Design and Metrology of Freeform Gradient-index Optics for Imaging and Illumination

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Total Pages : 0 pages
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Book Synopsis Design and Metrology of Freeform Gradient-index Optics for Imaging and Illumination by : David Henry Lippman

Download or read book Design and Metrology of Freeform Gradient-index Optics for Imaging and Illumination written by David Henry Lippman and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Freeform gradient-index (F-GRIN) optics present new opportunities for high performance optical systems with compact geometries. As a type of freeform optic, F-GRIN is similar in many ways to freeform surfaces but with different functionality that can be leveraged for unique optical influence. F-GRIN has only recently been introduced due to advancements in the fabrication of arbitrary refractive index distributions such as via additive manufacturing. As a result, countless design spaces are now accessible that require investigation to determine the strengths and weakness of F-GRIN in optical design for both imaging and illumination. Of particular interest are the ways in which F-GRIN can reduce the size and weight of conventional optical systems. In this work, F-GRIN is studied in four different design spaces, three for imaging and one for illumination, with the focus of achieving new system geometries and novel optical functionality. First, annular folded lenses are designed using FGRIN for its unique color correcting properties in a compact, monolithic catadioptric system.Second, GRIN Alvarez lenses (GALs) are introduced and analyzed for their power variation and performance. GALs are then applied to the design of a zoom riflescope where it is demonstrated that a reduction in system length is achievable. Third, the unique field flattening capability of F-GRIN cover glass is studied, offering potential reduction in imaging system complexity. Fourth, the illumination optical design considers the inverse problem of generating a prescribed radiance distribution using a piecewise-continuous F-GRIN with plane-parallel surfaces. For any application of F-GRIN, adequate volumetric refractive index metrology is required for practical and producible designs. Currently, non-destructive F-GRIN metrology is in a premature state, and significant obstacles remain to be solved before an accurate and precise technique is developed. A central challenge is the algorithm needed to reconstruct a volume of three-dimensional (3D) refractive index variation from a series of independent measurements. In this work, a 3D GRIN modal reconstruction technique is described for non-destructively obtaining volumetric refractive index information. Formatted as a tomography problem, multi-angular transmitted phase data are used to infer the GRIN volume. The reconstruction process is applicable to media with strong gradients and does not rely on the presence of scattering or diffraction."--Pages xii-xiii.

Gradient-Index Optics

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3662047411
Total Pages : 247 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Gradient-Index Optics by : C. Gomez-Reino

Download or read book Gradient-Index Optics written by C. Gomez-Reino and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive and thorough treatment on fundamentals and applications of light propagation through inhomogeneous media. The authors present a description of the phenomena, components and technology used in GRIN Optics, and analyze various applications.

Theory and Design of Freeform Gradient Index Optics and Applications in Progressive Addition Lenses

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (132 download)

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Book Synopsis Theory and Design of Freeform Gradient Index Optics and Applications in Progressive Addition Lenses by : Nicholas S. Kochan

Download or read book Theory and Design of Freeform Gradient Index Optics and Applications in Progressive Addition Lenses written by Nicholas S. Kochan and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The progressive addition lens (PAL) is an eyeglass which continuously changes optical power as the gaze of the wearer moves downwards through different viewing zones. The astigmatism must be corrected within viewing zones of the lens. Correction of this astigmatism with power addition defines the PAL design space and is limited for homogeneous PAL designs. The present work identifies the ways in which gradient index (GRIN) lenses can be implemented as PALs. It is shown that the design space for the GRIN PAL is at least as large as that for the homogeneous PAL. It is derived that the contributions to power and astigmatism come from local constant, linear, and quadratic terms of surface and GRIN parametrized in the moving frame of the ray. This behavior constitutes freeform GRIN generalized Coddington's equations (GCE) developed in this work. There are four types of contributions. The GCE are applied analytically to three test cases to demonstrate consistency of derived theory with known ray behavior for homogeneous and GRIN distributions. Because it may not always be possible to know the GRIN distribution in terms of the moving frame of the ray, the GCE are reparametrized from ray coordinates into global coordinates. The reparametrization is numerically analyzed for the four types of GCE contributions, and assumptions and evaluation residuals are deemed sufficient for the range of powers relevant to PAL design. The GCE in global coordinates enable the simultaneous optimization of freeform GRIN and freeform surface in a PAL. Zonal performance can be evaluated by GCE without raytracing, enabling analytical design. A design study is provided showing the convergence of optimization for freeform GRIN and freeform surface PAL designs. Raytrace performance analysis supplements developed theory and design methods in this work. The performance contributions due to zonal constant and second order terms of surface and GRIN are those which dominate the design result. This is apparent because the optimized PAL with freeform surface and freeform GRIN have surface and GRIN bearing the same form of profile. The analysis of the GCE terms shows that for a given effect on power or astigmatism, terms dependent on zonal linear profile contributions require larger sag and index variation than contributions from curvature. It is shown that the freeform GRIN PAL design space is at least as large as that of surface PALs. The optimization of a freeform GRIN PAL with a freeform surface shows contributions to optical performance are dominated by zonal quadratic term variation in practice. Equivalent zonal linear profile sag and index variation contributes smaller performance for given index and sag variation. When the linear term contribution is negligible, performance contribution to correction of power and astigmatism is the approximate linear combination of surface and GRIN contributions. For design optimization, the zonal quadratic and constant terms of surface and GRIN are those which dominate performance contribution on propagation through the lens. To complement analysis of optical performance, it is shown that an embedded optical surface can be converted to GRIN directly while maintaining input and output ray trajectory. This enables designing a GRIN by first designing a cemented surface homogeneous optic and applying the conversion method. Consistent with framework of GCE, freeform GRIN PAL and freeform homogeneous PAL are fabricated to the same performance prescription. A scanning Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor is built to evaluate performance. The PAL is scanned and target performance is validated by polynomial fitting performance measurement. Oscillatory performance deviation is observed in the GRINPAL. Oscillatory variation and random variation in index of refraction are each observed as a deviation from design in the manufactured GRIN PAL. These are due to inkjet printing artifacts, and are further characterized by using phase-stepping interferometry and transmission deflectometry. Manufacturing artifacts significant for performance validation are 1.5-2mm mid-spatial frequency (MSF) vertical bands on the GRIN PAL and high-spatial freqency (HSF) fluctuation due to printing on the scale of 100-200 æm period. Both artifacts have amplitude on the scale of 1 - 2 × 104 index of refraction. Analysis is provided showing that MSF contribution to performance departure scales quadratically with spatial frequency, and that the oscillations measured are on a scale which contributes diopter-scale oscillatory performance departure. Performance errors from polynomial fit in homogeneous PAL are on the scale of desired 0.1-0.125 D performance tolerance, but are single diopter scale for the GRIN. Proper performance is evident in the GRIN PAL, but index fluctuation is approximately ten times too large. This thesis identifies the need to minimize this error"--Pages xi-xiii

VDI/VDE 5596 Blatt 2, Fertigungsgerechte Optikentwicklung - Beleuchtungsoptiken, nicht abbildende Optiken und Freiformoptiken - optische Oberflächen

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Book Synopsis VDI/VDE 5596 Blatt 2, Fertigungsgerechte Optikentwicklung - Beleuchtungsoptiken, nicht abbildende Optiken und Freiformoptiken - optische Oberflächen by :

Download or read book VDI/VDE 5596 Blatt 2, Fertigungsgerechte Optikentwicklung - Beleuchtungsoptiken, nicht abbildende Optiken und Freiformoptiken - optische Oberflächen written by and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Optics of Diffractive and Gradient-index Elements and Systems

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Publisher : SPIE Press
ISBN 13 : 9780819424518
Total Pages : 418 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (245 download)

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Book Synopsis Optics of Diffractive and Gradient-index Elements and Systems by : Grigoriĭ Isaevich Greĭsukh

Download or read book Optics of Diffractive and Gradient-index Elements and Systems written by Grigoriĭ Isaevich Greĭsukh and published by SPIE Press. This book was released on 1997 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of diffractive and gradient-index (GRIN) lenses as components of imaging optical systems has been investigated for several decades. The elements have proved competitive in their unique focusing and aberration properties and in terms of their additional degrees of freedom for optical design. This book systematically examines the physical principles of diffractive and GRIN elements.

VDI/VDE 5596 Blatt 3, Fertigungsgerechte Optikentwicklung - Beleuchtungsoptiken, nicht abbildende Optiken und Freiformoptiken - optische Materialparameter

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Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (133 download)

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Book Synopsis VDI/VDE 5596 Blatt 3, Fertigungsgerechte Optikentwicklung - Beleuchtungsoptiken, nicht abbildende Optiken und Freiformoptiken - optische Materialparameter by :

Download or read book VDI/VDE 5596 Blatt 3, Fertigungsgerechte Optikentwicklung - Beleuchtungsoptiken, nicht abbildende Optiken und Freiformoptiken - optische Materialparameter written by and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Gradient Index Optics

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323160662
Total Pages : 177 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (231 download)

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Book Synopsis Gradient Index Optics by : Erich Merchand

Download or read book Gradient Index Optics written by Erich Merchand and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gradient Index Optics deals with the application of gradients in optical systems of classical types: gradient index lenses. The emphasis is on the theory and practice related to gradient index lenses. Only isotropic media are considered since they are the ones for which the refractive index at each point is independent of direction. Comprised of 12 chapters, this book begins with a historical background on the use of gradients in astronomy and developments in gradient index lenses, along with the underlying basic theory. The discussion then turns to spherical gradients, paying particular attention to rays, Maxwell's fisheye lens, the Luneburg lens, and astronomical refraction. Subsequent chapters focus on the ray trace in a spherical gradient; axial gradients and their use as an anti-reflection coating; radial gradients and ray tracing in a radial gradient; and fundamentals of aberration theory. The wood lens and ray trace in a general medium are also considered, together with methods for fabrication of gradient elements and measurement of index gradients using an approximate method and interferometric methods. This monograph will be of interest to physicists.

Optical design for manufacturing - illumination optics, non-imaging and freeform optics

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (119 download)

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Book Synopsis Optical design for manufacturing - illumination optics, non-imaging and freeform optics by :

Download or read book Optical design for manufacturing - illumination optics, non-imaging and freeform optics written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Selected Papers on Gradient-index Optics

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 412 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

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Book Synopsis Selected Papers on Gradient-index Optics by : Duncan T. Moore

Download or read book Selected Papers on Gradient-index Optics written by Duncan T. Moore and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Freeform Gradient-index Optics with Applications in Rotationally Variant Systems

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 150 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (133 download)

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Book Synopsis Freeform Gradient-index Optics with Applications in Rotationally Variant Systems by : Tianyi Yang

Download or read book Freeform Gradient-index Optics with Applications in Rotationally Variant Systems written by Tianyi Yang and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Gradient-index (GRIN) materials have spatially varying refractive index profiles in which ray trajectories are curves. Benefitting from extra degree of freedom in index variation, GRIN optics possess unique chromatic dispersion and aberrations-correction capability. The rotational invariance of conventional GRIN profiles limits their use in freeform systems where aberrations induced from tilted and decentered surfaces need to be corrected, but the newly developed rotationally variant GRIN profiles (freeform GRIN profiles) open up a new design space and can be applied in such systems. The freeform GRIN profiles are becoming available with the rapid advance of additive manufacture methods, but their underlying theories and applications are unexplored. This thesis develops a set of 3D orthogonal basis polynomials (the F-GRIN basis) that can represent generalized freeform GRIN profiles. The aberrations of the F-GRIN basis are analyzed, and a design methodology to add freeform GRIN profiles in rotationally variant systems is summarized. One freeform GRIN profile, described by the F-GRIN basis, is designed as a corrector for a tilted spherical mirror, and a design study shows the profile can correct the system to diffraction-limited performance. The corrector is manufactured and tested with the improvement in performance verified. Further design studies add freeform GRIN profiles into unobscured two mirror telescopes, and results demonstrate these profiles function as multiple freeform surfaces in aberration correction. Application of GRIN in curved lightguides with rotationally variant diffractive gratings is also explored. A new family of GRIN profiles, the conformal GRIN, is derived to preserve collimation in curved guides. lightguides with concentric spherical surfaces are modelled with curved gratings for 2D pupil expansion, and optical performances of the guide are evaluated. The study demonstrates the possibility of designing a curved lightguide with 30? × 20? field of view and a 10 mm × 8 mm eyebox to arc minute level resolution"--Pages ix-x

Design and Fabrication of Large Diameter Gradient-index Lenses for Dual-band Visible to Short-wave Infrared Imaging Applications

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 293 pages
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Book Synopsis Design and Fabrication of Large Diameter Gradient-index Lenses for Dual-band Visible to Short-wave Infrared Imaging Applications by : Anthony Visconti

Download or read book Design and Fabrication of Large Diameter Gradient-index Lenses for Dual-band Visible to Short-wave Infrared Imaging Applications written by Anthony Visconti and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The fabrication of gradient-index (GRIN) optical elements is quite challenging, which has traditionally restricted their use in many imaging systems; consequently, commercial-level GRIN components usually exist in one particular market or niche application space. One such fabrication technique, ion exchange, is a well-known process used in the chemical strengthening of glass, the fabrication of waveguide devices, and the production of small diameter GRIN optical relay systems. However, the manufacturing of large diameter ion-exchanged GRIN elements has historically been limited by long diffusion times. For example, the diffusion time for a 20 mm diameter radial GRIN lens in commercially available ion exchange glass for small diameter relays, is on the order of a year. The diffusion time can be dramatically reduced by addressing three key ion exchange process parameters; the composition of the glass, the diffusion temperature, and the composition of the salt bath. Experimental work throughout this thesis aims to (1) scale up the ion exchange diffusion process to 20 mm diameters for a fast-diffusing titania silicate glass family in both (2) sodium ion for lithium ion (Na+ for Li+) and lithium ion for sodium ion (Li+ for Na+) exchange directions, while (3) utilizing manufacturing friendly salt bath compositions. In addition, optical design studies have demonstrated that an important benefit of gradient-index elements in imaging systems is the added degree of freedom introduced with a gradient's optical power. However, these studies have not investigated the potential usefulness of GRIN materials in dual-band visible to short-wave infrared (vis-SWIR) imaging systems. The unique chromatic properties of the titania silicate ion exchange glass become a significant degree of freedom in the design process for these color-limited, broadband imaging applications. A single GRIN element can replace a cemented doublet or even a cemented triplet, without loss in overall system performance. In this work, a polychromatic vis-SWIR gradient-index design model is constructed based on the homogeneous material properties of the titania silicate ion exchange glass. This model is verified by measuring the dispersion of fabricated GRIN profiles across the vis-SWIR spectrum. Finally, the polychromatic GRIN design model is implemented into commercial design software and several design studies are presented which validate the beneficial chromatic properties of the titania silicate GRIN material. In addition, system-level tolerancing with gradient-index elements is a largely unexplored area. This work introduces new methods and techniques for incorporating GRIN manufacturing errors directly into the design and tolerancing analysis of a multi-element optical system. These methods allow for the optical engineer to utilize manufacturable GRIN profiles throughout the design process and to better predict the final performance of an as-built system. Based on these techniques, a true design-for-manufacture high-performance eyepiece, utilizing a spherical gradient-index element, is designed, toleranced, and commissioned for build."--Pages viii-ix.

A Digest of Technical Papers Presented at the Topical Meeting on Gradient Index Optical Imaging Systems

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 132 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis A Digest of Technical Papers Presented at the Topical Meeting on Gradient Index Optical Imaging Systems by :

Download or read book A Digest of Technical Papers Presented at the Topical Meeting on Gradient Index Optical Imaging Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Design of ZnS/ZnSe Gradient-index Lenses in the Mid-wave Infrared and Design, Fabrication, and Thermal Metrology of Polymer Radial Gradient-Index Lenses

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Design of ZnS/ZnSe Gradient-index Lenses in the Mid-wave Infrared and Design, Fabrication, and Thermal Metrology of Polymer Radial Gradient-Index Lenses by : James Anthony Corsetti

Download or read book Design of ZnS/ZnSe Gradient-index Lenses in the Mid-wave Infrared and Design, Fabrication, and Thermal Metrology of Polymer Radial Gradient-Index Lenses written by James Anthony Corsetti and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gradient-index (GRIN) materials are ones for which the index of refraction varies as a function of spatial coordinate within an optical element. The radial GRIN is a specific instance where the isoindicial surfaces, or surface of constant index of refraction, exist as concentric cylinders centered upon the optical axis. The variation of the index of refraction as a function of lens aperture yields a second source of optical power in the element with the first coming from the lens' surface curvatures. This fact, coupled with the chromatic variation of the GRIN profile, provides the optical designer with additional degrees of freedom as compared to a traditional homogeneous lens, most notably in the pursuit of correcting chromatic aberration. This thesis explores a number of topics related to the design, manufacture, and testing of radial GRIN elements. Such elements are used in a series of design studies, the first on the application of the crystalline ZnS/ZnSe GRIN material to the mid-wave infrared (MWIR) waveband between 3 and 5 m and the second to a copolymer GRIN of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polystyrene over the visible spectrum. In both cases, GRIN singlets are seen to act as achromats over their respective wavebands. A series of zoom lens design studies are presented in which the GRIN designs consistently offer superior color correction and imaging performance over homogeneous designs of the same number of elements. Efforts to fabricate the PMMA/polystyrene radial GRIN are presented. For this purpose, a centrifugal force method is employed whereby both MMA and styrene monomer are rapidly rotated in a temperature-controlled environment. As copolymerization occurs, the spinning of the sample causes the isoindicial surfaces to take on a cylindrical shape. Process challenges including monomer-to-polymer volume reduction and haze are both presented along with a discussion of the fabricated radial samples. A profile manufactured in this way is modeled as part of the aforementioned zoom lens studies in CODEVʼ to determine the sensitivity of the design space to the GRIN profile shape. When designing any optical system, it is important to know how that system will behave with a change in temperature. In order to answer that, two key material parameters are defined: (1) the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) which dictates how much a material expands or contracts with a temperature change and (2) the temperature-dependent refractive index (dn/dT) which determines how the index of refraction changes. A series of computer models are presented for the purpose of determining how a radial GRIN element is affected by a given temperature change. Analogous to it being possible to achromatize a single radial GRIN element, modeling work shows that it is also possible to athermalize such an element. Finally, an interferometric system is presented for the purpose of measuring both the CTE and dn/dT of a sample simultaneously. The system operates by tracking changes in optical path difference between the sample and background as a function of temperature in order to carry out these measurements. Results on a number of samples including steel, ZrO2, CaF2, Zerodur, Sapphire, and a series of PMMA/polystyrene copolymers are presented.

Gradient-index Optics in Science and Engineering

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Publisher : SPIE-International Society for Optical Engineering
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 234 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Gradient-index Optics in Science and Engineering by : Maksymilian Pluta

Download or read book Gradient-index Optics in Science and Engineering written by Maksymilian Pluta and published by SPIE-International Society for Optical Engineering. This book was released on 1996 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Gradient Index Optics

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 428 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Gradient Index Optics by : Duncan Thomas Moore

Download or read book Gradient Index Optics written by Duncan Thomas Moore and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Gradient-index Optics and Miniature Optics

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Gradient-index Optics and Miniature Optics by : James D. Rees

Download or read book Gradient-index Optics and Miniature Optics written by James D. Rees and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Integration of the Design and Manufacture of Gradient-index Optical Systems

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis Integration of the Design and Manufacture of Gradient-index Optical Systems by : Julie Lynn Bentley

Download or read book Integration of the Design and Manufacture of Gradient-index Optical Systems written by Julie Lynn Bentley and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: