Difference Between Micro And Macro Economic Measurement

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Difference Between Micro And Macro Economic Measurement To Consumer Behavior

Author : Johnny Ch LOK
Publisher : Independently Published
ISBN 13 : 9781709862045
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Difference Between Micro And Macro Economic Measurement To Consumer Behavior by : Johnny Ch LOK

Download or read book Difference Between Micro And Macro Economic Measurement To Consumer Behavior written by Johnny Ch LOK and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2019-11-20 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Behavioral economy consumption desires measurement methodHow to apply behavioral economic theory to measure consumption level or consumption desire to the country? I shall assume that consumption is to be measured by private and public expenditures at constant prices at conventionally defined and all money prices are assumed constant. How to measure real consumption?In fact, consumer behavior has relationship to any country, itself economic growth or recesion in any economic and consumption environment . The purpose of income calculations in practiced affairs to give consumers an indication of the amount which they can consume. It would seem that we ought to define a man's income as the maximum value, which he can consume during a week, and still expect to be well at the end of week as he has at the beginning.An economy which uses money , but uses it is as a neutral link between transactions in real things and real assets and does not want of a better , a real exchange economy with an economy in which money plays a part of its own and affects motives and decisions and as , in short, one of the operative factors in the situation. So that the course of events can not be predicted either in the long period or in the short period, without knowledge of the behavior of money between the first state and last. It is a monetary economy means to influence any country itself consumer behavioral consumption desires change to more or less shopping times.Hence, money matters in both the long and short run. Money affects real decision making and employment and output outcomes to any countries. The economic system is moving through calendar time from an irrevocable past to an uncertain and statistically unpredictable future. Any country's past and present consumption market data do not necessary provide correct signals regarding future outcomes. Ths means that economic data are not necessarily generated by a process. Constrasts denominated in money terms are a human in an entrepreneurial economy. It helps humans efficiently organize time-consuming production and exchange processes in a world of uncertainty.

The Differences Between Macro Economic And Micro Economic Measurement To Consumer Behavior

Author : Johnny Ch Lok
Publisher : Independently Published
ISBN 13 : 9781710421798
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (217 download)

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Book Synopsis The Differences Between Macro Economic And Micro Economic Measurement To Consumer Behavior by : Johnny Ch Lok

Download or read book The Differences Between Macro Economic And Micro Economic Measurement To Consumer Behavior written by Johnny Ch Lok and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2019-11-22 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: - How economic positive and negative impact of the war to higher military spending? Most models show that military spending to divert resources from productive uses, such as consumption and investment, and ultimately slows economic growth and reduces employment. So, it seems war causes disadvantages more than advantages to influence economy growth to any countries in possible.Some economists showed global insight produced a set of projections that compared a scenario with an increase in annual military spending equal to 1.0% of GDP current about $135billions relative to its baseline scenario . This is approximately equal to the increase in defense spending that has taken place compared with the pre-Sept. 11th terrorism Iraq war baseline to US government higher military spending. However, who also indicated military spending is not generally perceived to cost jobs. In standard economic models, war its positive impact can be thought of in the same way as spending on the environment from war bad influence. When tax and emission restrictions are often used to achieve environment protection during and after war. It is also possible to reach environmental targets by paying people to do things that will reduce pollution. For example, it is possible to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by paying people to buy more fuel efficient cars and appliances, or paying than to install insulation and other energy saving devices. So, during the war period, more greenhouse gas fuel efficient cars will increase demand in car market. Thus, war can reduce air and water pollution cost and encourage greenhouse gas fuel consumption. In the case of both increased military spending and paying people to take steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, resources would be reduced to supply to these countries' domestic market directed uses. In standard economic models, war it's negative impact to this redirection of other resources, due to the original resources are used to increase military spending to manufacturing any new weapons and it will cause this original resources are shortage to prepare for these countries' manufacturing countries. So, these resources shortage challenges will cause these military spending countries' economy to operate less efficiently and therefore lead to slower growth and fewer jobs supplies. Thus, war will bring resource shortage challenges and fewer jobs supplies bad influence. In policy debates, it is important to recognize the potential jobs losses are caused from military spending factor mainly. Also the potential economic costs are often a factor in debates over environment policy.

Macroeconomic Measurement Versus Macroeconomic Theory

Author : Merijn Knibbe
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351136690
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (511 download)

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Book Synopsis Macroeconomic Measurement Versus Macroeconomic Theory by : Merijn Knibbe

Download or read book Macroeconomic Measurement Versus Macroeconomic Theory written by Merijn Knibbe and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-12-06 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ideally, scientific theory and scientific measurement should develop in tandem, but in recent years this has not been the case in economics. There used to be a time when leading economists, or their students, established or led statistical offices and took care that the measurements were consistent with the theory (and vice versa). Not anymore. Macroeconomic theorists and macroeconomic statisticians do not even speak the same language any longer. They do use the same words, such as ‘consumption’, ‘investments’ or ‘unemployment’ but the meanings can often be different. This book maps the differences between macroeconomic theory and measurement and explores them in some detail while also tracking their intellectual, historical and, in some cases, ideological origins. It also explores the possible policy implications. In doing so, the book draws on two separate strands of literature which are seldom used in unison: macro-statistical manuals and theoretical macro-papers. By doing so, the book contributes to the effort to bridge the gap between them without compromising on the idea that a meaningful science of economics should, in the end, be based upon individual people and households and their social and cultural embedding instead of a ‘representative consumer’, or Robinson Crusoe figure. This work is essential reading for students, economists, statisticians, and professionals.

Micro Or Macro Economic Measurement Marketing Behavioral Changing More Success

Author : Johnny Ch LOK
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781710141641
Total Pages : 365 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (416 download)

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Book Synopsis Micro Or Macro Economic Measurement Marketing Behavioral Changing More Success by : Johnny Ch LOK

Download or read book Micro Or Macro Economic Measurement Marketing Behavioral Changing More Success written by Johnny Ch LOK and published by . This book was released on 2019-11-21 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To go back to the example of the definitional relationship " income equals consumption plus saving", we can obviously calculate it means that income minus consumption, whereever saving appears in a system of relationships. Thus, reducing the number of variables and of equation. A ny explanation indicates that why micro economic data, e.g. indivdual income variable level, saving variable level is more accuate to be gathered to use for judgement when, why and how the kind of product general consumers behaviors or shopping desires change to compare macro economic data , e.g. the country's GDP in the country. Because we can not build up a theory of human behavior with the aid of definitional relationship alone, in addition we shall need relationship of age groups, such as a individual or a young age group, working age group, old age group different age consumers or occupation groups, e.g. professional occupation, such as teacher, doctor, lawyer , or low educational level occupation, such as factory worker etc. different age or occupation consumer groups of a consumption behaviouristic or consumer group character telling us something of the way in which the different individuals or consumer groups behavr or indicating the technical relationships which subsist between, say the input of factors of production and the output of product. Example of such relationships are: The familiar demand and supply to the brand product relationships; the relationship connecting saving to the individual income or general young age group income or old age group income or working people income in the society, and the rate of interest to the country's bank system; a relationship indicating the presence or absence of price control to gas issue concerns how to influence car buyers' purchase cars demands or driving desires. All of these any one of micro economic relationship is the influence of as aspect of the consumer behavioral changing or consumer desire changing system highly relevant to general macro economic behavioral change system to the country.Is these any advantage in operate with structural equations? The answer is " yes" for the following reasons. In the case of relationship expressing behavior these may be expected to ahve the highest possible degree of performance, since they reflect the behavior of only one type of entity in the system, such as sales and price information equations just mentioned, depend for their stability on the constant responses not of one but of two or more types of entity, in the example both buyers ( the kind of product consumers or buyers ) and sellers ( the kind of product sellers). Thus, if we can assume that the buyers' responses , through not the sellers' responses will remain constant over a period, we can express ( or forecast) the quantity transacted by using one equation if we adopt the demand equation. Whereas, we shall need to least two if we adopt that sales equation. Thus, in micro economic view, equation method , such as gathering the kind of sale and price their information, it may help the seller measure whether it ought set up how much sale price to the product to let many consumers feel the most reasonable in order to increase its sale number in the country's consumption market.

Macro Economic and Mico Economic Measurement to Consumer Behavior

Author : Johnny Ch LOK
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781710414721
Total Pages : 393 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (147 download)

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Book Synopsis Macro Economic and Mico Economic Measurement to Consumer Behavior by : Johnny Ch LOK

Download or read book Macro Economic and Mico Economic Measurement to Consumer Behavior written by Johnny Ch LOK and published by . This book was released on 2019-11-22 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Any country's past and present consumption market data do not necessary provide correct signals regarding future outcomes. Ths means that economic data are not necessarily generated by a process. Constrasts denominated in money terms are a human in an entrepreneurial economy. It helps humans efficiently organize time-consuming production and exchange processes in a world of uncertainty. In any money using entreprensurial economy, entrepreneurs' decisions regarding production and hiring depend on expectations of receiving contractual sales revenues ( cash inflows) in excess of the contractual money costs of production ( cash outflows). Since, the money wage contract is the most efficient oriented contracts, modern economies can be characterized as money-wage contract-based systems.Hence, money processes two essential elasticity that differentiate is from the products of industry. These describe why (a) money does not grow on trees ( money's elasticity of production is zero )and (b) why producible products are not good liquid stores of value ( the elasticity of substitution between liquid assets , such as money and producible products is zero).If money has these elasticity , then unemployment develops, that is to say, because people can not be employed, when the object of desire ( i.e. money, good useful product or good quality product , even shopping enjoyable feeling,) is something which can not produced and the demand of shopping desires are reduced to the country's people.

The New Role of Economic Measurement Methods

Author : Johnny Ch LOK
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781709072383
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (723 download)

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Book Synopsis The New Role of Economic Measurement Methods by : Johnny Ch LOK

Download or read book The New Role of Economic Measurement Methods written by Johnny Ch LOK and published by . This book was released on 2019-11-17 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economic growth refers to an increase in aggregate production in an economy. Macroeconomists study economic growth with an eye toward understanding the factors that either promote or retard economic growth in order to support economic policies that will support growth, development, and rising living standards. Growth is commonly modeled as a function of physical capital, human capital, labor force, and technology. So, when economic growth is raising, then unemployment rate will decrease in possible. ⦁Business Positive or negative Cycles andthe country's macro economic environment is good and bad relationship A long term macroeconomic growth trends, the levels and rates-of-change of major macroeconomic variables such as employment and national output go through occasional fluctuations up or down, expansions and recessions, in a phenomenon known as the business cycle. ⦁ Macroeconomics vs. Microeconomics , what can influence crime rate more? Macroeconomics differs from microeconomics, which focuses on smaller factors that affect choices made by individuals and companies.Factors studied in both microeconomics and macroeconomics typically have an influence on one another. For example, the unemployment level in the economy as a whole has an effect on the supply of workers from which a company can hire. A key distinction between micro and macroeconomics is that macroeconomic aggregates can sometimes behave in ways that are very different or even the opposite of the way that analogous microeconomic variables do.Meanwhile, microeconomics looks at economic tendencies, or what can happen when individuals make certain choices. Individuals are typically classified into subgroups, such as buyers, sellers, and business owners. These actors interact with each other according to the laws of supply and demand for resources, using money and interest rates as pricing mechanisms for coordination. What factors Cause of recessions ?

Improving the Measurement of Consumer Expenditures

Author : Christopher D. Carroll
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022612665X
Total Pages : 517 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (261 download)

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Book Synopsis Improving the Measurement of Consumer Expenditures by : Christopher D. Carroll

Download or read book Improving the Measurement of Consumer Expenditures written by Christopher D. Carroll and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2015-06-16 with total page 517 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Robust and reliable measures of consumer expenditures are essential for analyzing aggregate economic activity and for measuring differences in household circumstances. Many countries, including the United States, are embarking on ambitious projects to redesign surveys of consumer expenditures, with the goal of better capturing economic heterogeneity. This is an appropriate time to examine the way consumer expenditures are currently measured, and the challenges and opportunities that alternative approaches might present. Improving the Measurement of Consumer Expenditures begins with a comprehensive review of current methodologies for collecting consumer expenditure data. Subsequent chapters highlight the range of different objectives that expenditure surveys may satisfy, compare the data available from consumer expenditure surveys with that available from other sources, and describe how the United States’s current survey practices compare with those in other nations.

Macro Economic and Micro Economic Measurement to Consumer Behaviors

Author : Johnny Ch LOK
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781710723847
Total Pages : 399 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (238 download)

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Book Synopsis Macro Economic and Micro Economic Measurement to Consumer Behaviors by : Johnny Ch LOK

Download or read book Macro Economic and Micro Economic Measurement to Consumer Behaviors written by Johnny Ch LOK and published by . This book was released on 2019-11-23 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Behavioral economy consumptiondesires measurement methodHow to apply behavioral economic theory to measure consumption level or consumption desire to the country? I shall assume that consumption is to be measured by private and public expenditures at constant prices at conventionally defined and all money prices are assumed constant. How to measure real consumption?In fact, consumer behavior has relationship to any country, itself economic growth or recesion in any economic and consumption environment . The purpose of income calculations in practiced affairs to give consumers an indication of the amount which they can consume. It would seem that we ought to define a man's income as the maximum value, which he can consume during a week, and still expect to be well at the end of week as he has at the beginning.An economy which uses money , but uses it is as a neutral link between transactions in real things and real assets and does not want of a better , a real exchange economy with an economy in which money plays a part of its own and affects motives and decisions and as , in short, one of the operative factors in the situation. So that the course of events can not be predicted either in the long period or in the short period, without knowledge of the behavior of money between the first state and last. It is a monetary economy means to influence any country itself consumer behavioral consumption desires change to more or less shopping times.Hence, money matters in both the long and short run. Money affects real decision making and employment and output outcomes to any countries. The economic system is moving through calendar time from an irrevocable past to an uncertain and statistically unpredictable future. Any country's past and present consumption market data do not necessary provide correct signals regarding future outcomes. Ths means that economic data are not necessarily generated by a process. Constrasts denominated in money terms are a human in an entrepreneurial economy. It helps humans efficiently organize time-consuming production and exchange processes in a world of uncertainty.

International Macroeconomics in the Wake of the Global Financial Crisis

Author : Laurent Ferrara
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319790757
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis International Macroeconomics in the Wake of the Global Financial Crisis by : Laurent Ferrara

Download or read book International Macroeconomics in the Wake of the Global Financial Crisis written by Laurent Ferrara and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-13 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book collects selected articles addressing several currently debated issues in the field of international macroeconomics. They focus on the role of the central banks in the debate on how to come to terms with the long-term decline in productivity growth, insufficient aggregate demand, high economic uncertainty and growing inequalities following the global financial crisis. Central banks are of considerable importance in this debate since understanding the sluggishness of the recovery process as well as its implications for the natural interest rate are key to assessing output gaps and the monetary policy stance. The authors argue that a more dynamic domestic and external aggregate demand helps to raise the inflation rate, easing the constraint deriving from the zero lower bound and allowing monetary policy to depart from its current ultra-accommodative position. Beyond macroeconomic factors, the book also discusses a supportive financial environment as a precondition for the rebound of global economic activity, stressing that understanding capital flows is a prerequisite for economic-policy decisions.

Macro Economic Measurement To Consumer Behaviors

Author : Johnny Ch LOK
Publisher : Independently Published
ISBN 13 : 9781710734836
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (348 download)

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Book Synopsis Macro Economic Measurement To Consumer Behaviors by : Johnny Ch LOK

Download or read book Macro Economic Measurement To Consumer Behaviors written by Johnny Ch LOK and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2019-11-23 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nowadays, HK has many employers need high technolgical workers in active labor market. It will cause many HK high technological businesses can not find any high technological workers easily in HK. Then, they will choose to find overseas high technological workers to replace HK domestic workers, as well as it will cause HK high technological workers' wages to be reduced. Otherwise, overseas high technological workers' wages will be raised . Even longer time , HK many high technological workers will lose jobs, because their skills can be replaced from overseas high technological workers easily. If their demand still need HK employers raise their salaries to compare to overseas high technological workers' salaries . Due to this global macro high technological workers demand increasing factor influences to HK, so China, or other developing high technological job markets. Then, it may cause many developing countries' high technological workers lose thier jobs, due to the developed countries' high technological workers can be replaced to do their job more easy, even their salaries demand is lower to compare to the developing countries high technological workers' salaries demand. So, when the developing countries ' high technological workers feel unfair, they lose jobs, due to overseas developed countries' high technological wotkers are replaced. It will cause that they will choose to do crime behavior in society more easier. Also, HK's job security legislation is poor to comapre Western countries. For example, US, UK, New Zealand, Australia etc. Western countries. They have good citizen security legislation. All those Western countries' citizen own unemployment assistance, when they lose jobs to do in long time or they unemploy long time. Then, they have authority to need their governments to give unemployment assistance. If they have no any unemployment or they have less unemployment before 60 or 65 retirement age. Then, after 60 or 65 age, their government will still give them money for life assistance per week, till to they die. Otherwise, HK government only have job security legislation to reduce employee individual 5% of salary for MPF ( mututary provident fund) and employee's 5 % salary for MPF maximum per month for their retirement benefit. HK government won't give HK citizen money for life assistance after 65 retirement age. If the HK citizen earned less salary before 65 age, then it is not enough to provide social welfare assistance to any HK citizen after they reach 65 age in possible. So, it explains that why some HK old people will do crime behaviors more easily.

Macro Or Micro Economic Environment Influences Consumer Behaviors

Author : Johnny Ch Lok
Publisher : Independently Published
ISBN 13 : 9781710728958
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (289 download)

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Book Synopsis Macro Or Micro Economic Environment Influences Consumer Behaviors by : Johnny Ch Lok

Download or read book Macro Or Micro Economic Environment Influences Consumer Behaviors written by Johnny Ch Lok and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2019-11-23 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Is poor macro economic environment a main root to crime causation Is poor macro economic environment cause crime essentially? Economic Theories indicate the roots of crime are diverse and a discipline like economics, predicated on rational behavior, may be at something of a disadvantage in explaining a phenomenon largely viewed as irrational. A recent survey suggests that three general issues are of central concern in the economics of crime literature: the effects of incentives on criminal behavior, how decisions interact in a market-setting, and the use of cost-benefit analysis to assess alternative policies to reduce crime will focus on the role of incentives on criminal behavior.However, trend in criminal participation rates in most industrialized economies is a difficult task. Many social scientists argue that crime is closely related to work, education and poverty and that truancy, youth unemployment and crime are by products or even measures of social exclusion. "Blue-collar"criminals often have limited education and possess limited labor market skills. These characteristics partly explain the poor employment records and low legitimate earnings of most criminals. These sort of issues originally led economists to examine the relationship between wages and unemployment rates on crime. More recently economists have also considered the benefits and costs of educational programs to reduce crime.A related question concerns the impact of sanctions. For example, does increased imprisonment lower the crime rate? How does the deterrent effect of formal sanctions arise? Although criminologists have been tackling such issues for many years, it is only recently that economists have entered the arena of controversy. This is not surprising given the high levels of crime and the associated allocation of public and private resources towards crime prevention. The expenditure on the criminal justice system (police, prisons, prosecution/defense and courts) is a significant proportion of government budgets. In addition, firms and households are spending increasingly more on private security.The incentive-based economic model of crime is a model of decision making in risky situations.

An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

Author : Adam Smith
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 522 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations by : Adam Smith

Download or read book An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations written by Adam Smith and published by . This book was released on 1822 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Macroeconomics in Context

Author : Neva Goodwin
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317465741
Total Pages : 496 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis Macroeconomics in Context by : Neva Goodwin

Download or read book Macroeconomics in Context written by Neva Goodwin and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-03-12 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Macroeconomics in Context lays out the principles of macroeconomics in a manner that is thorough, up to date, and relevant to students. Like its counterpart, Microeconomics in Context, the book is attuned to economic realities--and it has a bargain price. The in Context books offer affordability, engaging treatment of high-interest topics from sustainability to financial crisis and rising inequality, and clear, straightforward presentation of economic theory. Policy issues are presented in context--historical, institutional, social, political, and ethical--and always with reference to human well-being.

Macro and Micro Economic Measurement to Consumer Behaviors

Author : Johnny Ch LOK
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781710734188
Total Pages : 393 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (341 download)

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Book Synopsis Macro and Micro Economic Measurement to Consumer Behaviors by : Johnny Ch LOK

Download or read book Macro and Micro Economic Measurement to Consumer Behaviors written by Johnny Ch LOK and published by . This book was released on 2019-11-23 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economic Theories of Crime What is economic theories of crime ?This brief literature review highlights three key economic frameworks that can be used to explain a persistent social problem in modern society, crime and delinquency: the rational model, the present-oriented or myopic model, and the radical political economic model. Based on a cost-benefit analysis, an individuals decision to engage in crime in the rational model is consistent in the short-and long-term. Present-oriented individuals, however, focus on the short-term benefits without particular concern for the long-term consequences of their actions. The radical political economic model focuses on the following key political and socio-economic factors that sustain crime: relative deprivation, poverty and inequality, unemployment, and class conflict.The conclusion includes a conceptual map integrating the three frameworks.Some economists and crime psychologists believe that crime is not limited to certain areas or to certain socioeconomic classes of society. Criminal activities take many forms, including theft, homicide,assault, fraud, embezzlement, and blackmail. So why does crime persist? Are there underlying factors that can explain criminal behavior? Can we lowerthe incentives for criminal behavior? Do criminals take opportunity costs of committing a crime into account? The social science field has long been interested in these questions.

The Oracle Speaks

Author : David Andrews
Publisher : Agate Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1932841695
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (328 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oracle Speaks by : David Andrews

Download or read book The Oracle Speaks written by David Andrews and published by Agate Publishing. This book was released on 2012 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A collection of thought-provoking direct quotes from Warren Buffett on topics related to business, investing, leadership, Berkshire Hathaway, and life.

Financial and Macroeconomic Connectedness

Author : Francis X. Diebold
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199338329
Total Pages : 285 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (993 download)

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Book Synopsis Financial and Macroeconomic Connectedness by : Francis X. Diebold

Download or read book Financial and Macroeconomic Connectedness written by Francis X. Diebold and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2015-02-03 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Connections among different assets, asset classes, portfolios, and the stocks of individual institutions are critical in examining financial markets. Interest in financial markets implies interest in underlying macroeconomic fundamentals. In Financial and Macroeconomic Connectedness, Frank Diebold and Kamil Yilmaz propose a simple framework for defining, measuring, and monitoring connectedness, which is central to finance and macroeconomics. These measures of connectedness are theoretically rigorous yet empirically relevant. The approach to connectedness proposed by the authors is intimately related to the familiar econometric notion of variance decomposition. The full set of variance decompositions from vector auto-regressions produces the core of the 'connectedness table.' The connectedness table makes clear how one can begin with the most disaggregated pair-wise directional connectedness measures and aggregate them in various ways to obtain total connectedness measures. The authors also show that variance decompositions define weighted, directed networks, so that these proposed connectedness measures are intimately related to key measures of connectedness used in the network literature. After describing their methods in the first part of the book, the authors proceed to characterize daily return and volatility connectedness across major asset (stock, bond, foreign exchange and commodity) markets as well as the financial institutions within the U.S. and across countries since late 1990s. These specific measures of volatility connectedness show that stock markets played a critical role in spreading the volatility shocks from the U.S. to other countries. Furthermore, while the return connectedness across stock markets increased gradually over time the volatility connectedness measures were subject to significant jumps during major crisis events. This book examines not only financial connectedness, but also real fundamental connectedness. In particular, the authors show that global business cycle connectedness is economically significant and time-varying, that the U.S. has disproportionately high connectedness to others, and that pairwise country connectedness is inversely related to bilateral trade surpluses.

Macroeconomics And Microeconomics Behavioral Methods Solve Developing Countries

Author : Johnny Ch Lok
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781708362430
Total Pages : 46 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (624 download)

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Book Synopsis Macroeconomics And Microeconomics Behavioral Methods Solve Developing Countries by : Johnny Ch Lok

Download or read book Macroeconomics And Microeconomics Behavioral Methods Solve Developing Countries written by Johnny Ch Lok and published by . This book was released on 2019-11-14 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The national income accounting measurement is one good method to help any development countries to research whether what issues are their weaknesses or strengths is order to improve their economic development challenge. The central concept in national accouting is to measure the total output of products or services of the country's economy over a given time period.The measure is known or gross domestic product (GDP). Output is produced by employing various factors of production ( mainly labor and captial), and the revenue from sale of output of used to make payments to these factors of production. The value of output is identified, to the value of income paidout, or what is known as national income. Since the output produced is sold ( or added to stocks), the value of output is also equal to the value of expenditure.Hence, GDP can bre regarded as the value of output produced ( appregate supply), the total value of expenditure on output ( aggregate demand) or the total value of income in producing the output (real income). So, any developing countries can find whether how much or amout different industries value of output produced from and the real aggregate demand from consumers for different industries' products sale number or services demand in order find whether what factors cause the kind of industry's total GDP product sale number and real income reduction amount. For example, last year, the developing country's cloth industry sale number has 600,000 pieces and real GDP income has US$5 million. But, this year, its cloth industry sale number has 400,000 pieces and real GDP income has US$ 2 million. Hence, the developing countries can know its current year overall cloth industry sale number and GDP real income must reduce. Then, this country can attempt to find any factors had influenced itself cloth industry why this country itself cloth buyers number and their wearing demand has reduced. the reasons may include overall cloths price is exceed the normal price level or too high to compare its other foreign cloth sellers ( overall local cloths price is exceed foreign cloth sellers' price extremely, or overall cloth fashion is not update or not attractive or quality is poor, or import cloth material producing price is too high to cause overall cloth sellers' cloth sale prices are needed to rise in order to earn balance profit or avoid reducing profit, or this developing country's cloth sellers' loyalties or brands are not famous to influence overall local cloth buyers know to choose to buy in itself country. Hence, this developing country can attempt to apply macroeconomic behavioral method to find whether what it/are the main factor(s) to cause its overall cloth industry's real GDP income and sale number is influenced to fall down suddenly in this year.This macroeconomic country income measurement method can also measure why or what factors cause its any industries' overall supply and demand imbalance problem existence or cause. The reader will notice that the aggregate supply curve (AS) is drawn with an upward slope from left or right. So that at higher price levels more output is provided obviously, there will be a point when, given fixed amount of captial, labor and technology, output can not be increased in the short term. This represents the full employment level, and at this point, the aggregrate suply curve will become vertical. The aggregate demand cuve simply shows the relationship between the total amount of products and services consumers desire and the price level.