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Dairy Cattle Feeding And Cost Of Production In Small Scale Farms In Kweneng
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Book Synopsis Dairy Cattle Feeding and Cost of Production in Small Scale Farms in Kweneng by : Keafentse Ambrosia
Download or read book Dairy Cattle Feeding and Cost of Production in Small Scale Farms in Kweneng written by Keafentse Ambrosia and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Optimal Feeding Systems for Small Scale Dairy Herds in the North-West Province of South Africa by : Nonzwakazi Patience Manzana
Download or read book Optimal Feeding Systems for Small Scale Dairy Herds in the North-West Province of South Africa written by Nonzwakazi Patience Manzana and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The North West Province (NWP) identified dairy farming as a priority as it has the potential, not only for job creation, but also as a sustainable source of high quality protein for rural communities. With the correct type of management systems, small-scale dairy farms have the potential to be economically feasible. For the purposes of this study, a small-scale dairy farm was defined as a farm which produced less than 500 litres of milk a day irrespective of the number of cows or size of the farm. The study area was Central North West Province and the study was a longitudinal observational study conducted with 15 small-scale dairy farmers from 2002-2006. Nutrition was found to be a major constraint to the production capacity of dairy cows studied. It was found that farmers were deficient in the knowledge, skills and experience required to develop an affordable and balanced feeding system based on locally available ingredients. Dairy rations were given to prevent malnutrition or starvation, rather than to increase production. It was also shown that feeding of the cattle on the farms investigated, was influenced more by availability and affordability of locally obtained feed ingredients than by planning nutrition to increase milk production. Available statistics show that there are approximately 257 000 dairy cattle in NWP, with the greatest numbers in the Central Region (175 235) and smaller numbers in the Western (59 852) and Eastern (21 873) Regions. These cattle produced approximately 230.4 million litres of milk annually (12.5% of national production) with an estimated value of R304.1 million at R1.32/l, excluding value-added products in the form of cheese, yoghurt, milk powder, and others in 2002. The method used was a longitudinal study conducted from 2002 to 2006 in three phases. In the first phase, situational analysis using participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and observation was used to outline the extent of the constraints and start to design appropriate interventions. Feeds used by the farmers for feeding dairy cows both supplements and roughage - were tested and evaluated. In the second phase, three different feeding systems were designed from the data obtained from PRA, in consultation with small-scale dairy farmers, established commercial dairy farmers, state veterinary and agriculture staff, feed manufacturers and distributors and the commodity organization (MPO) to optimize the nutrition of the dairy cows. The third phase was field testing of interventions and observations of the implementation by farmers. It was found during the PRA phase that the majority (n=9) of farmers had been in dairy farming for not more than five years, five farmers had six to ten years in dairy farming and only one farmer had 11 to 15 years in dairy farming. Dairy farming is a very highly skilled operation and farmers need to have experience and knowledge to succeed. Five years is insufficient. Therefore capacity building and training were instituted over the period 2002 to 2005. Also, 60% (n=9) of the farmers were not affiliated to any agricultural organisation, so membership of the Milk Producers Organisation was facilitated for all farmers in the study. It was also found that the cattle were not identified and neither production nor financial records were kept. Testing and evaluation of feed used showed that it was of poor quality, deficient in protein, energy and minerals and no effort was made to balance the ration. In the second phase, three feeding systems were developed form data obtained and observations during phase one. These were A: a semi-intensive farm based ration using available crops, pastures and crop residues with minimal rations purchased: B: an intensive, zero-grazing dairy system using a total mixed ration (TMR) for farmers with smallholdings of less than 5 hectares per cow and C: Traditional, extensive or dual purpose system where the calf drank from the cow until weaning and milking was done only once a day, for farmers with more than 5 ha grazing available per cow. The last was a low-input/low output system and was implemented by a majority (n=8) of the farmers. System B was chosen by two farmers and not adopted by any of the two farmers in the long run. System A was adopted by three farmers. Four farmers left dairy farming for various reasons during the study. By July 2006, the farmers had changed to commercially formulated rations or licks and the body condition score of the cows had improved. Milk production per cow did not increase, but this may have been due to the increased price of meat and the fact that a majority of the farmers were using a dual purpose system and selling calves at weaning for a very good price. It was concluded that extension officers should get extra training in dairy if there are dairy farmers in their areas as this is a very specialist type of extension. They should also work closely with veterinary services including veterinarians, animal health technicians and the health inspectors. Further research should be done to optimise the traditional model as this is relatively profitable, has a lower risk and is less labour intensive. It is probably a good way to increase food security, particularly in families when only one or two members have an income from a pension or part-time employment. The prices realised from informal sales of milk and calves can give a stable income. The community farms' should be economically evaluated in terms of each beneficiary being able to get a living wage out of the projected profits of the farm. The MPO and other stakeholders should give very specific training to new dairy farmers, based on the models that were used in this study. It is essential that framers be taught to look forward and get a pro-active attitude. They must also understand that quality, balanced rations are the key to success poor rations are expensive rations, because they result in unhealthy cows and poor production. Finally, ongoing and effective monitoring and evaluation of extension is an effective instrument for project sustainability farmers must be involved and participate in their own evaluation - extension is not all about paper work it is about measuring performance and good service delivery.
Book Synopsis Costs and Efficiency in Milk Production by : Great Britain. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
Download or read book Costs and Efficiency in Milk Production written by Great Britain. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Small-scale Dairy Farming in Zanzibar by : Juma Malik Akil
Download or read book Small-scale Dairy Farming in Zanzibar written by Juma Malik Akil and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Factors Affecting Costs of Milk Production in Southeastern Louisiana by : John Efferson Norman
Download or read book Factors Affecting Costs of Milk Production in Southeastern Louisiana written by John Efferson Norman and published by . This book was released on 1940 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Feeding Dairy Cattle written by and published by . This book was released on 2007-01-01 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Milk and Dairy Products by : J. C. Belloin
Download or read book Milk and Dairy Products written by J. C. Belloin and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Feeding Dairy Cattle by : Canada. Dept. of Agriculture. Agricultural Supplies Board
Download or read book Feeding Dairy Cattle written by Canada. Dept. of Agriculture. Agricultural Supplies Board and published by . This book was released on 1943 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Supplementary Estimates for the Consolidated and Development Funds by : Botswana
Download or read book Supplementary Estimates for the Consolidated and Development Funds written by Botswana and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 682 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Africa South of the Sahara 2003 by : Europa Publications
Download or read book Africa South of the Sahara 2003 written by Europa Publications and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2002-10-31 with total page 1392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A one-volume library of essential and comprehensive data on all the countries of sub-Saharan Africa, including essays on regional issues, statistical surveys and directories of invaluable contact names and addresses
Book Synopsis Africa South of the Sahara 2004 by : Europa Publications
Download or read book Africa South of the Sahara 2004 written by Europa Publications and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2003 with total page 1474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A definitive one-volume guide to all sub-Saharan African countries, providing invaluable economic and directory data.
Book Synopsis Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals by : Milad Manafi
Download or read book Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals written by Milad Manafi and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Artificial insemination is used instead of natural mating for reproduction purposes and its chief priority is that the desirable characteristics of a bull or other male livestock animal can be passed on more quickly and to more progeny than if that animal is mated with females in a natural fashion. This book contains under one cover 16 chapters of concise, up-to-date information on artificial insemination in buffalos, ewes, pigs, swine, sheep, goats, pigs and dogs. Cryopreservation effect on sperm quality and fertility, new method and diagnostic test in semen analysis, management factors affecting fertility after cervical insemination, factors of non-infectious nature affecting the fertility, fatty acids effects on reproductive performance of ruminants, particularities of bovine artificial insemination, sperm preparation techniques and reproductive endocrinology diseases are described. This book will explain the advantages and disadvantages of using AI, the various methodologies used in different species, and how AI can be used to improve reproductive efficiency in farm animals.
Download or read book Budget Speech written by Botswana and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Rural-urban Interface in Africa by : Jonathan Baker
Download or read book The Rural-urban Interface in Africa written by Jonathan Baker and published by Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. This book was released on 1992 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discusses the role of small towns as agents for rural improvement and focuses on the links provided by small towns to both rural areas and larger towns. Reviews the role of selected indigenous nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in supporting the activities of small enterprises in small towns and rural areas. Covers trends from the 1960s.
Book Synopsis Application of Biotechnology to Nutrition of Animals in Developing Countries by : R. A. Leng
Download or read book Application of Biotechnology to Nutrition of Animals in Developing Countries written by R. A. Leng and published by . This book was released on 1991-01-01 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Africa, the Cradle of Human Diversity by :
Download or read book Africa, the Cradle of Human Diversity written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2021-11-22 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores important chapters of past and recent African history from a multidisciplinary perspective. It covers an extensive time range from the evolution of early humans to the complex cultural and genetic diversity of modern-day populations in Africa. Through a comprehensive list of chapters, the book focuses on different time-periods, geographic regions and cultural and biological aspects of human diversity across the continent. Each chapter summarises current knowledge with perspectives from a varied set of international researchers from diverse areas of expertise. The book provides a valuable resource for scholars interested in evolutionary history and human diversity in Africa. Contributors are Shaun Aron, Ananyo Choudhury, Bernard Clist, Cesar Fortes-Lima, Rosa Fregel, Jackson S. Kimambo, Faye Lander , Marlize Lombard, Fidelis T. Masao, Ezekia Mtetwa, Gilbert Pwiti, Michèle Ramsay, Thembi Russell, Carina Schlebusch, Dhriti Sengupta, Plan Shenjere-Nyabezi, Mário Vicente.
Book Synopsis Complete Atlas of the World, 3rd Edition by : DK
Download or read book Complete Atlas of the World, 3rd Edition written by DK and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2016-05-17 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Complete Atlas of the World, 3rd Edition is now fully revised and updated to reflect the latest changes in world geography, including the annexation of Crimea and the new nation of South Sudan. Bringing each featured landscape to life with detailed terrain models and color schemes and offering maps of unsurpassed quality, this atlas features four sections: a world overview, the main atlas, fact files on all the countries of the world, and an easy-to-reference index of all 100,000 place names. All maps enjoy a full double-page spread, with continents broken down into 330 carefully selected maps, including 100 city plans. You will also find a stimulating series of global thematic maps that explore Earth's place in the universe, its physical forms and processes, the living world, and the human condition. From Antarctica to Zambia, discover the Earth continent-by-continent with Complete Atlas of the World, 3rd Edition.