Data Science For Cyber-security

Download Data Science For Cyber-security PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 178634565X
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (863 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Data Science For Cyber-security by : Adams Niall M

Download or read book Data Science For Cyber-security written by Adams Niall M and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2018-09-25 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cyber-security is a matter of rapidly growing importance in industry and government. This book provides insight into a range of data science techniques for addressing these pressing concerns.The application of statistical and broader data science techniques provides an exciting growth area in the design of cyber defences. Networks of connected devices, such as enterprise computer networks or the wider so-called Internet of Things, are all vulnerable to misuse and attack, and data science methods offer the promise to detect such behaviours from the vast collections of cyber traffic data sources that can be obtained. In many cases, this is achieved through anomaly detection of unusual behaviour against understood statistical models of normality.This volume presents contributed papers from an international conference of the same name held at Imperial College. Experts from the field have provided their latest discoveries and review state of the art technologies.

Cybersecurity Data Science

Download Cybersecurity Data Science PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030748960
Total Pages : 410 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cybersecurity Data Science by : Scott Mongeau

Download or read book Cybersecurity Data Science written by Scott Mongeau and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-10-01 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book encompasses a systematic exploration of Cybersecurity Data Science (CSDS) as an emerging profession, focusing on current versus idealized practice. This book also analyzes challenges facing the emerging CSDS profession, diagnoses key gaps, and prescribes treatments to facilitate advancement. Grounded in the management of information systems (MIS) discipline, insights derive from literature analysis and interviews with 50 global CSDS practitioners. CSDS as a diagnostic process grounded in the scientific method is emphasized throughout Cybersecurity Data Science (CSDS) is a rapidly evolving discipline which applies data science methods to cybersecurity challenges. CSDS reflects the rising interest in applying data-focused statistical, analytical, and machine learning-driven methods to address growing security gaps. This book offers a systematic assessment of the developing domain. Advocacy is provided to strengthen professional rigor and best practices in the emerging CSDS profession. This book will be of interest to a range of professionals associated with cybersecurity and data science, spanning practitioner, commercial, public sector, and academic domains. Best practices framed will be of interest to CSDS practitioners, security professionals, risk management stewards, and institutional stakeholders. Organizational and industry perspectives will be of interest to cybersecurity analysts, managers, planners, strategists, and regulators. Research professionals and academics are presented with a systematic analysis of the CSDS field, including an overview of the state of the art, a structured evaluation of key challenges, recommended best practices, and an extensive bibliography.

Malware Data Science

Download Malware Data Science PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : No Starch Press
ISBN 13 : 1593278594
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (932 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Malware Data Science by : Joshua Saxe

Download or read book Malware Data Science written by Joshua Saxe and published by No Starch Press. This book was released on 2018-09-25 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Malware Data Science explains how to identify, analyze, and classify large-scale malware using machine learning and data visualization. Security has become a "big data" problem. The growth rate of malware has accelerated to tens of millions of new files per year while our networks generate an ever-larger flood of security-relevant data each day. In order to defend against these advanced attacks, you'll need to know how to think like a data scientist. In Malware Data Science, security data scientist Joshua Saxe introduces machine learning, statistics, social network analysis, and data visualization, and shows you how to apply these methods to malware detection and analysis. You'll learn how to: - Analyze malware using static analysis - Observe malware behavior using dynamic analysis - Identify adversary groups through shared code analysis - Catch 0-day vulnerabilities by building your own machine learning detector - Measure malware detector accuracy - Identify malware campaigns, trends, and relationships through data visualization Whether you're a malware analyst looking to add skills to your existing arsenal, or a data scientist interested in attack detection and threat intelligence, Malware Data Science will help you stay ahead of the curve.

Data-Driven Security

Download Data-Driven Security PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118793722
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (187 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Data-Driven Security by : Jay Jacobs

Download or read book Data-Driven Security written by Jay Jacobs and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-02-24 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Uncover hidden patterns of data and respond with countermeasures Security professionals need all the tools at their disposal to increase their visibility in order to prevent security breaches and attacks. This careful guide explores two of the most powerful data analysis and visualization. You'll soon understand how to harness and wield data, from collection and storage to management and analysis as well as visualization and presentation. Using a hands-on approach with real-world examples, this book shows you how to gather feedback, measure the effectiveness of your security methods, and make better decisions. Everything in this book will have practical application for information security professionals. Helps IT and security professionals understand and use data, so they can thwart attacks and understand and visualize vulnerabilities in their networks Includes more than a dozen real-world examples and hands-on exercises that demonstrate how to analyze security data and intelligence and translate that information into visualizations that make plain how to prevent attacks Covers topics such as how to acquire and prepare security data, use simple statistical methods to detect malware, predict rogue behavior, correlate security events, and more Written by a team of well-known experts in the field of security and data analysis Lock down your networks, prevent hacks, and thwart malware by improving visibility into the environment, all through the power of data and Security Using Data Analysis, Visualization, and Dashboards.

Network Security Through Data Analysis

Download Network Security Through Data Analysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : "O'Reilly Media, Inc."
ISBN 13 : 1449357865
Total Pages : 570 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (493 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Network Security Through Data Analysis by : Michael S Collins

Download or read book Network Security Through Data Analysis written by Michael S Collins and published by "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". This book was released on 2014-02-10 with total page 570 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traditional intrusion detection and logfile analysis are no longer enough to protect today’s complex networks. In this practical guide, security researcher Michael Collins shows you several techniques and tools for collecting and analyzing network traffic datasets. You’ll understand how your network is used, and what actions are necessary to protect and improve it. Divided into three sections, this book examines the process of collecting and organizing data, various tools for analysis, and several different analytic scenarios and techniques. It’s ideal for network administrators and operational security analysts familiar with scripting. Explore network, host, and service sensors for capturing security data Store data traffic with relational databases, graph databases, Redis, and Hadoop Use SiLK, the R language, and other tools for analysis and visualization Detect unusual phenomena through Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) Identify significant structures in networks with graph analysis Determine the traffic that’s crossing service ports in a network Examine traffic volume and behavior to spot DDoS and database raids Get a step-by-step process for network mapping and inventory

Machine Learning and Security

Download Machine Learning and Security PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : "O'Reilly Media, Inc."
ISBN 13 : 1491979852
Total Pages : 386 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (919 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Machine Learning and Security by : Clarence Chio

Download or read book Machine Learning and Security written by Clarence Chio and published by "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". This book was released on 2018-01-26 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Can machine learning techniques solve our computer security problems and finally put an end to the cat-and-mouse game between attackers and defenders? Or is this hope merely hype? Now you can dive into the science and answer this question for yourself! With this practical guide, you’ll explore ways to apply machine learning to security issues such as intrusion detection, malware classification, and network analysis. Machine learning and security specialists Clarence Chio and David Freeman provide a framework for discussing the marriage of these two fields, as well as a toolkit of machine-learning algorithms that you can apply to an array of security problems. This book is ideal for security engineers and data scientists alike. Learn how machine learning has contributed to the success of modern spam filters Quickly detect anomalies, including breaches, fraud, and impending system failure Conduct malware analysis by extracting useful information from computer binaries Uncover attackers within the network by finding patterns inside datasets Examine how attackers exploit consumer-facing websites and app functionality Translate your machine learning algorithms from the lab to production Understand the threat attackers pose to machine learning solutions

Data Science and Security

Download Data Science and Security PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811553092
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Data Science and Security by : Dharm Singh Jat

Download or read book Data Science and Security written by Dharm Singh Jat and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-07-31 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents best selected papers presented at the International Conference on Data Science for Computational Security (IDSCS 2020), organized by the Department of Data Science, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Pune Lavasa Campus, India, during 13–14 March 2020. The proceeding will be targeting the current research works in the areas of data science, data security, data analytics, artificial intelligence, machine learning, computer vision, algorithms design, computer networking, data mining, big data, text mining, knowledge representation, soft computing and cloud computing.

Secure Data Science

Download Secure Data Science PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000557510
Total Pages : 430 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Secure Data Science by : Bhavani Thuraisingham

Download or read book Secure Data Science written by Bhavani Thuraisingham and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-04-27 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Secure data science, which integrates cyber security and data science, is becoming one of the critical areas in both cyber security and data science. This is because the novel data science techniques being developed have applications in solving such cyber security problems as intrusion detection, malware analysis, and insider threat detection. However, the data science techniques being applied not only for cyber security but also for every application area—including healthcare, finance, manufacturing, and marketing—could be attacked by malware. Furthermore, due to the power of data science, it is now possible to infer highly private and sensitive information from public data, which could result in the violation of individual privacy. This is the first such book that provides a comprehensive overview of integrating both cyber security and data science and discusses both theory and practice in secure data science. After an overview of security and privacy for big data services as well as cloud computing, this book describes applications of data science for cyber security applications. It also discusses such applications of data science as malware analysis and insider threat detection. Then this book addresses trends in adversarial machine learning and provides solutions to the attacks on the data science techniques. In particular, it discusses some emerging trends in carrying out trustworthy analytics so that the analytics techniques can be secured against malicious attacks. Then it focuses on the privacy threats due to the collection of massive amounts of data and potential solutions. Following a discussion on the integration of services computing, including cloud-based services for secure data science, it looks at applications of secure data science to information sharing and social media. This book is a useful resource for researchers, software developers, educators, and managers who want to understand both the high level concepts and the technical details on the design and implementation of secure data science-based systems. It can also be used as a reference book for a graduate course in secure data science. Furthermore, this book provides numerous references that would be helpful for the reader to get more details about secure data science.

Intelligent Security Systems

Download Intelligent Security Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119771536
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (197 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Intelligent Security Systems by : Leon Reznik

Download or read book Intelligent Security Systems written by Leon Reznik and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-10-19 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: INTELLIGENT SECURITY SYSTEMS Dramatically improve your cybersecurity using AI and machine learning In Intelligent Security Systems, distinguished professor and computer scientist Dr. Leon Reznik delivers an expert synthesis of artificial intelligence, machine learning and data science techniques, applied to computer security to assist readers in hardening their computer systems against threats. Emphasizing practical and actionable strategies that can be immediately implemented by industry professionals and computer device’s owners, the author explains how to install and harden firewalls, intrusion detection systems, attack recognition tools, and malware protection systems. He also explains how to recognize and counter common hacking activities. This book bridges the gap between cybersecurity education and new data science programs, discussing how cutting-edge artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques can work for and against cybersecurity efforts. Intelligent Security Systems includes supplementary resources on an author-hosted website, such as classroom presentation slides, sample review, test and exam questions, and practice exercises to make the material contained practical and useful. The book also offers: A thorough introduction to computer security, artificial intelligence, and machine learning, including basic definitions and concepts like threats, vulnerabilities, risks, attacks, protection, and tools An exploration of firewall design and implementation, including firewall types and models, typical designs and configurations, and their limitations and problems Discussions of intrusion detection systems (IDS), including architecture topologies, components, and operational ranges, classification approaches, and machine learning techniques in IDS design A treatment of malware and vulnerabilities detection and protection, including malware classes, history, and development trends Perfect for undergraduate and graduate students in computer security, computer science and engineering, Intelligent Security Systems will also earn a place in the libraries of students and educators in information technology and data science, as well as professionals working in those fields.

Cybersecurity Analytics

Download Cybersecurity Analytics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000727653
Total Pages : 357 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cybersecurity Analytics by : Rakesh M. Verma

Download or read book Cybersecurity Analytics written by Rakesh M. Verma and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-11-27 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cybersecurity Analytics is for the cybersecurity student and professional who wants to learn data science techniques critical for tackling cybersecurity challenges, and for the data science student and professional who wants to learn about cybersecurity adaptations. Trying to build a malware detector, a phishing email detector, or just interested in finding patterns in your datasets? This book can let you do it on your own. Numerous examples and datasets links are included so that the reader can "learn by doing." Anyone with a basic college-level calculus course and some probability knowledge can easily understand most of the material. The book includes chapters containing: unsupervised learning, semi-supervised learning, supervised learning, text mining, natural language processing, and more. It also includes background on security, statistics, and linear algebra. The website for the book contains a listing of datasets, updates, and other resources for serious practitioners.

Applied Data Science

Download Applied Data Science PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030118215
Total Pages : 465 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Applied Data Science by : Martin Braschler

Download or read book Applied Data Science written by Martin Braschler and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-06-13 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book has two main goals: to define data science through the work of data scientists and their results, namely data products, while simultaneously providing the reader with relevant lessons learned from applied data science projects at the intersection of academia and industry. As such, it is not a replacement for a classical textbook (i.e., it does not elaborate on fundamentals of methods and principles described elsewhere), but systematically highlights the connection between theory, on the one hand, and its application in specific use cases, on the other. With these goals in mind, the book is divided into three parts: Part I pays tribute to the interdisciplinary nature of data science and provides a common understanding of data science terminology for readers with different backgrounds. These six chapters are geared towards drawing a consistent picture of data science and were predominantly written by the editors themselves. Part II then broadens the spectrum by presenting views and insights from diverse authors – some from academia and some from industry, ranging from financial to health and from manufacturing to e-commerce. Each of these chapters describes a fundamental principle, method or tool in data science by analyzing specific use cases and drawing concrete conclusions from them. The case studies presented, and the methods and tools applied, represent the nuts and bolts of data science. Finally, Part III was again written from the perspective of the editors and summarizes the lessons learned that have been distilled from the case studies in Part II. The section can be viewed as a meta-study on data science across a broad range of domains, viewpoints and fields. Moreover, it provides answers to the question of what the mission-critical factors for success in different data science undertakings are. The book targets professionals as well as students of data science: first, practicing data scientists in industry and academia who want to broaden their scope and expand their knowledge by drawing on the authors’ combined experience. Second, decision makers in businesses who face the challenge of creating or implementing a data-driven strategy and who want to learn from success stories spanning a range of industries. Third, students of data science who want to understand both the theoretical and practical aspects of data science, vetted by real-world case studies at the intersection of academia and industry.

Data Science and Security

Download Data Science and Security PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811644861
Total Pages : 503 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Data Science and Security by : Samiksha Shukla

Download or read book Data Science and Security written by Samiksha Shukla and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-08-26 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the best-selected papers presented at the International Conference on Data Science, Computation and Security (IDSCS-2021), organized by the Department of Data Science, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Pune Lavasa Campus, India, during April 16–17, 2021. The proceeding is targeting the current research works in the areas of data science, data security, data analytics, artificial intelligence, machine learning, computer vision, algorithms design, computer networking, data mining, big data, text mining, knowledge representation, soft computing, and cloud computing.

Intelligent Computing and Innovation on Data Science

Download Intelligent Computing and Innovation on Data Science PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811631530
Total Pages : 590 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Intelligent Computing and Innovation on Data Science by : Sheng-Lung Peng

Download or read book Intelligent Computing and Innovation on Data Science written by Sheng-Lung Peng and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-09-27 with total page 590 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gathers high-quality papers presented at 2nd International Conference on Technology Innovation and Data Sciences (ICTIDS 2021), organized by Lincoln University, Malaysia from 19 – 20 February 2021. It covers wide range of recent technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning, big data and data sciences, Internet of Things (IoT), and IoT-based digital ecosystem. The book brings together works from researchers, scientists, engineers, scholars and students in the areas of engineering and technology, and provides an opportunity for the dissemination of original research results, new ideas, research and development, practical experiments, which concentrate on both theory and practices, for the benefit of common man.

Research Anthology on Privatizing and Securing Data

Download Research Anthology on Privatizing and Securing Data PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799889556
Total Pages : 2188 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Research Anthology on Privatizing and Securing Data by : Management Association, Information Resources

Download or read book Research Anthology on Privatizing and Securing Data written by Management Association, Information Resources and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2021-04-23 with total page 2188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the immense amount of data that is now available online, security concerns have been an issue from the start, and have grown as new technologies are increasingly integrated in data collection, storage, and transmission. Online cyber threats, cyber terrorism, hacking, and other cybercrimes have begun to take advantage of this information that can be easily accessed if not properly handled. New privacy and security measures have been developed to address this cause for concern and have become an essential area of research within the past few years and into the foreseeable future. The ways in which data is secured and privatized should be discussed in terms of the technologies being used, the methods and models for security that have been developed, and the ways in which risks can be detected, analyzed, and mitigated. The Research Anthology on Privatizing and Securing Data reveals the latest tools and technologies for privatizing and securing data across different technologies and industries. It takes a deeper dive into both risk detection and mitigation, including an analysis of cybercrimes and cyber threats, along with a sharper focus on the technologies and methods being actively implemented and utilized to secure data online. Highlighted topics include information governance and privacy, cybersecurity, data protection, challenges in big data, security threats, and more. This book is essential for data analysts, cybersecurity professionals, data scientists, security analysts, IT specialists, practitioners, researchers, academicians, and students interested in the latest trends and technologies for privatizing and securing data.

Network Security Through Data Analysis

Download Network Security Through Data Analysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : "O'Reilly Media, Inc."
ISBN 13 : 149196281X
Total Pages : 427 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (919 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Network Security Through Data Analysis by : Michael Collins

Download or read book Network Security Through Data Analysis written by Michael Collins and published by "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". This book was released on 2017-09-08 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traditional intrusion detection and logfile analysis are no longer enough to protect today’s complex networks. In the updated second edition of this practical guide, security researcher Michael Collins shows InfoSec personnel the latest techniques and tools for collecting and analyzing network traffic datasets. You’ll understand how your network is used, and what actions are necessary to harden and defend the systems within it. In three sections, this book examines the process of collecting and organizing data, various tools for analysis, and several different analytic scenarios and techniques. New chapters focus on active monitoring and traffic manipulation, insider threat detection, data mining, regression and machine learning, and other topics. You’ll learn how to: Use sensors to collect network, service, host, and active domain data Work with the SiLK toolset, Python, and other tools and techniques for manipulating data you collect Detect unusual phenomena through exploratory data analysis (EDA), using visualization and mathematical techniques Analyze text data, traffic behavior, and communications mistakes Identify significant structures in your network with graph analysis Examine insider threat data and acquire threat intelligence Map your network and identify significant hosts within it Work with operations to develop defenses and analysis techniques

Big Data Security

Download Big Data Security PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110605961
Total Pages : 223 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (16 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Big Data Security by : Shibakali Gupta

Download or read book Big Data Security written by Shibakali Gupta and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2019-10-08 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After a short description of the key concepts of big data the book explores on the secrecy and security threats posed especially by cloud based data storage. It delivers conceptual frameworks and models along with case studies of recent technology.

Information Security Science

Download Information Security Science PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Syngress
ISBN 13 : 0128096462
Total Pages : 406 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Information Security Science by : Carl Young

Download or read book Information Security Science written by Carl Young and published by Syngress. This book was released on 2016-06-23 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Information Security Science: Measuring the Vulnerability to Data Compromises provides the scientific background and analytic techniques to understand and measure the risk associated with information security threats. This is not a traditional IT security book since it includes methods of information compromise that are not typically addressed in textbooks or journals. In particular, it explores the physical nature of information security risk, and in so doing exposes subtle, yet revealing, connections between information security, physical security, information technology, and information theory. This book is also a practical risk management guide, as it explains the fundamental scientific principles that are directly relevant to information security, specifies a structured methodology to evaluate a host of threats and attack vectors, identifies unique metrics that point to root causes of technology risk, and enables estimates of the effectiveness of risk mitigation. This book is the definitive reference for scientists and engineers with no background in security, and is ideal for security analysts and practitioners who lack scientific training. Importantly, it provides security professionals with the tools to prioritize information security controls and thereby develop cost-effective risk management strategies. Specifies the analytic and scientific methods necessary to estimate the vulnerability to information loss for a spectrum of threats and attack vectors Represents a unique treatment of the nexus between physical and information security that includes risk analyses of IT device emanations, visible information, audible information, physical information assets, and virtualized IT environments Identifies metrics that point to the root cause of information technology risk and thereby assist security professionals in developing risk management strategies Analyzes numerous threat scenarios and specifies countermeasures based on derived quantitative metrics Provides chapter introductions and end-of-chapter summaries to enhance the reader’s experience and facilitate an appreciation for key concepts