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Development Of A Standard Austin School Bus Driving Cycle And Application To Compare Emissions And Fuel Consumption Of A Plug In Hybrid School Bus And A Conventional School Bus
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Book Synopsis Development of a Standard Austin School Bus Driving Cycle and Application to Compare Emissions and Fuel Consumption of a Plug-in Hybrid School Bus and a Conventional School Bus by : Kyung Jin Kim
Download or read book Development of a Standard Austin School Bus Driving Cycle and Application to Compare Emissions and Fuel Consumption of a Plug-in Hybrid School Bus and a Conventional School Bus written by Kyung Jin Kim and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To conduct testing for vehicle emissions and fuel economy comparisons, regardless of the vehicle sizes, the chassis dynamometer testing method is an almost universal test methodology. However, in the case of heavy-duty vehicles, chassis dynamometer testing is not always a convenient way unlike light-duty vehicles, especially in the aspects of cost and availability. In this study, a new technique is proposed and implemented for a plug-in hybrid school bus and a brand new conventional diesel school bus, for a comparison of emissions and fuel economy. Both buses are owned, and operated by the Department of Transportation of the Austin Independent School District (AISD). One aspect of this new technique is shared with the conventional method for comparing emissions and fuel economy: standard driving cycle development. However, with the new technique, the emissions are measured and the fuel consumption rate is logged (from the on-board computer) simultaneously with the vehicle speed. After the newly established standard driving cycle has been generated, the researcher picks matching micro-trips from all of the logged data. The reconstructed driving cycle for the plug-in hybrid school bus had an overall correlation coefficient of 99.81% relative to the standard driving cycle, and the reconstructed driving cycle for the normal diesel school bus had an overall correlation coefficient of 94.41%. The NOx emissions and fuel injection rate data for these reconstructed driving cycles were then corrected according to EPA and/or SAE standards. The results showed that the plug-in hybrid school bus emits 25% less NOx and has 42% better fuel economy than the normal bus. The fuel economy results obtained from the ~29 minute long Austin school bus standard driving cycle matched the average fuel economy from AISD records within 5.8%, illustrating the accuracy of this new technique. The overall energy costs for operation of these buses were also analyzed, and the plug-in hybrid school bus (accounting for the cost of the electricity used to recharge the batteries twice each workday) showed benefits unless the diesel fuel price, which is tax-free for public school districts in Texas, is lower than $1.15/gallon. If the diesel fuel price is to increase continuously in the future, the plug-in hybrid school bus will become a more attractive option as a substitute for conventional diesel school buses.
Book Synopsis Drive Cycle Analysis, Measurement of Emissions and Fuel Consumption of a PHEV School Bus by : Robb Barnitt
Download or read book Drive Cycle Analysis, Measurement of Emissions and Fuel Consumption of a PHEV School Bus written by Robb Barnitt and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) technology may reduce fuel consumption and tailpipe emissions in many medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, including school buses. The true magnitude of these reductions is best assessed by comparative testing over relevant drive cycles. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) collected and analyzed real-world school bus drive cycle data, and selected similar standard drive cycles for testing on a chassis dynamometer. NREL tested a first-generation PHEV school bus equipped with a 6.4 L engine and an Enova PHEV drive system comprising a 25-kW/80 kW (continuous/peak) motor and a 370-volt lithium ion battery pack. For a baseline comparison, a Bluebird 7.2 L conventional school bus was also tested. Both vehicles were tested over three different drive cycles to capture a range of driving activity. Relative to the baseline school bus, the PHEV fuel savings in charge-depleting (CD) mode ranged from slightly more than 30% on the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule for Heavy Duty Vehicles and Rowan University Composite School Bus Cycle drive cycles to a little over 50% on the Orange County Bus cycle. However, the larger fuel savings lasted over a shorter driving distance, as the fully charged PHEV school bus would initially operate in CD mode for some distance, then in a transitional mode and finally in a charge-sustaining (CS) mode for continued driving. The test results indicate that a PHEV school bus can achieve significant fuel savings during CD operation relative to a conventional bus. In CS mode, the tested bus showed small fuel savings and somewhat higher nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions than the baseline comparison bus. Further refinements to realize hybridization fuel savings in CS mode and calibrations focused on reducing NOx could lead to both higher fuel economy and lower NOx emissions in the next generation PHEV bus design.
Book Synopsis Comparison of Emissions and Energy Consumptions Between a Conventional Diesel School Bus and a Plug-in Hybrid School Bus, Emphasizes on Recharging by : Claire Anne Florette
Download or read book Comparison of Emissions and Energy Consumptions Between a Conventional Diesel School Bus and a Plug-in Hybrid School Bus, Emphasizes on Recharging written by Claire Anne Florette and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Quantifying the emissions due to the charging of the batteries of the plug-in hybrid electricity school bus operated by the Austin Independent School District (AISD) is the focus of this work. This plug-in hybrid school bus is one of only nineteen in the country, and was manufactured by IC Corporation. This hybrid school bus reduces fuel consumption and CO2, NOx and PM emissions in comparison with conventional diesel buses. This reduction is good for the health of the children who take the school bus everyday as they are part of the population the most at risk because their lungs are still developing. In order to evaluate CO2, NOx and PM emissions, measurements of the charging of the batteries versus time were taken for the two charging periods each day during the months of April and May 2009. These measurements were repeated in October 2009 when the route was changed for the new school year: 2009-2010. An analysis of the Austin electricity mix that provides electricity to the bus center was done hour by hour to evaluate the emissions, calculated on a g/mile basis. Measurements of the vehicle speed versus time and altitude were taken during February 2010 in order to explain some of the differences observed between the two routes. Different parameters were studied to analyze the results. The first parameter studied was the impact of the season on the emissions. The second parameter studied was the impact of the route and its characteristics (road length, traffic, grade, etc.). The last parameter studied was the difference between two methods used to evaluate the emissions using the electricity mix data. These two methods are different but each of them brings something to the analysis of the results.
Book Synopsis Development of a New Composite School Bus Test Cycle and the Effect of Fuel Type on Mobile Emissions from Three School Buses by : J. Hearne
Download or read book Development of a New Composite School Bus Test Cycle and the Effect of Fuel Type on Mobile Emissions from Three School Buses written by J. Hearne and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Performance Modeling of Hybrid and Plug-In Hybrid Electric School Buses Using ADVISOR. by :
Download or read book Performance Modeling of Hybrid and Plug-In Hybrid Electric School Buses Using ADVISOR. written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The hybrid electric vehicle is currently changing the automotive market at an impressive rate. While not as highly publicized, the transit bus market is being transformed at an equally great rate. As these markets move forward, the school bus market remains largely unchanged. As an unchanged market, there is still the opportunity to optimize a hybrid vehicle platform for school buses. This study begins the modeling process of an existing class C school bus and investigates the potential that both series and parallel hybrids to reduce fuel consumption and emissions for a school bus. The primary focus of this study is to investigate the potential benefits of adding an electricity grid interconnection to hybrid electric school buses, allowing them to add to the hybrid potential with a pre-charged battery pack from the electric utility grid. These vehicles are known as plug-in hybrids The school bus models shown in this paper were generated in a Matlab/Simulink-based program developed by NREL called ADVISOR. ADVISOR is used by vehicle manufacturers as a tool to experiment with different vehicle configurations. In this study both a generic series hybrid and a generic parallel hybrid are generated and then each is used in both charge-sustaining and charge-depleting scenarios with varying sizes of battery packs to increase the 'grid energy.' The results of each model are presented by both fuel economy and emissions reductions taking into account the power plant emissions and electricity costs. The results of the study show that by adding a plug-in connection to existing hybrids, significant savings can be achieved, both in fuel costs and in overall emissions. By analyzing the emissions both at the power plant level and at the vehicle level we show that emission of NOx, Particulate Matter and Carbon Dioxide emissions can all be reduced while saving on fuel costs. This study also shows that some models of traditional hybrid can be operated as plug-in models with little or no.
Book Synopsis The Effects of Drive Cycle Accessory Load and Degree of Hybridization on Fuel Economy and Emissions for Hybrid Electric Buses by : Dennis Chen
Download or read book The Effects of Drive Cycle Accessory Load and Degree of Hybridization on Fuel Economy and Emissions for Hybrid Electric Buses written by Dennis Chen and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) have gained much attention in recent years. This is mainly due to rising fuel prices and increasing environmental awareness. By implementing electricity as one of the power sources, a HEV can not only reduce fuel consumption but can also decrease tailpipe emissions. In this thesis, the software package Powertrain Systems Analysis Toolkit (PSAT) was chosen as the simulation tool to model several bus powertrain configurations - conventional, three different degrees of hybridization parallel hybrid electric (PHEB), and a series hybrid electric (SHEB) to predict fuel economy and emissions level. The simulations were run with a typical accessory load, 15 kW, for a 40-foot transit bus as well as for no accessory load. The effect of accessory load on fuel economy was identified. Four different drive cycles - Manhattan, UDDS, CBD, and WVU City cycles - that covered a wide range of driving conditions were chosen as the testing cycles for the simulations. For no accessory load, it was found that the PHEB1, which had the highest degree of hybridization, yielded the best fuel economy improvement on all four drive cycles. The highest fuel economy improvement without accessory load, 121.9%, was found for the Manhattan cycle. The maximum fuel economy improvement, 51.8%, for a 15 kW accessory load also occurred running the Manhattan cycle, and was achieved by the PHEB1 as well. The maximum fuel economy reduction with a 15 kW accessory load was 48.9%. The largest emissions reductions with a 15 kW of accessory load were achieved by the PHEB1 operated in the Manhattan cycle, with NOx and PM emissions reductions of 73.4% and 45.9% over the conventional bus, respectively. Based on the emissions analysis, a bus with better fuel economy tends to have lower emissions and a bus with lower gas mileage usually produces more emissions, although there were some exceptions in the inverse relationship between gas mileage and emissions level.
Book Synopsis Measurement and Modeling of the Activity, Energy, and Emissions of Conventional and Alternative Vehicles by :
Download or read book Measurement and Modeling of the Activity, Energy, and Emissions of Conventional and Alternative Vehicles written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the transportation sector is a significant contributor of air pollution, the capabilities of estimating fuel use and emissions for various vehicles is important to air quality studies as well as the development of environmental guidelines and policy recommendations. In this thesis, a common or similar modeling approach based on second-by-second data using portable emission measurement system (PEMS) was developed to estimate energy and emission estimation for a wide variety of on-road and non-road sources with conventional and alternative technology. Based on vehicle-specific power (VSP) and speed-acceleration modal models, two correction factors were developed to estimate fuel consumption and emissions for vehicles which were driven with high and constant speed on highway. The corrected emission factors for NOx, HC, CO, and CO2 were significantly higher for high speeds and lower for low speeds than base emission factors estimated using MOBILE6 which is based on transient test cycles with durations on the order of 10 minutes. A similar methodology was used to estimate energy use and emissions for a plug-in hybrid diesel-electric school bus (PHSB) and conventional diesel school bus (CDSB) for typical school bus routes in NC. To quantify the reduction of fuel use and emissions between PHSB and CDSB for same driving routes, the mixed-modal models based on manifold absolute pressure and VSP versus emissions were developed. Plug-in hybrid technology showed significant emission reductions for stop-and-go driving pattern. These results could provide a support for transportation and air quality management. This thesis also introduces a simplified emission estimation methodology for locomotives based on rail-yard measurements using PEMS. This alternative measurement method is faster and cheaper than a federal reference method (FRM). The fuel-based emission rates based on PEMS measurement were comparable to FRM. It should serve as a useful basis of comparison to data in.
Download or read book Backpacker written by and published by . This book was released on 2007-09 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Backpacker brings the outdoors straight to the reader's doorstep, inspiring and enabling them to go more places and enjoy nature more often. The authority on active adventure, Backpacker is the world's first GPS-enabled magazine, and the only magazine whose editors personally test the hiking trails, camping gear, and survival tips they publish. Backpacker's Editors' Choice Awards, an industry honor recognizing design, feature and product innovation, has become the gold standard against which all other outdoor-industry awards are measured.
Book Synopsis Real Prospects for Energy Efficiency in the United States by : National Research Council
Download or read book Real Prospects for Energy Efficiency in the United States written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-06-10 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: America's economy and lifestyles have been shaped by the low prices and availability of energy. In the last decade, however, the prices of oil, natural gas, and coal have increased dramatically, leaving consumers and the industrial and service sectors looking for ways to reduce energy use. To achieve greater energy efficiency, we need technology, more informed consumers and producers, and investments in more energy-efficient industrial processes, businesses, residences, and transportation. As part of the America's Energy Future project, Real Prospects for Energy Efficiency in the United States examines the potential for reducing energy demand through improving efficiency by using existing technologies, technologies developed but not yet utilized widely, and prospective technologies. The book evaluates technologies based on their estimated times to initial commercial deployment, and provides an analysis of costs, barriers, and research needs. This quantitative characterization of technologies will guide policy makers toward planning the future of energy use in America. This book will also have much to offer to industry leaders, investors, environmentalists, and others looking for a practical diagnosis of energy efficiency possibilities.
Book Synopsis Transportation Energy Data Book by :
Download or read book Transportation Energy Data Book written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Tires and Passenger Vehicle Fuel Economy by :
Download or read book Tires and Passenger Vehicle Fuel Economy written by and published by Transportation Research Board. This book was released on 2006 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Recommended Practice for Measuring Fuel Economy and Emissions of Hybrid-Electric and Conventional Heavy-Duty Vehicles by : Truck and Bus Powertrain Committee
Download or read book Recommended Practice for Measuring Fuel Economy and Emissions of Hybrid-Electric and Conventional Heavy-Duty Vehicles written by Truck and Bus Powertrain Committee and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This SAE Recommended Practice was established to provide an accurate, uniform and reproducible procedure for simulating use of heavy-duty hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs) and conventional vehicles on dynamometers for the purpose of measuring emissions and fuel economy. Although the recommended practice can be applied using any driving cycle, the practice recommends three cycles: the Manhattan cycle, representing low-speed transit bus operation; the Orange County Transit Cycle, representing intermediate-speed bus operation; and the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) cycle representing high-speed operation for buses and tractor-trailers. This document does not specify which emissions constituents to measure (e.g., HC, CO, NOx, PM, CO2), as that decision will depend on the objectives of the tester. While the recommended practice was developed specifically to address the issue of measuring fuel economy and emissions for hybrid-electric heavy-duty vehicles on a chassis dynamometer, the document can also be applied to chassis testing of other heavy-duty vehicles.This document builds upon SAE J1711, the light-duty HEV chassis recommended practice. As in SAE J1711, this document defines a hybrid vehicle as having both a rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) capable of releasing and capturing energy and an energy-generating device that converts consumable fuels into propulsion energy. RESS specifically included in the recommended practice are batteries, capacitors and flywheels, although other RESS can be evaluated utilizing the guidelines provided in the document. Further, the recommended practice provides a detailed description of state of charge (SOC) correction for charge-sustaining HEVs. This document also has a section which provides recommendations for calculating fuel economy and emissions for charge-depleting hybrid-electric vehicles. It should be noted that most heavy-duty vehicles addressed in this document would be powered by engines that are certified separately for emissions. The engine certification procedure appears in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40.NOTE This document does not make specific provisions or recommendations for testing of bus and truck emissions with air conditioning deployed because the complexity of such tests is significant and is beyond the scope of the original document. It is recognized that a future practice that addresses air conditioning and other potentially large auxiliary loads is needed. This technical report is being Stabilized because it covers technology, products, or processes for which technical expertise no longer resides in the owning committee.
Book Synopsis Electric School Bus System Evaluation and Analysis by : Dahlia Garas
Download or read book Electric School Bus System Evaluation and Analysis written by Dahlia Garas and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Statistical Characterization of School Bus Drive Cycles Collected via Onboard Logging Systems by :
Download or read book Statistical Characterization of School Bus Drive Cycles Collected via Onboard Logging Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In an effort to characterize the dynamics typical of school bus operation, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) researchers set out to gather in-use duty cycle data from school bus fleets operating across the country. Employing a combination of Isaac Instruments GPS/CAN data loggers in conjunction with existing onboard telemetric systems resulted in the capture of operating information formore than 200 individual vehicles in three geographically unique domestic locations. In total, over 1,500 individual operational route shifts from Washington, New York, and Colorado were collected. Upon completing the collection of in-use field data using either NREL-installed data acquisition devices or existing onboard telemetry systems, large-scale duty-cycle statistical analyses wereperformed to examine underlying vehicle dynamics trends within the data and to explore vehicle operation variations between fleet locations. Based on the results of these analyses, high, low, and average vehicle dynamics requirements were determined, resulting in the selection of representative standard chassis dynamometer test cycles for each condition. In this paper, the methodology andaccompanying results of the large-scale duty-cycle statistical analysis are presented, including graphical and tabular representations of a number of relationships between key duty-cycle metrics observed within the larger data set. In addition to presenting the results of this analysis, conclusions are drawn and presented regarding potential applications of advanced vehicle technology as itrelates specifically to school buses.
Book Synopsis Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions From a Heavy-Duty Hybrid Bus by :
Download or read book Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions From a Heavy-Duty Hybrid Bus written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The introduction of prototype heavy-duty hybrid vehicles introduces a number of challenges in assessing emissions performance compared to conventionally powered diesel or gasoline-fueled, heavy-duty vehicles. Difficulty is encountered because the engine may be operated on an intermittent basis (as a function of load or state of charge of the energy storage system) and in a narrow speed/load range. An engine test alone would not characterize the hybrid vehicle's emissions or fuel economy. Therefore, in this project, heavy-duty chassis dynamometer emission measurements were used to benchmark the fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of a heavy-duty hybrid vehicle against a conventionally powered vehicle. The hybrid bus was powered with a CNG-fueled, VW 2.0L engine. Exhaust emissions from the hybrid bus were compared to a 1996 model year diesel-powered bus operated over the same driving cycles, and using the same inertia weight and road load as the hybrid bus. SwRI noted that the aftermarket CNG fuel system installed on the 2.0L VW engine did not function adequately; therefore, the exhaust emissions from the hybrid bus could have been much better if detailed optimization had been performed. In fact, NOx emissions were 25 to 30 percent higher than for the diesel bus. However, even with the non-optimum CNG fuel system, the exhaust emissions of NMHC and CO were significantly lower than observed for a comparable diesel bus. Although not directly measured, PM emissions from the hybrid bus were assumed to be essentially zero. Another significant finding was that the fuel consumption of the hybrid bus was 13 to 30 percent better than the diesel bus over the CBD-14 cycle, and 38 to 45 percent better than the diesel bus over the HDCC.
Book Synopsis Performance Modeling of Hybrid and Plug-in Hybrid Electric School Buses Using ADVISOR by : Ewan Gareth David Pritchard
Download or read book Performance Modeling of Hybrid and Plug-in Hybrid Electric School Buses Using ADVISOR written by Ewan Gareth David Pritchard and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Keywords: Grid Connected, Plug In, School Bus, Hybrid.
Book Synopsis School Bus Idling and Mobile Diesel Emissions Testing by : Jason Scott Hearne
Download or read book School Bus Idling and Mobile Diesel Emissions Testing written by Jason Scott Hearne and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
