Dinâmica de transição e interações entre fitofisionomias florestais e formações vegetacionais abertas do bioma cerrado

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 168 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (79 download)

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Book Synopsis Dinâmica de transição e interações entre fitofisionomias florestais e formações vegetacionais abertas do bioma cerrado by : L. de C. R. SILVA

Download or read book Dinâmica de transição e interações entre fitofisionomias florestais e formações vegetacionais abertas do bioma cerrado written by L. de C. R. SILVA and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Apesar da aparente estabilidade e das relações de interdependência que existem entre solos e vegetação, a distribuição de ecossistemas pode ser dinâmica e estar em constante evolução. No bioma Cerrado onde se destaca a complexidade da paisagem, que engloba diversas fitofisionomias florestais e formações vegetacionais abertas, essa possível dinâmica de ecossistemas torna-se ainda mais relevante, dado o contexto atual de mudanças climáticas e a contínua transformação dos ambientes naturais pela atividade humana. No presente estudo foram investigados, em áreas preservadas no Distrito Federal, aspectos relacionados a mudanças na cobertura vegetacional, adaptabilidade de espécies lenhosas e interações entre solos e vegetação, utilizando-se três diferentes abordagens. Na primeira delas, o objetivo foi testar a hipótese de que pode ocorrer expansão florestal sobre áreas de vegetação aberta. Para tanto, foram avaliados transectos estabelecidos em zonas de interface entre o cerrado e as fitofisionomias florestais: cerradão, mata semidícula e matas de galeria. A análise do índice de área foliar de plantas arbóreas e gramíneas mostrou em todas as transições, mudanças bruscas na estrutura da vegetação, dentro de faixas de 20 m, que tiveram alta correlação com a composição isotópica de carbono, & 13C, da matéria orgânica do solo superficial, que nas fisionomias abertas apresentou assinatura isotópica significativamente mais enriquecida em 13C do que nos solos das florestas. Analisando-se essa composição de itótopos em diferentes profundidades dos perfis dos solos, foi demonstrada a expansão das matas de galeria sobre áreas antes ocupadas por vegetação aberta. A datação cin 14C indica que essa expansão das matas de galeria teve início aproximadamente 3000 anos e continuou ocorrendo até pelo menos 390 anos atrás. Por outro lado, a área florestal da mata semidecídua apresentou sinais de redução de sua área, enquanto entre cerradão e cerrado a transição permaneceu estável. Em uma segunda abordagem, as características de espécies florestais, estabelecidas em áreas de cerrado, foram comparadas às de espécies de cerrado do mesmo gênero. Foram avaliados 18 pares congenéricos, amostrados em áreas naturais de vegetação aberta, para testar as hipóteses de que as espécies florestais possuem maior área foliar específica, menor eficiência no uso de água e maior concentração de nutrientes de tecidos. A área foliar específica foi maior nas espécies florestais e a análise da composição isotópica, & 13C de troncos e folhas, mostrou que não há diferenças significativas na eficiência do uso da água entre gêneros ou entre espécies florestais e de cerrado. Os nutrientes foliares, N, P e K, foram mais elevados nas espécies florestais, enquanto no tronco houve diferença significativa apenas no teor de N, mais elevado nas espécies de cerrado. Foram também verificadas diferenças significativas no teor de nutrientes entre os gêneros estudados e não houve correlação entre nutrientes nas plantas e no solo, apesar dos solos sob as espécies florestais terem apresentado teores de C orgânico e N total, além de uma maior disponibilidade de P e Ca. Na terceira abordagem utilizada foram avaliadas características de espécies lenhosas nativas estabelecidas naturalmente no cerrado e nas fitofisionomias florestais: cerradão, mata semidecídua e matas de galeria. Foram amostradas, ao todo 17 espécies arbóreas, todas encontradas no cerrado e em pelo menos uma das fisionomias florestais, com no mínimo três indivíduos em cada fisionomia. O objetivo desta amostragem foi testar a hipótese de que o teor de nutrientes nos tecidos e a área foliar específica são mais elevados, enquanto a eficiência no uso de água é menor, nos indivíduos estabelecidos em ambientes florestais em comparação com o cerrado. As maiores concentrações de N, P, K, Ca e Mg nos solos foram verificadas na mata semidecídua e as menores no cerradão e no cerrado que não diferiram entre si. As plantas estabelecidas nas fisionomias florestais, inclusive no cerradão, apresentaram maiores concentrações de nutrientes foliares do que as estabelecidas no cerrado. Apenas o Ca teve concentrações correlacionadas nos solos e nas folhas, sendo as plantas da mata semidecídua as que apresentaram os maiores teores. Os menores valores de área foliar específica e a maior eficiência no uso da água foram verificados na comunidade de cerrado. Entre as fisionomias florestais, os maiores valores de área foliar específica e os menores valores de & 13C foram registrados nas matas de galeria, onde as plantas foram menos eficientes no uso de água em comparação à mata semidecídua e ao cerradão. Os nutrientes do tronco e a densidade da madeira não responderam às variaçoes entre ambientes, mas apresentaram diferenças significativas entre as espécies avaliadas.

Fitofisionomias do bioma cerrado

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 746 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis Fitofisionomias do bioma cerrado by : B. M. T. Walter

Download or read book Fitofisionomias do bioma cerrado written by B. M. T. Walter and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 746 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neste trabalho são analisadas as fitofisionomias do bioma Cerrado e sua flora associada. Bioma que comporta a mais rica savana do planeta, há mais de duzentos anos que ele vem sendo alvo de investigações biológicas diversas, entre as quais aqueles que pretenderam desvendar e definir aspectos estruturais que caracterizam a sua vegetação, em termos de paisagens e de espécies. O presente estudo focalizou as feições da vegetação decorrentes da flora nela presente, analisando a contribuição daqueles que pretenderam definir suas fitofisionomias. As análises apoiaram-se na terminologia, nas definições, conceitos e sistemas nomenclaturais publicados, e procuraram colocar em destaque os problemas que a nomenclatura e as diferenças conceituais representam para a conservação do bioma. Dividido em quatro capítulos, no primeiro deles o Cerrado é contextualizado entre as savanas mundiais, analisando o termo savana e suas diversas interpretações. A discussão conceitual sobre savana não possui interesse meramente acadêmico, pois sua definição influencia as práticas de conservação da vegetação pelos continentes. Diferentes autores, em diferentes partes do mundo, imputam significados diferenciados ao termo, obscurecendo a noção precisa do tipo de vegetação tratado, o que dificulta quaisquer comparações. No segundo capítulo é analisada a nomenclatura utilizada para caracterizar a vegetação do bioma, incluindo sua área contínua, transições com outros biomas e disjunções. Considerando nomes usados desde o século XVIII até o presente, e sustentado em mais de 450 referências bibliográficas, foram compilados mais de 774 termos e expressões ou, em contagens conservadoras, 480 ou 438 nomes. A interpretação de vários autores e/ou trabalhos relevantes é comentada, aludindo os principais termos fitofisionômicos que cada um apontou, dando especial atenção aos autores mais antigos e às fontes efetivamente pouco consultadas por ecólogos e botânicos. Os nomes compilados não alcançam números exatos (774? 480? 438?) pela abertura nomenclatural que vários sistemas de classificação possibilitam. Na prática, são números ainda maiores. Porém, exatamente por serem muito altos é que se revelam numerosas redundâncias desnecessárias, cujas causas e consequências são analisadas, alertando-se para prejuízos que esse "mar de palavras" pode acarretar para a causa da conservação do Cerrado. No terceiro capítulo é abordada a nomenclatura botânica e alguns sistemas de classificação, tendo por base nomes, números e casos da flora do bioma Cerrado. Apoiando-se na flora fanerogâmica e utilizando diretamente taxóns altos (famílias, ordens e classes), dez sistemas de classificação foram comparados, cujo critério de escolha foi a proposição, adoção ou influência no Brasil no século XX, incluindo tendências atuais. As diferenças de interpretação respondem pelo altíssimo intervalo de variação encontrado, que fizeram os números de famílias variar entre 132 e 180. Trata-se de um intervalo de 48 famílias para o mesmo conjunto de 11.046 espécies. As diferenças entre sistemas são analisadas quanto a circunscrição de taxóns altos, discutindo também casos de gêneros, espécies e os problemas que surgem na construção de uma lista de plantas. São analisadas algumas fontes destes problemas, finalizando com uma discussão sobre espécies raras e ameaçadas. Buscou-se, com o exemplo destas espécies, evidenciar problemas práticos advindos dessas diferenças de interpretação taxonômica e suas consequências. No quarto capítulo é analisada a distribuição da flora do bioma nas suas diferentes formações e fitofisionomias. Também baseado naquele conjunto de 11.046 espécies, foram analisadas 37 fitofisionomias/ambientes quanto aos números de espécies e hábito de crescimento. O maior número ocorreu no Cerrado sentido amplo (6.223 espécies, 138 famílias), seguido por florestas (destaque para Mata de Galeria) e campos. Os números do Cerrado sentido restrito (1.855 espécies, 105 famílias) superaram todas as compilações anteriores. Quanto aos hábitos, foram analisadas as fitofisionomias/ambientes em que eles predominam e foi investigada a proporção de plantas arbustivo-herbáceas para as arbóreas. Essa proporção aumenta exponencialmente das formações florestais para as campestres, alcançando, no Campo Limpo, 131,1 espécies de arbustos e ervas para cada espécie arbórea. Ambientes de conceito amplo como o Cerrado latu sensu, Mata ou Campo ainda relacionam diretamente 5.022 espécies, o que revela indicações de ocupação fitofisionômica excessivamente amplas ou incompletas. Faltam estudos florísticos nos Palmeirais, sendo insuficientes as informações sobre o Campo Rupestre (sentido restrito) e o Parque de Cerrado. Somente 6.024 espécies estão vinculadas a alguns dos doze tipos fitofisionômicos de Ribeiro e Walter, das quais 282 são referidas para as três formações (florestais, savânicas e campestres) do bioma. Estas representam as plantas com maior amplitude de ocupação fitofisionômica. A análise geral da flora mostra a necessidade de continuar a alimentação de dados à atual lista do Cerrado, indicando-se aqui o longo caminho que ainda deverá ser percorrido para que haja um conhecimento pleno sobre a flora do bioma. Porém, considerando as idissincrasias das nomenclaturas botânica e fitogeográfica, não se espera que este caminho seja retilíneo, muito menos harmonioso. Concordando com alguns autores que já se aventuraram a opinar, nomenclatura não é uma disciplina racional.

The Cerrados of Brazil

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Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231505965
Total Pages : 409 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis The Cerrados of Brazil by : Paulo S.

Download or read book The Cerrados of Brazil written by Paulo S. and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2013-02-05 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The massive grasslands of Brazil -- known as the cerrados -- which cover roughly a quarter of its land surface and are among the most threatened regions in South America, have received little media attention. This book brings together leading researchers on the area to produce the first detailed account in English of the natural history and ecology of the cerrado/savanna ecosystem. Given their extent and threatened status, the richness of their flora and fauna, and the lack of familiarity with their unique ecology at the international level, the cerrados are badly in need of this important and timely work.

The Biogeochemistry of the Amazon Basin

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0195354230
Total Pages : 378 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis The Biogeochemistry of the Amazon Basin by : Michael E. McClain

Download or read book The Biogeochemistry of the Amazon Basin written by Michael E. McClain and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2001-11-08 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With a complex assemblage of largely intact ecosystems that support the earth's greatest diversity of life, the Amazon basin is a focal point of international scientific interest. And, as development and colonization schemes transform the landscape in increasing measure, scientists from around the world are directing attention to questions of regional and global significance. Some of these qustions are: What are the fluxes of greenhouse gases across the atmospheric interface of ecosystems? How mush carbon is stored in the biomass and soils of the basin? How are elements from the land transferred to the basin's surface waters? What is the sum of elements transferred from land to ocean, and what is its marine "fate"? This book of original chapters by experts in chemical and biological oceanography, tropical agronomy and biology, and the atmospheric sciences will address these and other important questions, with the aim of synthesizing the current knowledge of biochemical processes operating within and between the various ecosystems in the Amazon basin.

Precious Heritage

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198028962
Total Pages : 426 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (98 download)

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Book Synopsis Precious Heritage by : Bruce A. Stein

Download or read book Precious Heritage written by Bruce A. Stein and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2000-03-16 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the lush forests of Appalachia to the frozen tundra of Alaska, and from the tallgrass prairies of the Midwest to the subtropical rainforests of Hawaii, the United States harbors a remarkable array of ecosystems. These ecosystems in turn sustain an exceptional variety of plant and animal life. For species such as salamanders and freshwater turtles, the United States ranks as the global center of diversity. Among the nation's other unique biological features are California's coast redwoods, the world's tallest trees, and Nevada's Devils Hole pupfish, which survives in a single ten-by-seventy-foot desert pool, the smallest range of any vertebrate animal. Precious Heritage draws together for the first time a quarter century of information on U.S. biodiversity developed by natural heritage programs from across the country. This richly illustrated volume not only documents those aspects of U.S. biodiversity that are particularly noteworthy, but also considers how our species and ecosystems are faring, what is threatening them, and what is needed to protect the nation's remaining natural inheritance. Above all, Precious Heritage is a celebration of the extraordinary biological diversity of the United States.

The Biological Aspects of Rare Plant Conservation

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 596 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

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Book Synopsis The Biological Aspects of Rare Plant Conservation by : Hugh Synge

Download or read book The Biological Aspects of Rare Plant Conservation written by Hugh Synge and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1981 with total page 596 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes foundational ideas/papers about the science of rarity conservation. -- taken from review on vendor's site

Climate Change

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Publisher : Earthscan
ISBN 13 : 1844077721
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis Climate Change by : Johan Eliasch

Download or read book Climate Change written by Johan Eliasch and published by Earthscan. This book was released on 2008 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First Published in 2008. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Tropical Rain Forests

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 144439228X
Total Pages : 485 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (443 download)

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Book Synopsis Tropical Rain Forests by : Richard T. Corlett

Download or read book Tropical Rain Forests written by Richard T. Corlett and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-03-03 with total page 485 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first edition of Tropical Rain Forests: an Ecological and Biogeographical Comparison exploded the myth of ‘the rain forest’ as a single, uniform entity. In reality, the major tropical rain forest regions, in tropical America, Africa, Southeast Asia, Madagascar, and New Guinea, have as many differences as similarities, as a result of their isolation from each other during the evolution of their floras and faunas. This new edition reinforces this message with new examples from recent and on-going research. After an introduction to the environments and geological histories of the major rain forest regions, subsequent chapters focus on plants, primates, carnivores and plant-eaters, birds, fruit bats and gliding animals, and insects, with an emphasis on the ecological and biogeographical differences between regions. This is followed by a new chapter on the unique tropical rain forests of oceanic islands. The final chapter, which has been completely rewritten, deals with the impacts of people on tropical rain forests and discusses possible conservation strategies that take into account the differences highlighted in the previous chapters. This exciting and very readable book, illustrated throughout with color photographs, will be invaluable reading for undergraduate students in a wide range of courses as well as an authoritative reference for graduate and professional ecologists, conservationists, and interested amateurs.

2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

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Publisher : IUCN
ISBN 13 : 9782831708263
Total Pages : 228 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (82 download)

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Book Synopsis 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species by : Jonathan Baillie

Download or read book 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species written by Jonathan Baillie and published by IUCN. This book was released on 2004 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Applies Red List data to calculate a Red List Index.

Scaling Biodiversity

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Publisher : Ecological Reviews
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 500 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Scaling Biodiversity by : David Storch

Download or read book Scaling Biodiversity written by David Storch and published by Ecological Reviews. This book was released on 2007-07-12 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We know that there are tens of millions of plant and animal species, but we do not know enough to be able to describe the patterns and processes that characterise the distribution of species in space, time and taxonomic groups. Given that in practical terms it is impossible to expect to be able to document biodiversity with any degree of completeness other approaches must be used. Scaling rules offer one possible framework, and this book offers a synthesis of the ways in which scaling theory can be applied to the analysis of biodiversity. Scaling Biodiversity presents new views on quantitative patterns of the biological diversity on earth and the processes responsible for them. Written by a team of leading experts in ecology who present their most recent and innovative views, readers will be provided with what is the state of art in current ecology and biodiversity science.

Modeling Uncertainty in the Earth Sciences

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119998719
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Modeling Uncertainty in the Earth Sciences by : Jef Caers

Download or read book Modeling Uncertainty in the Earth Sciences written by Jef Caers and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-05-25 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modeling Uncertainty in the Earth Sciences highlights the various issues, techniques and practical modeling tools available for modeling the uncertainty of complex Earth systems and the impact that it has on practical situations. The aim of the book is to provide an introductory overview which covers a broad range of tried-and-tested tools. Descriptions of concepts, philosophies, challenges, methodologies and workflows give the reader an understanding of the best way to make decisions under uncertainty for Earth Science problems. The book covers key issues such as: Spatial and time aspect; large complexity and dimensionality; computation power; costs of 'engineering' the Earth; uncertainty in the modeling and decision process. Focusing on reliable and practical methods this book provides an invaluable primer for the complex area of decision making with uncertainty in the Earth Sciences.

Wetlands

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309587220
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (95 download)

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Book Synopsis Wetlands by : Committee on Characterization of Wetlands

Download or read book Wetlands written by Committee on Characterization of Wetlands and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1995-09-20 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Wetlands" has become a hot word in the current environmental debate. But what does it signify? In 1991, proposed changes in the legal definities of wetlands stirred controversy and focused attention on the scientific and economic aspects of their management. This volume explores how to define wetlands. The committee--whose members were drawn from academia, government, business, and the environmental community--builds a rational, scientific basis for delineating wetlands in the landscape and offers recommendations for further action. Wetlands also discusses the diverse hydrological and ecological functions of wetlands, and makes recommendations concerning so-called controversial areas such as permafrost wetlands, riparian ecosystems, irregularly flooded sites, and agricultural wetlands. It presents criteria for identifying wetlands and explores the problems of applying those criteria when there are seasonal changes in water levels. This comprehensive and practical volume will be of interest to environmental scientists and advocates, hydrologists, policymakers, regulators, faculty, researchers, and students of environmental studies.

A Preliminary Polypore Flora of East Africa

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 656 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis A Preliminary Polypore Flora of East Africa by : Inger Johansen

Download or read book A Preliminary Polypore Flora of East Africa written by Inger Johansen and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 656 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Plant Diversity in Guyana

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis Plant Diversity in Guyana by : Hans ter Steege

Download or read book Plant Diversity in Guyana written by Hans ter Steege and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Stream and Watershed Restoration

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111840663X
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (184 download)

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Book Synopsis Stream and Watershed Restoration by : Philip Roni

Download or read book Stream and Watershed Restoration written by Philip Roni and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-09-18 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With $2 billion spent annually on stream restoration worldwide, there is a pressing need for guidance in this area, but until now, there was no comprehensive text on the subject. Filling that void, this unique text covers both new and existing information following a stepwise approach on theory, planning, implementation, and evaluation methods for the restoration of stream habitats. Comprehensively illustrated with case studies from around the world, Stream and Watershed Restoration provides a systematic approach to restoration programs suitable for graduate and upper-level undergraduate courses on stream or watershed restoration or as a reference for restoration practitioners and fisheries scientists. Part of the Advancing River Restoration and Management Series. Additional resources for this book can be found at: www.wiley.com/go/roni/streamrestoration.

Primates in Fragments

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461488397
Total Pages : 543 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)

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Book Synopsis Primates in Fragments by : Laura K. Marsh

Download or read book Primates in Fragments written by Laura K. Marsh and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-09-07 with total page 543 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is number two in a series for Primates in Fragments. In this volume, ten years after the first http://www.springer.com/social+sciences/anthropology+%26+archaeology/book/978-0-306-47696-9, we continue to address issues regarding primates within a fractured landscape. There are seven sections based on specific categories of primates in fragments. In the Introductory section, authors discuss the issues surrounding primates in remnant habitats as well as encourage discussion about what we mean by fragmentation on a landscape scale. In the Long-Term and Regional Studies section, authors present information on changes that have occurred during longer studies as well as changes that have occurred over regions. In the Landscape, Metapopulations and the Matrix section, authors cover topics from dry to moist forests, and from metapopulations to single species use of multiple fragments locations. In Feeding and Behavioral Ecology, authors take a closer look at the flexibility and responsiveness of primates in fragments in terms of their food choices, resource use, and behavioral changes. In Endemic, Endangered, and Nocturnal Primates authors uncover details involving critical primates living in major city centers to the heights of the Himalayas. In Genetics, Disease and Parasites authors cover topics including population viability, disease and parasite transmission between primates in fragments and humans. Finally, in the Conservation and Ecology: Threats and Management section, we synthesize information in this volume and make recommendations for the future of work in this field and the survivability of primates in fragments.

Variable plants and herbivores in natural and managed systems

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323142877
Total Pages : 735 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (231 download)

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Book Synopsis Variable plants and herbivores in natural and managed systems by : Robert Denno

Download or read book Variable plants and herbivores in natural and managed systems written by Robert Denno and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 735 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Variable Plants and Herbivores in Natural and Managed Systems examines individual, population, species, and community responses of herbivores to plant variation, with emphasis on insects, fungi, bacteria, and viruses. It is divided into five parts encompassing 18 chapters that discuss variability as a mechanism of defense used by plants against their parasites and the effects of variability on herbivores at several different levels of complexity. After a brief discussion on plant-herbivore interactions, the first part of this book considers sources of within-plant variation and effects on the distribution and abundance of herbivores. Part II examines interplant variation, the co-evolutionary problems it poses for herbivores, and the ecological and evolutionary responses of these animals. It discusses the effects of host-plant variability on the fitness of sedentary herbivorous insects. Part III discusses the role of host variability in the evolution of feeding specialization, genetic differentiation, and race formation. The importance of host variation to the organization of herbivore communities and the manipulation of host-plant variability for the management of herbivore pest populations are presented in the remaining parts. This book will be helpful to agriculturists, silviculturists, biologists, and researchers who wish to expand their knowledge in dynamics of plant-herbivore relationships.