Differential Encoding Of Spatial Information Among Retinal On Cone Bipolar Cells

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Differential Encoding of Spatial Information Among Retinal ON Cone Bipolar Cells

Author : Robert Joseph Purgert
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 143 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (914 download)

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Book Synopsis Differential Encoding of Spatial Information Among Retinal ON Cone Bipolar Cells by : Robert Joseph Purgert

Download or read book Differential Encoding of Spatial Information Among Retinal ON Cone Bipolar Cells written by Robert Joseph Purgert and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ON cone bipolar cells (ON CBCs) are retinal interneurons. They relay visual information from cone photoreceptors, the retina's input cells, to ganglion cells, the retina's output cells. ON CBCs differ in the visual information they encode and subsequently relay. For example, some ON CBCs encode information about the timing of visual stimuli; others encode information about the chromaticity. The information an ON CBC encodes depends greatly on the complement of inputs it receives from cones, inhibitory horizontal cells, and inhibitory amacrine cells, as well as the complement of neurotransmitter receptors it possesses. It is unknown whether spatial information is differentially encoded among ON CBCs as are temporal and chromatic information. We addressed this issue using single-cell electrophysiological methods, and found that it indeed is. Specifically, some ON CBCs were spatially tuned, encoding one stimulus size preferentially above all others. Other ON CBCs were not spatially tuned. This encoding dichotomy was a result of tuned ON CBCs receiving stronger inhibitory amacrine cell input than untuned ON CBCs. Additionally, a morphologic distinction was observed, with tuned cells having axonal arbors terminating more centrally in the inner plexiform layer than untuned cells. Because the retina normally operates over a wide range of ambient light conditions, we examined how ambient illumination affected spatial information encoding among ON CBCs. The encoding dichotomy described above was diminished in bright ambient light, with all ON CBCs exhibiting significant spatial tuning. This was due to alterations of inhibitory amacrine cell input among ON CBCs. Finally, we assessed whether spatial information encoded by ON CBCs reaches higher visual centers. We did so by examining whether ON CBCs relay spatial information to ganglion cells, the output cells of the retina. This was accomplished by recording from ganglion cells and reading out the ON CBC input they received. We found that ON CBCs indeed relayed spatial information to ganglion cells for presumable transmission to the brain. In summary, ON CBCs encode spatial information for relay to ganglion cells. Their ability to do so varies with ambient illumination such that an encoding dichotomy exists in dim light, which diminishes in bright light.

Webvision

Author : Helga Kolb
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (53 download)

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Book Synopsis Webvision by : Helga Kolb

Download or read book Webvision written by Helga Kolb and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Cellular and Molecular Control of Retinal Bipolar Cell Spatial Organization

Author : Samuel J. Bloomsburg
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780355045284
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (452 download)

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Book Synopsis Cellular and Molecular Control of Retinal Bipolar Cell Spatial Organization by : Samuel J. Bloomsburg

Download or read book Cellular and Molecular Control of Retinal Bipolar Cell Spatial Organization written by Samuel J. Bloomsburg and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The retina is a part of the central nervous system, located within the eye, responsible for detecting and processing the light that passes into the eye. It is contains a huge number of neurons for its size, is highly organized, and is, gram for gram, the most metabolically active tissue in the body. The retina begins development as a clump of neural progenitors pinched off from the anterior end of the neural plate, and ends development with more than 50 cell types, each of which organizes itself with respect to cells of the same type, and with specific afferent and efferent neurons. Proper function of the retina, and hence vision, depends on this organization. To understand how this organization emerges and is maintained, our lab has taken a genetic and developmental approach to investigating the factors that contribute to patterning and growth. In this work, we investigate the 1) Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM), which has been implicated in developmental cell death, axon guidance, and avoidance and repulsion, and 2) a form of growth-limitation over development which we believe contributes to the accuracy of visual information transmitted by retinal bipolar cells. In chapter 1, we show that Dscam mediates homotypic avoidance during development, and show that it affects neural plasticity in adulthood. In chapter 2, we present a novel form of growth-limitation. Here we find that bipolar cell axon arbors correlate in size with bipolar cell dendrite arbors. We also find that bipolar cell dendrites do not sample all cones in the retina, and the pattern in which they leave space "un-sampled" is recapitulated by bipolar cell axons, which leave "un-sampled" regions of their own in their own synaptic layer. In chapter 3, we present a transgenic Cre line, Pou4f2-Cre, which we believe to be a useful tool for vision researchers, including ourselves.

Development and Organization of the Retina

Author : Leo M. Chalupa
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461553334
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

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Book Synopsis Development and Organization of the Retina by : Leo M. Chalupa

Download or read book Development and Organization of the Retina written by Leo M. Chalupa and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Development and Organization of the Retina offers an invaluable survey of contemporary research issues and methods dealing with the retina and retinal projections. The book's 19 chapters report on investigations into two areas: research into the organization of the mature retina and work on developmental issues. A sampling of chapter topics includes -- embryonic patterning of cone subtypes in the mammalian retina -- synaptic transmission between retinal neurons -- scaling the retina, macro and micro -- retinal ganglion cell axonal transport, and more.

The New Visual Neurosciences

Author : John S. Werner
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262019167
Total Pages : 1693 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis The New Visual Neurosciences by : John S. Werner

Download or read book The New Visual Neurosciences written by John S. Werner and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2013-10-25 with total page 1693 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive review of contemporary research in the vision sciences, reflecting the rapid advances of recent years. Visual science is the model system for neuroscience, its findings relevant to all other areas. This essential reference to contemporary visual neuroscience covers the extraordinary range of the field today, from molecules and cell assemblies to systems and therapies. It provides a state-of-the art companion to the earlier book The Visual Neurosciences (MIT Press, 2003). This volume covers the dramatic advances made in the last decade, offering new topics, new authors, and new chapters. The New Visual Neurosciences assembles groundbreaking research, written by international authorities. Many of the 112 chapters treat seminal topics not included in the earlier book. These new topics include retinal feature detection; cortical connectomics; new approaches to mid-level vision and spatiotemporal perception; the latest understanding of how multimodal integration contributes to visual perception; new theoretical work on the role of neural oscillations in information processing; and new molecular and genetic techniques for understanding visual system development. An entirely new section covers invertebrate vision, reflecting the importance of this research in understanding fundamental principles of visual processing. Another new section treats translational visual neuroscience, covering recent progress in novel treatment modalities for optic nerve disorders, macular degeneration, and retinal cell replacement. The New Visual Neurosciences is an indispensable reference for students, teachers, researchers, clinicians, and anyone interested in contemporary neuroscience. Associate Editors Marie Burns, Joy Geng, Mark Goldman, James Handa, Andrew Ishida, George R. Mangun, Kimberley McAllister, Bruno Olshausen, Gregg Recanzone, Mandyam Srinivasan, W.Martin Usrey, Michael Webster, David Whitney Sections Retinal Mechanisms and Processes Organization of Visual Pathways Subcortical Processing Processing in Primary Visual Cortex Brightness and Color Pattern, Surface, and Shape Objects and Scenes Time, Motion, and Depth Eye Movements Cortical Mechanisms of Attention, Cognition, and Multimodal Integration Invertebrate Vision Theoretical Perspectives Molecular and Developmental Processes Translational Visual Neuroscience

Neural Engineering

Author : Chris Eliasmith
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262550604
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (56 download)

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Book Synopsis Neural Engineering by : Chris Eliasmith

Download or read book Neural Engineering written by Chris Eliasmith and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2003 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A synthesis of current approaches to adapting engineering tools to the study of neurobiological systems.

Network Functions and Plasticity

Author : Jian Jing
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128034998
Total Pages : 394 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Network Functions and Plasticity by : Jian Jing

Download or read book Network Functions and Plasticity written by Jian Jing and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-04-11 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Network Functions and Plasticity: Perspectives from Studying Neuronal Electrical Coupling in Microcircuits focuses on the specific roles of electrical coupling in tractable, well-defined circuits, highlighting current research that offers novel insights for electrical coupling‘s roles in sensory and motor functions, neural computations, decision-making, regulation of network activity, circuit development, and learning and memory. Bringing together a diverse group of international experts and their contributions using a variety of approaches to study different invertebrate and vertebrate model systems with a focus on the role of electrical coupling/gap junctions in microcircuits, this book presents a timely contribution for students and researchers alike. Provides an easy-to-read introduction on neural circuits of the model system Focuses on the specific roles of electrical coupling in tractable, well-defined circuits Includes recent discoveries and findings that are presented in the context of historical background Outlines outstanding issues and future research in the field

Handbook of Color Psychology

Author : Andrew J. Elliot
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316395332
Total Pages : 1737 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (163 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Color Psychology by : Andrew J. Elliot

Download or read book Handbook of Color Psychology written by Andrew J. Elliot and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-12-17 with total page 1737 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We perceive color everywhere and on everything that we encounter in daily life. Color science has progressed to the point where a great deal is known about the mechanics, evolution, and development of color vision, but less is known about the relation between color vision and psychology. However, color psychology is now a burgeoning, exciting area and this Handbook provides comprehensive coverage of emerging theory and research. Top scholars in the field provide rigorous overviews of work on color categorization, color symbolism and association, color preference, reciprocal relations between color perception and psychological functioning, and variations and deficiencies in color perception. The Handbook of Color Psychology seeks to facilitate cross-fertilization among researchers, both within and across disciplines and areas of research, and is an essential resource for anyone interested in color psychology in both theoretical and applied areas of study.

The Visual Neurosciences

Author : John Simon Werner
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262033089
Total Pages : 975 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis The Visual Neurosciences by : John Simon Werner

Download or read book The Visual Neurosciences written by John Simon Werner and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2004 with total page 975 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An essential reference book for visual science.

Innate

Author : Kevin J. Mitchell
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691204152
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (912 download)

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Book Synopsis Innate by : Kevin J. Mitchell

Download or read book Innate written by Kevin J. Mitchell and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2020-03-31 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "What makes you the way you are--and what makes each of us different from everyone else? In Innate, leading neuroscientist and popular science blogger Kevin Mitchell traces human diversity and individual differences to their deepest level: in the wiring of our brains. Deftly guiding us through important new research, including his own groundbreaking work, he explains how variations in the way our brains develop before birth strongly influence our psychology and behavior throughout our lives, shaping our personality, intelligence, sexuality, and even the way we perceive the world. We all share a genetic program for making a human brain, and the program for making a brain like yours is specifically encoded in your DNA. But, as Mitchell explains, the way that program plays out is affected by random processes of development that manifest uniquely in each person, even identical twins. The key insight of Innate is that the combination of these developmental and genetic variations creates innate differences in how our brains are wired--differences that impact all aspects of our psychology--and this insight promises to transform the way we see the interplay of nature and nurture. Innate also explores the genetic and neural underpinnings of disorders such as autism, schizophrenia, and epilepsy, and how our understanding of these conditions is being revolutionized. In addition, the book examines the social and ethical implications of these ideas and of new technologies that may soon offer the means to predict or manipulate human traits. Compelling and original, Innate will change the way you think about why and how we are who we are."--Provided by the publisher.

The Primate Visual System

Author : Jon H. Kaas
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0203507592
Total Pages : 439 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis The Primate Visual System by : Jon H. Kaas

Download or read book The Primate Visual System written by Jon H. Kaas and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-07-28 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The last 20 years of research have been marked by exceptional progress in understanding the organization and functions of the primate visual system. This understanding has been based on the wide application of traditional and newly emerging methods for identifying the functionally significant subdivisions of the system, their interconnections, the

Virtual Reality

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309051355
Total Pages : 557 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Virtual Reality by : National Research Council

Download or read book Virtual Reality written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1995-01-13 with total page 557 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite widespread interest in virtual reality, research and development efforts in synthetic environments (SE)â€"the field encompassing virtual environments, teleoperation, and hybridsâ€"have remained fragmented. Virtual Reality is the first integrated treatment of the topic, presenting current knowledge along with thought-provoking vignettes about a future where SE is commonplace. This volume discusses all aspects of creating a system that will allow human operators to see, hear, smell, taste, move about, give commands, respond to conditions, and manipulate objects effectively in a real or virtual environment. The committee of computer scientists, engineers, and psychologists on the leading edge of SE development explores the potential applications of SE in the areas of manufacturing, medicine, education, training, scientific visualization, and teleoperation in hazardous environments. The committee also offers recommendations for development of improved SE technology, needed studies of human behavior and evaluation of SE systems, and government policy and infrastructure.

High Resolution Imaging in Microscopy and Ophthalmology

Author : Josef F. Bille
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030166384
Total Pages : 407 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis High Resolution Imaging in Microscopy and Ophthalmology by : Josef F. Bille

Download or read book High Resolution Imaging in Microscopy and Ophthalmology written by Josef F. Bille and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-08-13 with total page 407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book provides a comprehensive overview of the application of the newest laser and microscope/ophthalmoscope technology in the field of high resolution imaging in microscopy and ophthalmology. Starting by describing High-Resolution 3D Light Microscopy with STED and RESOLFT, the book goes on to cover retinal and anterior segment imaging and image-guided treatment and also discusses the development of adaptive optics in vision science and ophthalmology. Using an interdisciplinary approach, the reader will learn about the latest developments and most up to date technology in the field and how these translate to a medical setting. High Resolution Imaging in Microscopy and Ophthalmology – New Frontiers in Biomedical Optics has been written by leading experts in the field and offers insights on engineering, biology, and medicine, thus being a valuable addition for scientists, engineers, and clinicians with technical and medical interest who would like to understand the equipment, the applications and the medical/biological background. Lastly, this book is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Gerhard Zinser, co-founder of Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, a scientist, a husband, a brother, a colleague, and a friend.

Oxford Handbook of Ophthalmology

Author : Alastair K. O. Denniston
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019252674X
Total Pages : 1249 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (925 download)

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Book Synopsis Oxford Handbook of Ophthalmology by : Alastair K. O. Denniston

Download or read book Oxford Handbook of Ophthalmology written by Alastair K. O. Denniston and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-05-24 with total page 1249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fully revised and updated throughout, the fourth edition of the Oxford Handbook of Ophthalmology now includes free access to the ophthalmic online media bank, a selection of high-quality clinical images and videos for a wide breadth of key ophthalmic diseases. Clear, concise, and practical, this handbook provides immediate access to the detailed clinical information you need, in casualty, clinic, theatre, and on the wards. The core of the book comprises a systematic synopsis of ophthalmic disease directed towards diagnosis, interim assessment, and ongoing management. Assessment boxes for common clinical conditions and algorithms for important clinical presentations illustrate this practical approach. The information is easily accessible, presented in a clear format with areas of importance highlighted. Key sections for the trainee include: Clinical Skills, Aids to Diagnosis, Investigations and their Interpretation, Perioperative Care, Theatre Notes and Therapeutics. The wider practise of eye-care is supported by expanded chapters on Refractive Ophthalmology, Vision in Context, Evidence Based Ophthalmology and Resources for Ophthalmologists. Now including newer treatments across a range of specialities such as SMILE, gene-therapy and retinal prostheses, as well as greater emphasis on the evidence underlying current clinical practice and guidelines, this handbook has never been more essential for all those working in eye-care. Whether you want to learn about patient-reported outcomes, identify a surgical instrument, interpret a statistical test, or diagnose and treat ophthalmic emergencies, you will find it here. Whatever your role in caring for patients with eye disease: ophthalmologist, optometrist, orthoptist, ophthalmic nurse, or other health profession - discover for yourself why this handbook has become the 'go-to' resource for tens of thousands of eye-care professionals around the world.

Pediatric Retina

Author : James D. Reynolds
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642120415
Total Pages : 459 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (421 download)

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Book Synopsis Pediatric Retina by : James D. Reynolds

Download or read book Pediatric Retina written by James D. Reynolds and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-09-14 with total page 459 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pediatric retinal diseases are not simply retinal diseases that occur in children; rather, they are unique disorders that often are not found in adults. This textbook of the pediatric retina offers in-depth guidance on congenital and acquired diseases of the retina in the pediatric population. It is organized according to disease onset and timing, as well as anatomy. All chapters are written by leading authorities in the field from both the pediatric and the retinal perspective. A multidisciplinary approach to the topic is adopted, and critical information is included on disease classification and diagnosis, pathophysiology, genetics, complications, and prognosis. Pediatric Retina will be a useful source of information for pediatric ophthalmologists, retina specialists, and other eye care providers who care for children.

The Visual System in Vertebrates

Author : F. Crescitelli
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642664687
Total Pages : 816 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (426 download)

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Book Synopsis The Visual System in Vertebrates by : F. Crescitelli

Download or read book The Visual System in Vertebrates written by F. Crescitelli and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-11 with total page 816 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The vertebrate eye has been, and continues to be, an object of interest and of inquiry for biologists, physicists, chemists, psychologists, and others. Quite apart from its important role in the development of ophthalmology and related medical disciplines, the vertebrate eye is an exemplar of the ingenuity of living systems in adapting to the diverse and changing environments in which vertebrates have evolved. The wonder is not so much that the visual system, like other body systems, has been able to adapt in this way, but rather that these adaptations have taken such a variety of forms. In a previous volume in this series (VII/I) Eakin expressed admiration for the diversity of invertebrate photoreceptors. A comparable situation exists for the vertebrate eye as a whole and one object of this volume is to present to the reader the nature of this diversity. One result of this diversification of ocular structures and properties is that the experimental biologist has available a number of systems for study that are unique or especially favorable for the investigation of particular questions in visual science or neurobiology. This volume includes some examples of progress made by the use of such specially selected vertebrate systems. It is our hope that this comparative approach will continue to reveal new and useful preparations for the examination of important questions.

Retinal Development

Author : Evelyne Sernagor
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139459732
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (394 download)

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Book Synopsis Retinal Development by : Evelyne Sernagor

Download or read book Retinal Development written by Evelyne Sernagor and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-11-29 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This advanced text, first published in 2006, takes a developmental approach to the presentation of our understanding of how vertebrates construct a retina. Written by experts in the field, each of the seventeen chapters covers a specific step in the process, focusing on the underlying molecular, cellular, and physiological mechanisms. There is also a special section on emerging technologies, including genomics, zebrafish genetics, and stem cell biology that are starting to yield important insights into retinal development. Primarily aimed at professionals, both biologists and clinicians working with the retina, this book provides a concise view of vertebrate retinal development. Since the retina is 'an approachable part of the brain', this book will also be attractive to all neuroscientists interested in development, as processes required to build this exquisitely organized system are ultimately relevant to all other parts of the central nervous system.