Dariali The Caspian Gates In The Caucasus From Antiquity To The Age Of The Huns And The Middle Ages

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Dariali: The 'Caspian Gates' in the Caucasus from Antiquity to the Age of the Huns and the Middle Ages

Author : Eberhard Sauer
Publisher : Oxbow Books
ISBN 13 : 1789251958
Total Pages : 1072 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (892 download)

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Book Synopsis Dariali: The 'Caspian Gates' in the Caucasus from Antiquity to the Age of the Huns and the Middle Ages by : Eberhard Sauer

Download or read book Dariali: The 'Caspian Gates' in the Caucasus from Antiquity to the Age of the Huns and the Middle Ages written by Eberhard Sauer and published by Oxbow Books. This book was released on 2020-04-30 with total page 1072 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Huns, invading through Dariali Gorge on the modern-day border between Russia and Georgia in AD 395 and 515, spread terror across the late antique world. Was this the prelude to the apocalypse? Prophecies foresaw a future Hunnic onslaught, via the same mountain pass, bringing about the end of the world. Humanity’s fate depended on a gated barrier deep in Europe’s highest and most forbidding mountain chain. Centuries before the emergence of such apocalyptic beliefs, the gorge had reached world fame. It was the target of a planned military expedition by the Emperor Nero. Chained to the dramatic sheer cliffs, framing the narrow passage, the mythical fire-thief Prometheus suffered severe punishment, his liver devoured by an eagle. It was known under multiple names, most commonly the Caspian or Alan Gates. Featuring in the works of literary giants, no other mountain pass in the ancient and medieval world matches Dariali’s fame. Yet little was known about the materiality of this mythical place. A team of archaeologists has now shed much new light on the major gorge-blocking fort and a barrier wall on a steep rocky ridge further north. The walls still standing today were built around the time of the first major Hunnic invasion in the late fourth century – when the Caucasus defenses feature increasingly prominently in negotiations between the Great Powers of Persia and Rome. In its endeavor to strongly fortify the strategic mountain pass through the Central Caucasus, the workforce erased most traces of earlier occupation. The Persian-built bastion saw heavy occupation for 600 years. Its multi-faith medieval garrison controlled Trans-Caucasian traffic. Everyday objects and human remains reveal harsh living conditions and close connections to the Muslim South, as well as the steppe world of the north. The Caspian Gates explains how a highly strategic rock has played a pivotal role in world history from Classical Antiquity into the twentieth century.

The Caspian Gates in the Caucasus from Antiquity to the Age of the Huns and the Middle Ages

Author : Eberhard Sauer
Publisher : British Institute of Persian S
ISBN 13 : 9781789251920
Total Pages : 704 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (519 download)

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Book Synopsis The Caspian Gates in the Caucasus from Antiquity to the Age of the Huns and the Middle Ages by : Eberhard Sauer

Download or read book The Caspian Gates in the Caucasus from Antiquity to the Age of the Huns and the Middle Ages written by Eberhard Sauer and published by British Institute of Persian S. This book was released on 2020-02-19 with total page 704 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Huns, invading through Dariali Gorge on the modern-day border between Russia and Georgia in AD 395 and 515, spread terror across the late antique world. Was this the prelude to the apocalypse? Prophecies foresaw a future Hunnic onslaught, via the same mountain pass, bringing about the end of the world. Humanity's fate depended on a gated barrier deep in Europe's highest and most forbidding mountain chain. Centuries before the emergence of such apocalyptic beliefs, the gorge had reached world fame. It was the target of a planned military expedition by the Emperor Nero. Chained to the dramatic sheer cliffs, framing the narrow passage, the mythical fire-thief Prometheus suffered severe punishment, his liver devoured by an eagle. It was known under multiple names, most commonly the Caspian or Alan Gates. Featuring in the works of literary giants, no other mountain pass in the ancient and medieval world matches Dariali's fame. Yet little was known about the materiality of this mythical place. A team of archaeologists has now shed much new light on the major gorge-blocking fort and a barrier wall on a steep rocky ridge further north. The walls still standing today were built around the time of the first major Hunnic invasion in the late fourth century - when the Caucasus defences feature increasingly prominently in negotiations between the Great Powers of Persia and Rome. In its endeavour to strongly fortify the strategic mountain pass through the Central Caucasus, the workforce erased most traces of earlier occupation. The Persian-built bastion saw heavy occupation for 600 years. Its multi-faith medieval garrison controlled Trans-Caucasian traffic. Everyday objects and human remains reveal harsh living conditions and close connections to the Muslim South, as well as the steppe world of the north. The Caspian Gates explains how a highly strategic rock has played a pivotal role in world history from Classical Antiquity into the twentieth century.

Ancient Arms Race: Antiquity's Largest Fortresses and Sasanian Military Networks of Northern Iran

Author : Eberhard Sauer
Publisher : Oxbow Books
ISBN 13 : 1789254639
Total Pages : 1426 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (892 download)

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Book Synopsis Ancient Arms Race: Antiquity's Largest Fortresses and Sasanian Military Networks of Northern Iran by : Eberhard Sauer

Download or read book Ancient Arms Race: Antiquity's Largest Fortresses and Sasanian Military Networks of Northern Iran written by Eberhard Sauer and published by Oxbow Books. This book was released on 2023-02-16 with total page 1426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Which ancient army boasted the largest fortifications, and how did the competitive build-up of military capabilities shape world history? Few realise that imperial Rome had a serious competitor in Late Antiquity. Late Roman legionary bases, normally no larger than 5ha, were dwarfed by Sasanian fortresses, often covering 40ha, sometimes even 125-175ha. The latter did not necessarily house permanent garrisons but sheltered large armies temporarily – perhaps numbering 10-50,000 men each. Even Roman camps and fortresses of the Early and High Empire did not reach the dimensions of their later Persian counterparts. The longest fort-lined wall of the late antique world was also Persian. Persia built up, between the fourth and sixth centuries AD, the most massive military infrastructure of any ancient or medieval Near Eastern empire – if not the ancient and medieval world. Much of the known defensive network was directed against Persia’s powerful neighbours in the north rather than the west. This may reflect differences in archaeological visibility more than troop numbers. Urban garrisons in the Romano-Persian frontier zone are much harder to identify than vast geometric compounds in marginal northern lands. Recent excavations in Iran have enabled us to precision-date two of the largest fortresses of Southwest Asia, both larger than any in the Roman world. Excavations in a Gorgan Wall fort have shed much new light on frontier life, and we have unearthed a massive bridge nearby. A sonar survey has traced the terminal of the Tammisheh Wall, now submerged under the waters of the Caspian Sea. Further work has focused on a vast city and settlements in the hinterland. Persia’s Imperial Power, our previous project, had already shed much light on the Great Wall of Gorgan, but it was our recent fieldwork that has thrown the sheer magnitude of Sasanian military infrastructure into sharp relief.

The Syriac Legend of Alexanders Gate

Author : Tesei
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0197646875
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (976 download)

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Book Synopsis The Syriac Legend of Alexanders Gate by : Tesei

Download or read book The Syriac Legend of Alexanders Gate written by Tesei and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2023-11-03 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Syriac text entitled Neshana d-Aleksandros (also known as Syriac Alexander Legend) is a seminal text for late Christian and Muslim apocalyptic traditions. Containing the earliest recorded versions of literary motifs that would become central to the medieval apocalyptic tradition, it represents an early witness to an influential political ideology that guided both Byzantine and early Islamic imperial policies. While the scholarly consensus commonly dates the Neshana to the time of Heraclius (r. 610-641 CE), in this book author Tommaso Tesei argues that an earlier version of the text was produced during the reign of Justinian I (r. 527-565). This new historical contextualization of the text enables us to better delineate the role of the Neshana in the development of late antique, politicized, forms of apocalypticism, which assign to the Christian Roman Empire the task of establishing a cosmocratic rule in view of Jesus' Second Coming. In analyzing the contents and the ideology of this seminal text, this volume contributes to our understanding of the origins and developments of important literary motifs of Medieval literature worldwide, such as the characterization of Alexander as a pious prophet-king and the story of the gate that he erected to confine the eschatological nations of Gog and Magog. The Syriac Legend of Alexander's Gate sheds light on lesser-known aspects of political debates in the sixth-century Near East and offers historians a valuable insight into important aspects of Justinian's reign.

Procopius of Caesarea: The Persian Wars

Author : Geoffrey Greatrex
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1009301934
Total Pages : 888 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis Procopius of Caesarea: The Persian Wars by : Geoffrey Greatrex

Download or read book Procopius of Caesarea: The Persian Wars written by Geoffrey Greatrex and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-10-31 with total page 888 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Procopius was the major historian of the reign of Justinian and one of the most important historians of Late Antiquity. This is the first extensive commentary on his Persian Wars since the nineteenth century. The work is among the most varied of the author, incorporating the history and geography not only of Mesopotamia and the Caucasus, but also of southern Arabia and Ethiopia, Iran and Central Asia, and Constantinople itself. Each major section is introduced by a section on the history of the events concerned and on the treatment of these events by Procopius and other sources. The volume is equipped with an introduction, three appendices, and numerous maps and plans. All sections of the work that are commented on are translated. The book will therefore be of use to specialists and the general reader alike. A complete translation of the work, with lighter annotation, is being published separately.

Masters of the Steppe: The Impact of the Scythians and Later Nomad Societies of Eurasia

Author : Svetlana Pankova
Publisher : Archaeopress Publishing Ltd
ISBN 13 : 1789696488
Total Pages : 802 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Masters of the Steppe: The Impact of the Scythians and Later Nomad Societies of Eurasia by : Svetlana Pankova

Download or read book Masters of the Steppe: The Impact of the Scythians and Later Nomad Societies of Eurasia written by Svetlana Pankova and published by Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2021-01-21 with total page 802 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents 45 papers presented at a major international conference held at the British Museum during the 2017 BP exhibition 'Scythians: warriors of ancient Siberia'. Papers include new archaeological discoveries, results of scientific research and studies of museum collections, most presented in English for the first time.

A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder

Author : Duane W. Roller
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108595928
Total Pages : 633 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder by : Duane W. Roller

Download or read book A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder written by Duane W. Roller and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-07-28 with total page 633 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first thorough English commentary on the geographical books of Pliny the Elder, written in the AD 70s. Pliny's account is the longest in Latin, and represents the geographical knowledge of that era, when the Roman Empire was the dominant force in the Mediterranean world. The work serves both cultural and ideological functions: much of it is topographical, but it also demonstrates the political need to express a geographical basis for the importance of the Roman state. In five books, Pliny covers the entire world as it was known in his era and includes some of the first information on the extremities of the inhabited region, including Scandinavia and the Baltic, eastern Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. The commentary provides a detailed analysis of all the points Pliny raises: his sources, toponyms, and understanding of the place of the earth in the cosmos.

A History of the Later Roman Empire, AD 284-700

Author : Stephen Mitchell
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119768551
Total Pages : 630 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis A History of the Later Roman Empire, AD 284-700 by : Stephen Mitchell

Download or read book A History of the Later Roman Empire, AD 284-700 written by Stephen Mitchell and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-07-05 with total page 630 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A sweeping historical account of the Later Roman Empire incorporating the latest scholarly research In the newly revised 3rd edition of A History of the Later Roman Empire, 284-700, distinguished historians Geoffrey Greatrex and Stephen Mitchell deliver a thoroughly up-to-date discussion of the Later Roman Empire. It includes tables of information, numerous illustrations, maps, and chronological overviews. As the only single volume covering Late Antiquity and the early Islamic period, the book is designed as a comprehensive historical handbook covering the entire span between the Roman Empire to the Islamic conquests. The third edition is a significant expansion of the second edition—published in 2015—and includes two new chapters covering the seventh century. The rest of the work has been updated and revised, providing readers with a sweeping historical survey of the struggles, triumphs, and disasters of the Roman Empire, from the accession of the emperor Diocletian in AD 284 to the closing years of the seventh century. It also offers: A thorough description of the massive political and military transformations in Rome’s western and eastern empires Comprehensive explorations of the latest research on the Later Roman Empire Practical discussions of the tumultuous period ushered in by the Arab conquests Extensive updates, revisions, and corrections of the second edition Perfect for undergraduate and postgraduate students of ancient, medieval, early European, and Near Eastern history, A History of the Later Roman Empire, 284-700 will also benefit lay readers with an interest in the relevant historical period and students taking a survey course involving the late Roman Empire.

Sasanian Persia

Author : Eberhard Sauer
Publisher : Edinburgh University Press
ISBN 13 : 1474420680
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (744 download)

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Book Synopsis Sasanian Persia by : Eberhard Sauer

Download or read book Sasanian Persia written by Eberhard Sauer and published by Edinburgh University Press. This book was released on 2017-06-05 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Details Persias growing military and economic power in the late antique worldThe Sasanian Empire (3rd7th centuries) was one of the largest empires of antiquity, stretching from Mesopotamia to modern Pakistan and from Central Asia to the Arabian Peninsula. This mega-empire withstood powerful opponents in the steppe and expanded further in Late Antiquity, whilst the Roman world shrunk in size. Recent research has revealed the reasons for this success: notably population growth in some key territories, economic prosperity, and urban development, made possible through investment in agriculture and military infrastructure on a scale unparalleled in the late antique world. Our volume explores the empires relations with its neighbours and key phenomena which contributed to its wealth and power, from the empires armed forces to agriculture, trade and treatment of minorities. The latest discoveries, notably major urban foundations, fortifications and irrigations systems, feature prominently. An empire whose military might and culture rivalled Rome and foreshadowed the caliphate will be of interest to scholars of the Roman and Islamic world.Challenges our Eurocentric world view by presenting a Near-Eastern empire whose urban culture and military apparatus rivalled that of Rome Covers the latest discoveries on foundations, fortifications and irrigation systemsIncludes case studies on Sasanian frontier walls and urban culture in the Sasanian Empire

Applications of Non-Pollen Palynomorphs

Author : F. Marret
Publisher : Geological Society of London
ISBN 13 : 1786205416
Total Pages : 358 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (862 download)

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Book Synopsis Applications of Non-Pollen Palynomorphs by : F. Marret

Download or read book Applications of Non-Pollen Palynomorphs written by F. Marret and published by Geological Society of London. This book was released on 2021-10-29 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This long-awaited book about non-pollen palynomorphs (NPPs) aims to cover gaps in our knowledge of these abundant but understudied palynological remains. NPPs, such as fungal spores, testate amoebae, dinoflagellate cysts, acritarchs and animal remains, are routinely recovered from palynological preparations of marine or terrestrial material, from Proterozoic to recent geological times. This book gives the reader a comprehensive overview of the different types of NPPs, with examples from diverse time periods and environments. It provides guidance on sample preparation to maximize the recovery of these NPPs, detailed information on their diversity and ecological affinity, clarification on the nomenclature and demonstrates their value as environmental indicators. This volume will become the reference guide for any student, academic or practitioner interested in everything else in their palynological preparations.

Alexander's Gate, Gog and Magog, and the Inclosed Nations

Author : Andrew Runni Anderson
Publisher : Medieval Academy of America
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.X/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Alexander's Gate, Gog and Magog, and the Inclosed Nations by : Andrew Runni Anderson

Download or read book Alexander's Gate, Gog and Magog, and the Inclosed Nations written by Andrew Runni Anderson and published by Medieval Academy of America. This book was released on 1932 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Iberia and Rome

Author : Andreas E. Furtwängler
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783941171084
Total Pages : 401 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Iberia and Rome by : Andreas E. Furtwängler

Download or read book Iberia and Rome written by Andreas E. Furtwängler and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Making of Empire in Bronze Age Anatolia

Author : Claudia Glatz
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108491103
Total Pages : 387 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis The Making of Empire in Bronze Age Anatolia by : Claudia Glatz

Download or read book The Making of Empire in Bronze Age Anatolia written by Claudia Glatz and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-11-12 with total page 387 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reconsiders the concept of empire and examines the processes of imperial making and undoing in Hittite Anatolia (c. 1600-1180 BCE).

Kartlis Tskhovreba

Author : Stephen F. Jones
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789941478246
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (782 download)

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Book Synopsis Kartlis Tskhovreba by : Stephen F. Jones

Download or read book Kartlis Tskhovreba written by Stephen F. Jones and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Turks, Iran and the Caucasus in the Middle Ages

Author : Vladimir Minorsky
Publisher : Variorum Publishing
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 376 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Turks, Iran and the Caucasus in the Middle Ages by : Vladimir Minorsky

Download or read book The Turks, Iran and the Caucasus in the Middle Ages written by Vladimir Minorsky and published by Variorum Publishing. This book was released on 1978 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires

Author : Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis
Publisher : Oxbow Books
ISBN 13 : 1785702084
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (857 download)

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Book Synopsis The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires by : Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis

Download or read book The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires written by Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis and published by Oxbow Books. This book was released on 2016-08-30 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although much of the primary information about the Parthian period comes from coins, there has been much new research undertaken over the past few decades into wider aspects of both the Parthian and Sassanian Empires including the Arsacid Parthians, and their material culture. Despite a change of ruling dynasty, the two empires were closely connected and cannot be regarded as totally separate entities. The continuation of Parthian influence particularly into the early Sasanian period cannot be disputed. An historic lack of detailed information arose partly through the relative lack of excavated archaeological sites dating to the Parthian period in Iran and western scholars’ lack of knowledge of recent excavations and their results that are usually published in Persian, coupled with the inevitable difficulties for academic research engendered by the recent political situation in the region. Although an attempt has been made by several scholars in the west to place this important Iranian dynasty in its proper cultural context, the traditional GrecoRoman influenced approach is still prevalent. The present volume presents 15 papers covering various aspects of Parthian and early Sasanian history, material culture, linguistics and religion which demonstrate a rich surviving heritage and provide many new insights into ideology, royal genealogy, social organisation, military tactics, linguistic developments and trading contacts.

Karia and the Dodekanese

Author : Birte Poulsen
Publisher : Oxbow Books Limited
ISBN 13 : 9781789255102
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (551 download)

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Book Synopsis Karia and the Dodekanese by : Birte Poulsen

Download or read book Karia and the Dodekanese written by Birte Poulsen and published by Oxbow Books Limited. This book was released on 2021-01-21 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The papers in Karia and the Dodekanese, Vol. I, focus on regional developments and interregional relations in western Asia Minor and the Dodekanese during the Late Classical and Early Hellenistic period. Throughout antiquity, this region was a dynamic meeting place for eastern and western civilizations. Cultural achievements of exceptional and everlasting importance, including significant creations of ancient Greek literature, philosophy, art and architecture, originated in the coastal cities of western Anatolia and the adjoining Aegean islands. In the fourth century BC, the eastern cities experienced a new economic boom, and a revival of Archaic culture, sometimes termed 'The Ionian Renaissance', began. The cultural revival furthered rebuilding of old major works such as the Artemision at Ephesos, the embellishment of sanctuaries and a new royal architecture, such as the Maussolleion at Halikarnassos. The rich cultural revival was initially promoted by the satrapal family of the Hekatomnids in Karia and in particular by its most famous member, Maussollos, whose influence was not confined to Asia Minor, but included the Dodekanese islands Kos and Rhodos. Partly under the influence of the Karian satrapy, a number of cities were founded on a new common urban model in Rhodos, Halikarnassos, Priene, Knidos and Kos. When Alexander the Great conquered the satrapies in western Asia Minor in 334 BC, the culture initially promoted at the satrapal courts was carried on by gifted thinkers, poets and architects, preparing the way for Hellenistic cultural centres such as Alexandria.