Design Deployment Performance And Baseline Data Assessment Of Surface Tiltmeter Array Technology In Aquistore Geologic Co2 Storage Project

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Design, Deployment, Performance and Baseline Data Assessment of Surface Tiltmeter Array Technology in Aquistore Geologic CO2 Storage Project

Author : Yazhao Wang
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 111 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (956 download)

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Book Synopsis Design, Deployment, Performance and Baseline Data Assessment of Surface Tiltmeter Array Technology in Aquistore Geologic CO2 Storage Project by : Yazhao Wang

Download or read book Design, Deployment, Performance and Baseline Data Assessment of Surface Tiltmeter Array Technology in Aquistore Geologic CO2 Storage Project written by Yazhao Wang and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tiltmeters have been widely applied in the engineering field for precise angle measurement. The recent adoption of surface tiltmeter array in monitoring geologic CO2 storage has further expanded the reach of this technology. During reservoir surveillance, tiltmeter array detects sub-millimeter level surface movement, delivers valuable input for reservoir management, and provides safety assurance to the general public. While achieving the high sensitivity, tiltmeter array also bears negative effect from the amplified environmental and cultural noise. The control and quantification of noise signals become more important in reservoir surveillance as noise signals approach injection signals in both temporal scale and amplitude. A surface array consisting of 15 tiltmeters is deployed in the Aquistore geologic CO2 storage site southwest of Estevan, Saskatchewan, Canada. The design and deployment of tiltmeter array successfully delivers satisfactory reservoir coverage and sustains an insulated operational environment. In the baseline phase two years of tilt data are collected and analyzed for the composition of noise signals. Earth tides, surface meteorological conditions and seismic activities all contribute to the observed baseline tilt pattern. In order to remove the impact of noise signals, three general methods are proposed based on the revealed signal characteristics. A statistical regression method is used to quantify linearly-provoked tilt signal such as that from solid earth tide. For complex processes such as the impact of surface precipitation, a numerical modelling approach is adopted to estimate the scale of induced tilt signal. As tiltmeter sensors exhibit temperature dependent behavior, a calibration method is proposed. With the removal of noise signals from tilt measurement, the tiltmeter array technology is improved with more accurate and unbiased surveillance output monitoring CO2 injection and storage.

Design, Deployment, Performance and Assessment of Downhole and Near Surface Monitoring Technology for Geological CO2 Storage

Author : Gonzalo Zambrano Narváez
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (785 download)

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Book Synopsis Design, Deployment, Performance and Assessment of Downhole and Near Surface Monitoring Technology for Geological CO2 Storage by : Gonzalo Zambrano Narváez

Download or read book Design, Deployment, Performance and Assessment of Downhole and Near Surface Monitoring Technology for Geological CO2 Storage written by Gonzalo Zambrano Narváez and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Data-Driven Analytics for the Geological Storage of CO2

Author : Shahab Mohaghegh
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1315280809
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (152 download)

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Book Synopsis Data-Driven Analytics for the Geological Storage of CO2 by : Shahab Mohaghegh

Download or read book Data-Driven Analytics for the Geological Storage of CO2 written by Shahab Mohaghegh and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-05-20 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Data-driven analytics is enjoying unprecedented popularity among oil and gas professionals. Many reservoir engineering problems associated with geological storage of CO2 require the development of numerical reservoir simulation models. This book is the first to examine the contribution of artificial intelligence and machine learning in data-driven analytics of fluid flow in porous environments, including saline aquifers and depleted gas and oil reservoirs. Drawing from actual case studies, this book demonstrates how smart proxy models can be developed for complex numerical reservoir simulation models. Smart proxy incorporates pattern recognition capabilities of artificial intelligence and machine learning to build smart models that learn the intricacies of physical, mechanical and chemical interactions using precise numerical simulations. This ground breaking technology makes it possible and practical to use high fidelity, complex numerical reservoir simulation models in the design, analysis and optimization of carbon storage in geological formations projects.

Geological CO2 Storage Characterization

Author : Ronald C. Surdam
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461457882
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)

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Book Synopsis Geological CO2 Storage Characterization by : Ronald C. Surdam

Download or read book Geological CO2 Storage Characterization written by Ronald C. Surdam and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-12 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book investigates geological CO2 storage and its role in greenhouse gas emissions reduction, enhanced oil recovery, and environmentally responsible use of fossil fuels. Written for energy/environmental regulators at every level of government (federal, state, etc.), scientists/academics, representatives from the power and fossil energy sectors, NGOs, and other interested parties, this book uses the characterization of the Rock Springs Uplift site in Wyoming as an integrated case study to illustrate the application of geological CO2 storage science, principles, and theory in a real-world scenario.

Engineering Aspects of Geologic CO2 Storage

Author : Dayanand Saini
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319560743
Total Pages : 85 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Engineering Aspects of Geologic CO2 Storage by : Dayanand Saini

Download or read book Engineering Aspects of Geologic CO2 Storage written by Dayanand Saini and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-03-22 with total page 85 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This timely book explores the lessons learned in and potentials of injecting supercritical CO2 into depleted oil and gas reservoirs, in order to maximize both hydrocarbon recovery and the storage capacities of injected CO2. The author provides a detailed discussion of key engineering parameters of simultaneous CO2 enhanced oil recovery and CO2 storage in depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs. These include candidate site selection, CO2 oil miscibility, maximizing CO2-storage capacity in enhanced oil recovery operations, well configurations, and cap and reservoir rock integrity. The book will help practicing professionals devise strategies to curb greenhouse gas emissions from the use of fossil fuels for energy production via geologic CO2 storage, while developing CO2 injection as an economically viable and environmentally sensible business model for hydrocarbon exploration and production in a low carbon economy.

Microseismic Monitoring and Geomechanical Modelling of CO2 Storage in Subsurface Reservoirs

Author : James P. Verdon
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642253881
Total Pages : 193 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (422 download)

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Book Synopsis Microseismic Monitoring and Geomechanical Modelling of CO2 Storage in Subsurface Reservoirs by : James P. Verdon

Download or read book Microseismic Monitoring and Geomechanical Modelling of CO2 Storage in Subsurface Reservoirs written by James P. Verdon and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-01-11 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis presents an impressive summary of the potential to use passive seismic methods to monitor the sequestration of anthropogenic CO2 in geologic reservoirs. It brings together innovative research in two distinct areas – seismology and geomechanics – and involves both data analysis and numerical modelling. The data come from the Weyburn-Midale project, which is currently the largest Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) project in the world. James Verdon’s results show how passive seismic monitoring can be used as an early warning system for fault reactivation and top seal failure, which may lead to the escape of CO2 at the surface.

Geophysical Monitoring for Geologic Carbon Storage

Author : Lianjie Huang
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111915684X
Total Pages : 468 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis Geophysical Monitoring for Geologic Carbon Storage by : Lianjie Huang

Download or read book Geophysical Monitoring for Geologic Carbon Storage written by Lianjie Huang and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-03-09 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Methods and techniques for monitoring subsurface carbon dioxide storage Storing carbon dioxide in underground geological formations is emerging as a promising technology to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere. A range of geophysical techniques can be deployed to remotely track carbon dioxide plumes and monitor changes in the subsurface, which is critical for ensuring for safe, long-term storage. Geophysical Monitoring for Geologic Carbon Storage provides a comprehensive review of different geophysical techniques currently in use and being developed, assessing their advantages and limitations. Volume highlights include: Geodetic and surface monitoring techniques Subsurface monitoring using seismic techniques Subsurface monitoring using non-seismic techniques Case studies of geophysical monitoring at different geologic carbon storage sites The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.

Geological Storage of CO2

Author : Jan Martin Nordbotten
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470889462
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis Geological Storage of CO2 by : Jan Martin Nordbotten

Download or read book Geological Storage of CO2 written by Jan Martin Nordbotten and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-12-20 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the large research effort in both public and commercial companies, no textbook has yet been written on this subject. This book aims to provide an overview to the topic of Carbon Capture and Storage (CSS), while at the same time focusing on the dominant processes and the mathematical and numerical methods that need to be employed in order to analyze the relevant systems. The book clearly states the carbon problem and the role of CCS and carbon storage. Thereafter, it provides an introduction to single phase and multi-phase flow in porous media, including some of the most common mathematical analysis and an overview of numerical methods for the equations. A considerable part of the book discusses the appropriate scales of modeling, and how to formulate consistent governing equations at these scales. The book also illustrates real world data sets and how the ideas in the book can be exploited through combinations of analytical and numerical approaches.

Data-Driven Analytics for the Geological Storage of CO2

Author : Shahab D. Mohaghegh
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9781315280813
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Data-Driven Analytics for the Geological Storage of CO2 by : Shahab D. Mohaghegh

Download or read book Data-Driven Analytics for the Geological Storage of CO2 written by Shahab D. Mohaghegh and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Data-driven analytics is enjoying unprecedented popularity among oil and gas professionals. Many reservoir engineering problems associated with geological storage of CO2 require the development of numerical reservoir simulation models. This book is the first to examine the contribution of artificial intelligence and machine learning in data-driven analytics of fluid flow in porous environments, including saline aquifers and depleted gas and oil reservoirs. Drawing from actual case studies, this book demonstrates how smart proxy models can be developed for complex numerical reservoir simulation models. Smart proxy incorporates pattern recognition capabilities of artificial intelligence and machine learning to build smart models that learn the intricacies of physical, mechanical and chemical interactions using precise numerical simulations. This ground breaking technology makes it possible and practical to use high fidelity, complex numerical reservoir simulation models in the design, analysis and optimization of carbon storage in geological formations projects.

Integrated Reflection Seismic Monitoring and Reservoir Modeling for Geologic CO2 Sequestration

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Integrated Reflection Seismic Monitoring and Reservoir Modeling for Geologic CO2 Sequestration by :

Download or read book Integrated Reflection Seismic Monitoring and Reservoir Modeling for Geologic CO2 Sequestration written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The US DOE/NETL CCS MVA program funded a project with Fusion Petroleum Technologies Inc. (now SIGMA) to model the proof of concept of using sparse seismic data in the monitoring of CO2 injected into saline aquifers. The goal of the project was to develop and demonstrate an active source reflection seismic imaging strategy based on deployment of spatially sparse surface seismic arrays. The primary objective was to test the feasibility of sparse seismic array systems to monitor the CO2 plume migration injected into deep saline aquifers. The USDOE/RMOTC Teapot Dome (Wyoming) 3D seismic and reservoir data targeting the Crow Mountain formation was used as a realistic proxy to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed methodology. Though the RMOTC field has been well studied, the Crow Mountain as a saline aquifer has not been studied previously as a CO2 sequestration (storage) candidate reservoir. A full reprocessing of the seismic data from field tapes that included prestack time migration (PSTM) followed by prestack depth migration (PSDM) was performed. A baseline reservoir model was generated from the new imaging results that characterized the faults and horizon surfaces of the Crow Mountain reservoir. The 3D interpretation was integrated with the petrophysical data from available wells and incorporated into a geocellular model. The reservoir structure used in the geocellular model was developed using advanced inversion technologies including Fusion's ThinMAN{trademark} broadband spectral inversion. Seal failure risk was assessed using Fusion's proprietary GEOPRESS{trademark} pore pressure and fracture pressure prediction technology. CO2 injection was simulated into the Crow Mountain with a commercial reservoir simulator. Approximately 1.2MM tons of CO2 was simulated to be injected into the Crow Mountain reservoir over 30 years and subsequently let 'soak' in the reservoir for 970 years. The relatively small plume developed from this injection was observed migrating due to gravity to the apexes of the double anticline in the Crow Mountain reservoir of the Teapot dome. Four models were generated from the reservoir simulation task of the project which included three saturation models representing snapshots at different times during and after simulated CO2 injection and a fully saturated CO2 fluid substitution model. The saturation models were used along with a Gassmann fluid substitution model for CO2 to perform fluid volumetric substitution in the Crow Mountain formation. The fluid substitution resulted in a velocity and density model for the 3D volume at each saturation condition that was used to generate a synthetic seismic survey. FPTI's (Fusion Petroleum Technologies Inc.) proprietary SeisModelPRO{trademark} full acoustic wave equation software was used to simulate acquisition of a 3D seismic survey on the four models over a subset of the field area. The simulated acquisition area included the injection wells and the majority of the simulated plume area.

Geophysics and Geosequestration

Author : Thomas L. Davis
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107137497
Total Pages : 391 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Geophysics and Geosequestration by : Thomas L. Davis

Download or read book Geophysics and Geosequestration written by Thomas L. Davis and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-05-09 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An overview of the geophysical techniques and analysis methods for monitoring subsurface carbon dioxide storage for researchers and industry practitioners.

Developing a Consistent Database for Regional Geologic CO2 Storage Capacity Worldwide

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 4709 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Developing a Consistent Database for Regional Geologic CO2 Storage Capacity Worldwide by :

Download or read book Developing a Consistent Database for Regional Geologic CO2 Storage Capacity Worldwide written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 4709 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Assessments of the geologic storage capacity of carbon dioxide in the current literature are incomplete and inconsistent, complicating efforts to assess the worldwide potential for carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS). We developed a method for generating first-order estimates of storage capacity requiring minimal data to characterize a geologic formation. We show this simplified method accounts for the majority of the variance in storage capacity found in more detailed studies conducted in the United States. We apply our method to create a worldwide database of storage capacity, disaggregated into 18 regions, and compare this storage capacity to CCS deployment in the MIT Economic Prediction and Policy Analysis (EPPA) model. Globally, we estimate there are between 8,000 and 55,000 gigatonnes (Gt) of practically accessible geologic storage capacity for carbon dioxide. For most of the regions, our results indicate storage capacity is not a limiting factor for CCS deployment through the rest of this century even if stringent emissions reductions are required.

Simulation Framework for Regional Geologic CO{sub 2} Storage Along Arches Province of Midwestern United States

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Simulation Framework for Regional Geologic CO{sub 2} Storage Along Arches Province of Midwestern United States by :

Download or read book Simulation Framework for Regional Geologic CO{sub 2} Storage Along Arches Province of Midwestern United States written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report presents final technical results for the project Simulation Framework for Regional Geologic CO2 Storage Infrastructure along Arches Province of the Midwest United States. The Arches Simulation project was a three year effort designed to develop a simulation framework for regional geologic carbon dioxide (CO2) storage infrastructure along the Arches Province through development of a geologic model and advanced reservoir simulations of large-scale CO2 storage. The project included five major technical tasks: (1) compilation of geologic, hydraulic and injection data on Mount Simon, (2) development of model framework and parameters, (3) preliminary variable density flow simulations, (4) multi-phase model runs of regional storage scenarios, and (5) implications for regional storage feasibility. The Arches Province is an informal region in northeastern Indiana, northern Kentucky, western Ohio, and southern Michigan where sedimentary rock formations form broad arch and platform structures. In the province, the Mount Simon sandstone is an appealing deep saline formation for CO2 storage because of the intersection of reservoir thickness and permeability. Many CO2 sources are located in proximity to the Arches Province, and the area is adjacent to coal fired power plants along the Ohio River Valley corridor. Geophysical well logs, rock samples, drilling logs, and geotechnical tests were evaluated for a 500,000 km2 study area centered on the Arches Province. Hydraulic parameters and historical operational information was also compiled from Mount Simon wastewater injection wells in the region. This information was integrated into a geocellular model that depicts the parameters and conditions in a numerical array. The geologic and hydraulic data were integrated into a three-dimensional grid of porosity and permeability, which are key parameters regarding fluid flow and pressure buildup due to CO2 injection. Permeability data were corrected in locations where reservoir tests have been performed in Mount Simon injection wells. The geocellular model was used to develop a series of numerical simulations designed to support CO2 storage applications in the Arches Province. Variable density fluid flow simulations were initially run to evaluate model sensitivity to input parameters. Two dimensional, multiple-phase simulations were completed to evaluate issues related to arranging injection fields in the study area. A basin-scale, multiple-phase model was developed to evaluate large scale injection effects across the region. Finally, local scale simulations were also completed with more detailed depiction of the Eau Claire formation to investigate to the potential for upward migration of CO2. Overall, the technical work on the project concluded that injection large-scale injection may be achieved with proper field design, operation, siting, and monitoring. Records from Mount Simon injection wells were compiled, documenting more than 20 billion gallons of injection into the Mount Simon formation in the Arches Province over the past 40 years, equivalent to approximately 60 million metric tons CO2. The multi-state team effort was useful in delineating the geographic variability in the Mount Simon reservoir properties. Simulations better defined potential well fields, well field arrangement, CO2 pipeline distribution system, and operational parameters for large-scale injection in the Arches Province. Multiphase scoping level simulations suggest that injection fields with arrays of 9 to 50+ wells may be used to accommodate large injection volumes. Individual wells may need to be separated by 3 to 10 km. Injection fields may require spacing of 25 to 40 km to limit pressure and saturation front interference. Basin-scale multiple-phase simulations in STOMP reflect variability in the Mount Simon. While simulations suggest a total injection rate of 100 million metric tons per year (approximately to a 40% reduction of CO2 emissions from large p ...

Practical Applications of Time-lapse Seismic Data

Author : David H. Johnston
Publisher : SEG Books
ISBN 13 : 156080307X
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (68 download)

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Book Synopsis Practical Applications of Time-lapse Seismic Data by : David H. Johnston

Download or read book Practical Applications of Time-lapse Seismic Data written by David H. Johnston and published by SEG Books. This book was released on 2013 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Time-lapse (4D) seismic technology is a key enabler for improved hydrocarbon recovery and more cost-effective field operations. This book shows how 4D data are used for reservoir surveillance, add value to reservoir management, and provide valuable insight on dynamic reservoir properties such as fluid saturation, pressure, and temperature.

The Ordos Basin

Author : Renchao Yang
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323852653
Total Pages : 534 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (238 download)

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Book Synopsis The Ordos Basin by : Renchao Yang

Download or read book The Ordos Basin written by Renchao Yang and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-11-30 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Ordos Basin: Sedimentological Research for Hydrocarbons Exploration provides an overview of sedimentological approaches used in the lacustrine Ordos Basin (but also applicable in other marine and lacustrine basins) to make hydrocarbon exploration more efficient. Oil exploration is becoming increasingly focused on tight sandstone reservoirs and shales. The development of these reservoirs, particularly regarding the sedimentary processes and the resulting sediments, are still poorly understood. Exploration and exploitation of such reservoirs requires new insights into the lateral and vertical facies changes, and as already indicated above, the knowledge surrounding facies and how they change in deep-water environments is still relatively unclear. - Covers several geological aspects so the reader may well understand the context of the various chapters - Explores and explains the important relationship between sedimentology and hydrocarbon explorations - Highlights the significance of sedimentological aspects (facies, porosity, etc.) for basin analysis and the development of energy resources

An Introduction to Distributed Optical Fibre Sensors

Author : Arthur H. Hartog
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351645307
Total Pages : 651 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (516 download)

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Book Synopsis An Introduction to Distributed Optical Fibre Sensors by : Arthur H. Hartog

Download or read book An Introduction to Distributed Optical Fibre Sensors written by Arthur H. Hartog and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-05-25 with total page 651 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explains physical principles, unique benefits, broad categories, implementation aspects, and performance criteria of distributed optical fiber sensors (DOFS). For each kind of sensor, the book highlights industrial applications, which range from oil and gas production to power line monitoring, plant and process engineering, environmental monitoring, industrial fire and leakage detection, and so on. The text also includes a discussion of such key areas as backscattering, launched power limitations, and receiver sensitivity, as well as a concise historical account of the field’s development.

Geological Storage of CO2 in Deep Saline Formations

Author : Auli Niemi
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9402409963
Total Pages : 567 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (24 download)

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Book Synopsis Geological Storage of CO2 in Deep Saline Formations by : Auli Niemi

Download or read book Geological Storage of CO2 in Deep Saline Formations written by Auli Niemi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-02-24 with total page 567 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers readers a comprehensive overview, and an in-depth understanding, of suitable methods for quantifying and characterizing saline aquifers for the geological storage of CO2. It begins with a general overview of the methodology and the processes that take place when CO2 is injected and stored in deep saline-water-containing formations. It subsequently presents mathematical and numerical models used for predicting the consequences of CO2 injection. This book provides descriptions of relevant experimental methods, from laboratory experiments to field scale site characterization and techniques for monitoring spreading of the injected CO2 within the formation. Experiences from a number of important field injection projects are reviewed, as are those from CO2 natural analog sites. Lastly, the book presents relevant risk management methods. Geological storage of CO2 is widely considered to be a key technology capable of substantially reducing the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere, thereby reducing the negative impacts of such releases on the global climate. Around the world, projects are already in full swing, while others are now being initiated and executed to demonstrate the technology. Deep saline formations are the geological formations considered to hold the highest storage potential, due to their abundance worldwide. To date, however, these formations have been relatively poorly characterized, due to their low economic value. Accordingly, the processes involved in injecting and storing CO2 in such formations still need to be better quantified and methods for characterizing, modeling and monitoring this type of CO2 storage in such formations must be rapidly developed and refined.