible, despite pervasive uncertainties about how and when the poems were put together.

The Semantics of Free Indirect Discourse

Author : Regine Eckardt
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004266739
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (42 download)

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Book Synopsis The Semantics of Free Indirect Discourse by : Regine Eckardt

Download or read book The Semantics of Free Indirect Discourse written by Regine Eckardt and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2014-11-27 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Free indirect discourse presents us with the inner world of protagonists of a story. We seem to see the world through their eyes, and listen to their inner thoughts. The present study analyses the logic of free indirect discourse and offers a framework to represent multiple ways in which words betray the speaker's feelings and attitude. The theory covers tense, aspect, temporal indexicals, modal particles, exclamatives and other expressive elements and their dependence on shifting utterance contexts. It traces the subtle ways in which story texts can offer information about protagonists. The study of free indirect discourse has been a topic of great interest in recent years in semantics and pragmatics. In this book, Regine Eckardt proposes a new theory of this domain and applies it to a wide variety of phenomena -- discourse particles, exclamatives, and mood -- in addition to the traditional indexical pronouns and tenses. She situates this project within a larger attempt to extend the tools of semantic analysis to fiction. Most formally oriented semanticists have not paid serious attention to this domain, which has resulted in a major gap in semantic theory; this book is thus a pioneering effort and raises many intriguing points. The total result is an empirically rich and exciting work which will be a profitable read for researchers interested in semantics, pragmatics, and formal approaches to literature. Eric McCready, Aoyama Gakuin University

Indirect Speech Acts

Author : Nicolas Ruytenbeek
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108483178
Total Pages : 239 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis Indirect Speech Acts by : Nicolas Ruytenbeek

Download or read book Indirect Speech Acts written by Nicolas Ruytenbeek and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-06-10 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores the fascinating phenomenon of indirect speech acts, highlighting the situations they are used in, and how they are understood.

Persuasion

Author : Jane Austen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.A/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Persuasion by : Jane Austen

Download or read book Persuasion written by Jane Austen and published by . This book was released on 1906 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Tense in English

Author : Renaat Declerck
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317419480
Total Pages : 436 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis Tense in English by : Renaat Declerck

Download or read book Tense in English written by Renaat Declerck and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-07-03 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1991, this book looks at tense in English, one of the most controversial areas of grammar. Prior to the book’s original publication, the problems and interest in the subject had led to an impressive number of books and articles. Yet, despite the amount of work produced, nothing approaching a consensus had emerged, merely a series of conflicting theories and analyses. Here, Renaat Declerck provides a framework for a theoretical instrument which will enable the linguist to interpret the data correctly. The book is primarily theoretical in nature, but offers descriptive theory and a discussion of the various tenses which will make it a valuable tool for those teaching English. Theoretical and applied linguists will find this an important contribution to the debate on tense and a worthy starting point for future research. The book is not written from the viewpoint of any particular linguistic theory and does not presuppose any knowledge of tense theory, it is a readable and reliable guide to the area.

When the Emperor Was Divine

Author : Julie Otsuka
Publisher : Anchor
ISBN 13 : 0307430219
Total Pages : 162 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis When the Emperor Was Divine by : Julie Otsuka

Download or read book When the Emperor Was Divine written by Julie Otsuka and published by Anchor. This book was released on 2007-12-18 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the bestselling, award-winning author of The Buddha in the Attic and The Swimmers, this commanding debut novel paints a portrait of the Japanese American incarceration camps that is both a haunting evocation of a family in wartime and a resonant lesson for our times. On a sunny day in Berkeley, California, in 1942, a woman sees a sign in a post office window, returns to her home, and matter-of-factly begins to pack her family's possessions. Like thousands of other Japanese Americans they have been reclassified, virtually overnight, as enemy aliens and are about to be uprooted from their home and sent to a dusty incarceration camp in the Utah desert. In this lean and devastatingly evocative first novel, Julie Otsuka tells their story from five flawlessly realized points of view and conveys the exact emotional texture of their experience: the thin-walled barracks and barbed-wire fences, the omnipresent fear and loneliness, the unheralded feats of heroism. When the Emperor Was Divine is a work of enormous power that makes a shameful episode of our history as immediate as today's headlines.

A Manual of Practical English Grammar

Author :
Publisher : Motilal Banarsidass Publishe
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis A Manual of Practical English Grammar by :

Download or read book A Manual of Practical English Grammar written by and published by Motilal Banarsidass Publishe. This book was released on with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

English Grammar & Composition Very Useful for All Competitive Examinations

Author : SC Gupta
Publisher : Arihant Publications India limited
ISBN 13 : 9351768740
Total Pages : 936 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (517 download)

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Book Synopsis English Grammar & Composition Very Useful for All Competitive Examinations by : SC Gupta

Download or read book English Grammar & Composition Very Useful for All Competitive Examinations written by SC Gupta and published by Arihant Publications India limited. This book was released on 2018-04-20 with total page 936 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nowadays English language section is asked in almost all competitive and recruitment examinations like SSC, Banking, CDS, State Level PSCs, etc. Otherwise too, being proficient in English is necessary in this fast modernizing world. This book has been designed to act as a comprehensive guide to learning English Grammar & Composition. The present book for English Grammar & Composition has been divided into 69 chapters covering Articles, Noun, Pronoun, Adverbs, Participle, Gerund, Preposition, Conjunctions, Transformation of Sentences, Question Tag, Question Framing, Formation of Words, Spelling Rules, Phrasel Verbs, Idioms & Phrases, Spotting the Errors, Word Power, Synonyms, Antonyms, Homonyms, Heteronyms, Palindromes, Pangrams, Foreign Words, Group Terms, Choosing Appropriate Words, Words Used as Different Parts of Speech, Young Ones of Animals, Paragraph Writing, Letter Writing, Report Writing, Comprehension, etc. The book contains approximately 10,000 sentences, 7000 solved questions, 7000 knowledge words and 550 Solved Exercises covering the minute concepts of English Grammar & Composition. The book also contains tricks and techniques for solving various kinds of questions. This book will prove to be highly useful for Hindi Language students. As the book contains ample theoretical content as well as number of solved questions, it for sure will help aspirants succeed in learning and writing English proficiently.

Reported Discourse

Author : Tom Güldemann
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9789027229588
Total Pages : 446 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (295 download)

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Book Synopsis Reported Discourse by : Tom Güldemann

Download or read book Reported Discourse written by Tom Güldemann and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2002-01-01 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present volume unites 15 papers on reported discourse from a wide genetic and geographical variety of languages. Besides the treatment of traditional problems of reported discourse like the classification of its intermediate categories, the book reflects in particular how its grammatical, semantic, and pragmatic properties have repercussions in other linguistic domains like tense-aspect-modality, evidentiality, reference tracking and pronominal categories, and the grammaticalization history of quotative constructions. Almost all papers present a major shift away from analyzing reported discourse with the help of abstract transformational principles toward embedding it in functional and pragmatic aspects of language. Another central methodological approach pervading this collection consists in the discourse-oriented examination of reported discourse based on large corpora of spoken or written texts which is increasingly replacing analyses of constructed de-contextualized utterances prevalent in many earlier treatments. The book closes with a comprehensive bibliography on reported discourse of about 1.000 entries.