Cryptography 101 From Theory To Practice

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Cryptography 101: From Theory to Practice

Author : Rolf Oppliger
Publisher : Artech House
ISBN 13 : 163081847X
Total Pages : 650 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis Cryptography 101: From Theory to Practice by : Rolf Oppliger

Download or read book Cryptography 101: From Theory to Practice written by Rolf Oppliger and published by Artech House. This book was released on 2021-06-30 with total page 650 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This exciting new resource provides a comprehensive overview of the field of cryptography and the current state of the art. It delivers an overview about cryptography as a field of study and the various unkeyed, secret key, and public key cryptosystems that are available, and it then delves more deeply into the technical details of the systems. It introduces, discusses, and puts into perspective the cryptographic technologies and techniques, mechanisms, and systems that are available today. Random generators and random functions are discussed, as well as one-way functions and cryptography hash functions. Pseudorandom generators and their functions are presented and described. Symmetric encryption is explored, and message authentical and authenticated encryption are introduced. Readers are given overview of discrete mathematics, probability theory and complexity theory. Key establishment is explained. Asymmetric encryption and digital signatures are also identified. Written by an expert in the field, this book provides ideas and concepts that are beneficial to novice as well as experienced practitioners.

Cryptography 101

Author : Rolf Oppliger
Publisher : Artech House Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781630818463
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (184 download)

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Book Synopsis Cryptography 101 by : Rolf Oppliger

Download or read book Cryptography 101 written by Rolf Oppliger and published by Artech House Publishers. This book was released on 2021-06-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive book gives an overview of how cognitive systems and artificial intelligence (AI) can be used in electronic warfare (EW). Readers will learn how EW systems respond more quickly and effectively to battlefield conditions where sophisticated radars and spectrum congestion put a high priority on EW systems that can characterize and classify novel waveforms, discern intent, and devise and test countermeasures. Specific techniques are covered for optimizing a cognitive EW system as well as evaluating its ability to learn new information in real time. The book presents AI for electronic support (ES), including characterization, classification, patterns of life, and intent recognition. Optimization techniques, including temporal tradeoffs and distributed optimization challenges are also discussed. The issues concerning real-time in-mission machine learning and suggests some approaches to address this important challenge are presented and described. The book covers electronic battle management, data management, and knowledge sharing. Evaluation approaches, including how to show that a machine learning system can learn how to handle novel environments, are also discussed. Written by experts with first-hand experience in AI-based EW, this is the first book on in-mission real-time learning and optimization.

Introduction to Modern Cryptography

Author : Jonathan Katz
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351133012
Total Pages : 435 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (511 download)

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Book Synopsis Introduction to Modern Cryptography by : Jonathan Katz

Download or read book Introduction to Modern Cryptography written by Jonathan Katz and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-12-21 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now the most used texbook for introductory cryptography courses in both mathematics and computer science, the Third Edition builds upon previous editions by offering several new sections, topics, and exercises. The authors present the core principles of modern cryptography, with emphasis on formal definitions, rigorous proofs of security.

Public-key Cryptography

Author : Abhijit Das
Publisher : Pearson Education India
ISBN 13 : 9788131708323
Total Pages : 588 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (83 download)

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Book Synopsis Public-key Cryptography by : Abhijit Das

Download or read book Public-key Cryptography written by Abhijit Das and published by Pearson Education India. This book was released on 2009 with total page 588 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Public-key Cryptography provides a comprehensive coverage of the mathematical tools required for understanding the techniques of public-key cryptography and cryptanalysis. Key topics covered in the book include common cryptographic primitives and symmetric techniques, quantum cryptography, complexity theory, and practical cryptanalytic techniques such as side-channel attacks and backdoor attacks.Organized into eight chapters and supplemented with four appendices, this book is designed to be a self-sufficient resource for all students, teachers and researchers interested in the field of cryptography.

Theory and Practice of Cryptography and Network Security Protocols and Technologies

Author : Jaydip Sen
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 9535111760
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis Theory and Practice of Cryptography and Network Security Protocols and Technologies by : Jaydip Sen

Download or read book Theory and Practice of Cryptography and Network Security Protocols and Technologies written by Jaydip Sen and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2013-07-17 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In an age of explosive worldwide growth of electronic data storage and communications, effective protection of information has become a critical requirement. When used in coordination with other tools for ensuring information security, cryptography in all of its applications, including data confidentiality, data integrity, and user authentication, is a most powerful tool for protecting information. This book presents a collection of research work in the field of cryptography. It discusses some of the critical challenges that are being faced by the current computing world and also describes some mechanisms to defend against these challenges. It is a valuable source of knowledge for researchers, engineers, graduate and doctoral students working in the field of cryptography. It will also be useful for faculty members of graduate schools and universities.

Applied Cryptography

Author : Bruce Schneier
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119439027
Total Pages : 937 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis Applied Cryptography by : Bruce Schneier

Download or read book Applied Cryptography written by Bruce Schneier and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-05-25 with total page 937 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the world's most renowned security technologist, Bruce Schneier, this 20th Anniversary Edition is the most definitive reference on cryptography ever published and is the seminal work on cryptography. Cryptographic techniques have applications far beyond the obvious uses of encoding and decoding information. For developers who need to know about capabilities, such as digital signatures, that depend on cryptographic techniques, there's no better overview than Applied Cryptography, the definitive book on the subject. Bruce Schneier covers general classes of cryptographic protocols and then specific techniques, detailing the inner workings of real-world cryptographic algorithms including the Data Encryption Standard and RSA public-key cryptosystems. The book includes source-code listings and extensive advice on the practical aspects of cryptography implementation, such as the importance of generating truly random numbers and of keeping keys secure. ". . .the best introduction to cryptography I've ever seen. . . .The book the National Security Agency wanted never to be published. . . ." -Wired Magazine ". . .monumental . . . fascinating . . . comprehensive . . . the definitive work on cryptography for computer programmers . . ." -Dr. Dobb's Journal ". . .easily ranks as one of the most authoritative in its field." -PC Magazine The book details how programmers and electronic communications professionals can use cryptography-the technique of enciphering and deciphering messages-to maintain the privacy of computer data. It describes dozens of cryptography algorithms, gives practical advice on how to implement them into cryptographic software, and shows how they can be used to solve security problems. The book shows programmers who design computer applications, networks, and storage systems how they can build security into their software and systems. With a new Introduction by the author, this premium edition will be a keepsake for all those committed to computer and cyber security.

Understanding Cryptography

Author : Christof Paar
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642041019
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (42 download)

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Book Synopsis Understanding Cryptography by : Christof Paar

Download or read book Understanding Cryptography written by Christof Paar and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-11-27 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cryptography is now ubiquitous – moving beyond the traditional environments, such as government communications and banking systems, we see cryptographic techniques realized in Web browsers, e-mail programs, cell phones, manufacturing systems, embedded software, smart buildings, cars, and even medical implants. Today's designers need a comprehensive understanding of applied cryptography. After an introduction to cryptography and data security, the authors explain the main techniques in modern cryptography, with chapters addressing stream ciphers, the Data Encryption Standard (DES) and 3DES, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), block ciphers, the RSA cryptosystem, public-key cryptosystems based on the discrete logarithm problem, elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC), digital signatures, hash functions, Message Authentication Codes (MACs), and methods for key establishment, including certificates and public-key infrastructure (PKI). Throughout the book, the authors focus on communicating the essentials and keeping the mathematics to a minimum, and they move quickly from explaining the foundations to describing practical implementations, including recent topics such as lightweight ciphers for RFIDs and mobile devices, and current key-length recommendations. The authors have considerable experience teaching applied cryptography to engineering and computer science students and to professionals, and they make extensive use of examples, problems, and chapter reviews, while the book’s website offers slides, projects and links to further resources. This is a suitable textbook for graduate and advanced undergraduate courses and also for self-study by engineers.

Modern Cryptography

Author : Wenbo Mao
Publisher : Prentice Hall
ISBN 13 : 0134171845
Total Pages : 842 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (341 download)

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Book Synopsis Modern Cryptography by : Wenbo Mao

Download or read book Modern Cryptography written by Wenbo Mao and published by Prentice Hall. This book was released on 2003-07-25 with total page 842 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leading HP security expert Wenbo Mao explains why "textbook" crypto schemes, protocols, and systems are profoundly vulnerable by revealing real-world-scenario attacks. Next, he shows how to realize cryptographic systems and protocols that are truly "fit for application"--and formally demonstrates their fitness. Mao presents practical examples throughout and provides all the mathematical background you'll need. Coverage includes: Crypto foundations: probability, information theory, computational complexity, number theory, algebraic techniques, and more Authentication: basic techniques and principles vs. misconceptions and consequential attacks Evaluating real-world protocol standards including IPSec, IKE, SSH, TLS (SSL), and Kerberos Designing stronger counterparts to vulnerable "textbook" crypto schemes Mao introduces formal and reductionist methodologies to prove the "fit-for-application" security of practical encryption, signature, signcryption, and authentication schemes. He gives detailed explanations for zero-knowledge protocols: definition, zero-knowledge properties, equatability vs. simulatability, argument vs. proof, round-efficiency, and non-interactive versions.

Cryptography: A Very Short Introduction

Author : Fred Piper
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191577758
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (915 download)

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Book Synopsis Cryptography: A Very Short Introduction by : Fred Piper

Download or read book Cryptography: A Very Short Introduction written by Fred Piper and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2002-05-30 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a clear and informative introduction to cryptography and data protection - subjects of considerable social and political importance. It explains what algorithms do, how they are used, the risks associated with using them, and why governments should be concerned. Important areas are highlighted, such as Stream Ciphers, block ciphers, public key algorithms, digital signatures, and applications such as e-commerce. This book highlights the explosive impact of cryptography on modern society, with, for example, the evolution of the internet and the introduction of more sophisticated banking methods. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

Cryptography

Author : Douglas Robert Stinson
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 131528247X
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (152 download)

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Book Synopsis Cryptography by : Douglas Robert Stinson

Download or read book Cryptography written by Douglas Robert Stinson and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-08-14 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through three editions, Cryptography: Theory and Practice, has been embraced by instructors and students alike. It offers a comprehensive primer for the subject’s fundamentals while presenting the most current advances in cryptography. The authors offer comprehensive, in-depth treatment of the methods and protocols that are vital to safeguarding the seemingly infinite and increasing amount of information circulating around the world. Key Features of the Fourth Edition: New chapter on the exciting, emerging new area of post-quantum cryptography (Chapter 9). New high-level, nontechnical overview of the goals and tools of cryptography (Chapter 1). New mathematical appendix that summarizes definitions and main results on number theory and algebra (Appendix A). An expanded treatment of stream ciphers, including common design techniques along with coverage of Trivium. Interesting attacks on cryptosystems, including: padding oracle attack correlation attacks and algebraic attacks on stream ciphers attack on the DUAL-EC random bit generator that makes use of a trapdoor. A treatment of the sponge construction for hash functions and its use in the new SHA-3 hash standard. Methods of key distribution in sensor networks. The basics of visual cryptography, allowing a secure method to split a secret visual message into pieces (shares) that can later be combined to reconstruct the secret. The fundamental techniques cryptocurrencies, as used in Bitcoin and blockchain. The basics of the new methods employed in messaging protocols such as Signal, including deniability and Diffie-Hellman key ratcheting.

Cryptography

Author : Douglas R. Stinson
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420057138
Total Pages : 601 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Cryptography by : Douglas R. Stinson

Download or read book Cryptography written by Douglas R. Stinson and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-11-01 with total page 601 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: THE LEGACY... First introduced in 1995, Cryptography: Theory and Practice garnered enormous praise and popularity, and soon became the standard textbook for cryptography courses around the world. The second edition was equally embraced, and enjoys status as a perennial bestseller. Now in its third edition, this authoritative text continues to provide a solid foundation for future breakthroughs in cryptography. WHY A THIRD EDITION? The art and science of cryptography has been evolving for thousands of years. Now, with unprecedented amounts of information circling the globe, we must be prepared to face new threats and employ new encryption schemes on an ongoing basis. This edition updates relevant chapters with the latest advances and includes seven additional chapters covering: Pseudorandom bit generation in cryptography Entity authentication, including schemes built from primitives and special purpose "zero-knowledge" schemes Key establishment including key distribution and protocols for key agreement, both with a greater emphasis on security models and proofs Public key infrastructure, including identity-based cryptography Secret sharing schemes Multicast security, including broadcast encryption and copyright protection THE RESULT... Providing mathematical background in a "just-in-time" fashion, informal descriptions of cryptosystems along with more precise pseudocode, and a host of numerical examples and exercises, Cryptography: Theory and Practice, Third Edition offers comprehensive, in-depth treatment of the methods and protocols that are vital to safeguarding the mind-boggling amount of information circulating around the world.

Crypto 101

Author : Chris Ani
Publisher : Independently Published
ISBN 13 : 9781706972297
Total Pages : 74 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (722 download)

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Book Synopsis Crypto 101 by : Chris Ani

Download or read book Crypto 101 written by Chris Ani and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2019-11-10 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A lot of people still do not understand the new revolution Bitcoin has brought to the world of finance and technology. For the first time in history: value can be transferred from one person to another without the need of a government or a third party . It is AMAZING! In this book you will learn: The untold History of Money, What is Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency, Risk associated with Cryptocurrency, The beauty of the Blockchain Technology, How to buy and sell Bitcoin and more

Handbook of Elliptic and Hyperelliptic Curve Cryptography

Author : Henri Cohen
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420034987
Total Pages : 842 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Elliptic and Hyperelliptic Curve Cryptography by : Henri Cohen

Download or read book Handbook of Elliptic and Hyperelliptic Curve Cryptography written by Henri Cohen and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-07-19 with total page 842 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The discrete logarithm problem based on elliptic and hyperelliptic curves has gained a lot of popularity as a cryptographic primitive. The main reason is that no subexponential algorithm for computing discrete logarithms on small genus curves is currently available, except in very special cases. Therefore curve-based cryptosystems require much smaller key sizes than RSA to attain the same security level. This makes them particularly attractive for implementations on memory-restricted devices like smart cards and in high-security applications. The Handbook of Elliptic and Hyperelliptic Curve Cryptography introduces the theory and algorithms involved in curve-based cryptography. After a very detailed exposition of the mathematical background, it provides ready-to-implement algorithms for the group operations and computation of pairings. It explores methods for point counting and constructing curves with the complex multiplication method and provides the algorithms in an explicit manner. It also surveys generic methods to compute discrete logarithms and details index calculus methods for hyperelliptic curves. For some special curves the discrete logarithm problem can be transferred to an easier one; the consequences are explained and suggestions for good choices are given. The authors present applications to protocols for discrete-logarithm-based systems (including bilinear structures) and explain the use of elliptic and hyperelliptic curves in factorization and primality proving. Two chapters explore their design and efficient implementations in smart cards. Practical and theoretical aspects of side-channel attacks and countermeasures and a chapter devoted to (pseudo-)random number generation round off the exposition. The broad coverage of all- important areas makes this book a complete handbook of elliptic and hyperelliptic curve cryptography and an invaluable reference to anyone interested in this exciting field.

Practical Cryptography in Python

Author : Seth James Nielson
Publisher : Apress
ISBN 13 : 1484249003
Total Pages : 380 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (842 download)

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Book Synopsis Practical Cryptography in Python by : Seth James Nielson

Download or read book Practical Cryptography in Python written by Seth James Nielson and published by Apress. This book was released on 2019-09-27 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Develop a greater intuition for the proper use of cryptography. This book teaches the basics of writing cryptographic algorithms in Python, demystifies cryptographic internals, and demonstrates common ways cryptography is used incorrectly. Cryptography is the lifeblood of the digital world’s security infrastructure. From governments around the world to the average consumer, most communications are protected in some form or another by cryptography. These days, even Google searches are encrypted. Despite its ubiquity, cryptography is easy to misconfigure, misuse, and misunderstand. Developers building cryptographic operations into their applications are not typically experts in the subject, and may not fully grasp the implication of different algorithms, modes, and other parameters. The concepts in this book are largely taught by example, including incorrect uses of cryptography and how "bad" cryptography can be broken. By digging into the guts of cryptography, you can experience what works, what doesn't, and why. What You’ll Learn Understand where cryptography is used, why, and how it gets misused Know what secure hashing is used for and its basic propertiesGet up to speed on algorithms and modes for block ciphers such as AES, and see how bad configurations breakUse message integrity and/or digital signatures to protect messagesUtilize modern symmetric ciphers such as AES-GCM and CHACHAPractice the basics of public key cryptography, including ECDSA signaturesDiscover how RSA encryption can be broken if insecure padding is usedEmploy TLS connections for secure communicationsFind out how certificates work and modern improvements such as certificate pinning and certificate transparency (CT) logs Who This Book Is For IT administrators and software developers familiar with Python. Although readers may have some knowledge of cryptography, the book assumes that the reader is starting from scratch.

Cryptography and Network Security

Author : William Stallings
Publisher : Pearson
ISBN 13 : 0134484525
Total Pages : 772 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (344 download)

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Book Synopsis Cryptography and Network Security by : William Stallings

Download or read book Cryptography and Network Security written by William Stallings and published by Pearson. This book was released on 2016-02-18 with total page 772 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the eBook of the printed book and may not include any media, website access codes, or print supplements that may come packaged with the bound book. The Principles and Practice of Cryptography and Network Security Stallings’ Cryptography and Network Security, Seventh Edition, introduces the reader to the compelling and evolving field of cryptography and network security. In an age of viruses and hackers, electronic eavesdropping, and electronic fraud on a global scale, security is paramount. The purpose of this book is to provide a practical survey of both the principles and practice of cryptography and network security. In the first part of the book, the basic issues to be addressed by a network security capability are explored by providing a tutorial and survey of cryptography and network security technology. The latter part of the book deals with the practice of network security: practical applications that have been implemented and are in use to provide network security. The Seventh Edition streamlines subject matter with new and updated material — including Sage, one of the most important features of the book. Sage is an open-source, multiplatform, freeware package that implements a very powerful, flexible, and easily learned mathematics and computer algebra system. It provides hands-on experience with cryptographic algorithms and supporting homework assignments. With Sage, the reader learns a powerful tool that can be used for virtually any mathematical application. The book also provides an unparalleled degree of support for the reader to ensure a successful learning experience.

SSL and TLS: Theory and Practice, Third Edition

Author : Rolf Oppliger
Publisher : Artech House
ISBN 13 : 1685690165
Total Pages : 383 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (856 download)

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Book Synopsis SSL and TLS: Theory and Practice, Third Edition by : Rolf Oppliger

Download or read book SSL and TLS: Theory and Practice, Third Edition written by Rolf Oppliger and published by Artech House. This book was released on 2023-06-30 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in its Third Edition, this completely revised and updated reference provides a thorough and comprehensive introduction into the SSL, TLS, and DTLS protocols, explaining all the details and technical subtleties and showing how the current design helps mitigate the attacks that have made press headlines in the past. The book tells the complete story of TLS, from its earliest incarnation (SSL 1.0 in 1994), all the way up to and including TLS 1.3. Detailed descriptions of each protocol version give you a full understanding of why the protocol looked like it did, and why it now looks like it does. You will get a clear, detailed introduction to TLS 1.3 and understand the broader context of how TLS works with firewall and network middleboxes, as well the key topic of public infrastructures and their role in securing TLS. You will also find similar details on DTLS, a close sibling of TLS that is designed to operate over UDP instead of TCP. The book helps you fully understand the rationale behind the design of the SSL, TLS, and DTLS protocols and all of its extensions. It also gives you an in-depth and accessible breakdown of the many vulnerabilities in earlier versions of TLS, thereby more fully equipping you to properly configure and use the protocols in the field and protect against specific (network-based) attacks. With its thorough discussion of widely deployed network security technology, coupled with its practical applications you can utilize today, this is a must-have book for network security practitioners and software/web application developers at all levels.

An Introduction to Number Theory with Cryptography

Author : James Kraft
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351664107
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (516 download)

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Book Synopsis An Introduction to Number Theory with Cryptography by : James Kraft

Download or read book An Introduction to Number Theory with Cryptography written by James Kraft and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-01-29 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Building on the success of the first edition, An Introduction to Number Theory with Cryptography, Second Edition, increases coverage of the popular and important topic of cryptography, integrating it with traditional topics in number theory. The authors have written the text in an engaging style to reflect number theory's increasing popularity. The book is designed to be used by sophomore, junior, and senior undergraduates, but it is also accessible to advanced high school students and is appropriate for independent study. It includes a few more advanced topics for students who wish to explore beyond the traditional curriculum. Features of the second edition include Over 800 exercises, projects, and computer explorations Increased coverage of cryptography, including Vigenere, Stream, Transposition,and Block ciphers, along with RSA and discrete log-based systems "Check Your Understanding" questions for instant feedback to students New Appendices on "What is a proof?" and on Matrices Select basic (pre-RSA) cryptography now placed in an earlier chapter so that the topic can be covered right after the basic material on congruences Answers and hints for odd-numbered problems About the Authors: Jim Kraft received his Ph.D. from the University of Maryland in 1987 and has published several research papers in algebraic number theory. His previous teaching positions include the University of Rochester, St. Mary's College of California, and Ithaca College, and he has also worked in communications security. Dr. Kraft currently teaches mathematics at the Gilman School. Larry Washington received his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1974 and has published extensively in number theory, including books on cryptography (with Wade Trappe), cyclotomic fields, and elliptic curves. Dr. Washington is currently Professor of Mathematics and Distinguished Scholar-Teacher at the University of Maryland.