Credit Risk Management in Ghanaian Commercial Banks

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Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3656397546
Total Pages : 99 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (563 download)

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Book Synopsis Credit Risk Management in Ghanaian Commercial Banks by : Michael Nyarko-Baasi

Download or read book Credit Risk Management in Ghanaian Commercial Banks written by Michael Nyarko-Baasi and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2013-03-27 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Master's Thesis from the year 2012 in the subject Business economics - Investment and Finance, grade: B, Methodist University College Ghana, language: English, abstract: This study focused on the challenges of Credit Risk Management in Ghanaian Commercial Banks with the searchlight on the operations of Barclays Bank Ghana (BBG), Ghana Commercial Bank (GCB), Zenith Bank Ghana and Merchant Bank Ghana (MBG), all operating in the Accra Business District. The study essentially had the objective of examining the loan application appraisal processes of these banks as well as ascertaining the adequacy of their loan monitoring mechanism. In conducting the study, the researcher adopted the questionnaire technique as the research instrument to solicit information from both customers and officials of the banks. Purposive sampling technique was employed in selecting officials from the banks whose duties centered on Credit Risk Management. Random sampling technique also helped the researcher in selecting the sample size for the customers of the banks. Findings made uncovered the fact that poor sales and exchange rate losses, product substitutes due to trade liberalization and inability to enter into the foreign market and account for a chuck of the loan default cases experienced by the banks. It is recommended, among others, that the Government’s information on Venture Capital Trust fund should be made more accessible to the SMEs sectors through official sponsored workshops whilst the capacity and logistics of the Eximguaranty Limited are strengthened to alleviate the credit requirement ‘headaches’ of SMEs. Conclusions drawn centered on the fact that some banks minimize risk factors in credit management by entering into some covenants with borrowers’ under which certain figures and ratios are periodically sent to the banks electronically. Most banks also dispatch their officials to monitor and evaluate the loan disbursement schedules agreed with the customer to minimize bad debt associated with SMEs.

Determinant of Loan Default and Its Effect on Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Ghana. A Case Study of Fidelity Bank Limited

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Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3668580227
Total Pages : 57 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (685 download)

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Book Synopsis Determinant of Loan Default and Its Effect on Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Ghana. A Case Study of Fidelity Bank Limited by : Anthony Abaidoo

Download or read book Determinant of Loan Default and Its Effect on Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Ghana. A Case Study of Fidelity Bank Limited written by Anthony Abaidoo and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2017-11-27 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research Paper (postgraduate) from the year 2015 in the subject Business economics - Banking, Stock Exchanges, Insurance, Accounting, , language: English, abstract: The main purpose of this study was to examine the determinants of loan default and its effects on financial performance of commercial banks in Ghana by using Fidelity Bank Limited as a case study. The study employed quantitative and qualitative research techniques as the research design. In achieving the research objectives primary and secondary data was used. The primary data was collected through a well structured questionnaire. Simple random technique was used to select 120 loan clients and a purposive sampling was used to select a credit staff. The data was collected from four branches of Fidelity Bank in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana. It was realized that the delays in loan approval, poor management, poor credit appraisal and diversion of loans are the main determinants of loan default in Fidelity bank. The study also found that SME clients (49.5%) defaults more than agric, personal and salary loan clients. The major cause of loan default according to the findings of this study was decrease in demand of goods and service (16.1%) sold by the loan clients. Again, it was realized that loan default has a negative impact on profitability. It is recommended that the following measures should be implemented to reduce the rate of loan default; good credit structuring, consistent monitoring, sound credit risk policies and standards, quality analysis, well trained staff, good corporate governance system, independent credit assessment, rescheduling and provision of additional funds.

Ghana

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Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 145528257X
Total Pages : 54 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (552 download)

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Book Synopsis Ghana by : International Monetary Fund

Download or read book Ghana written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2011-06-14 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the 2003 Financial Stability Assessment Program (FSAP) update, Ghana’s financial system has undergone rapid growth and structural transformation. The authorities have been implementing reforms to enhance the financial system’s resilience to shocks and its contribution to growth. The vulnerabilities reflect the interplay of several factors, but state involvement is an important element. The other contributory factors include deficiencies in commercial banks’ risk management, supervision, and the insolvency regime. Additional recommendations are detailed in the Report on the Standards and Codes on Compliance (ROSC) with the Basel Core Principles (BCP).

Managing Risks in Commercial and Retail Banking

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Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111810353X
Total Pages : 579 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (181 download)

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Book Synopsis Managing Risks in Commercial and Retail Banking by : Amalendu Ghosh

Download or read book Managing Risks in Commercial and Retail Banking written by Amalendu Ghosh and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-02-28 with total page 579 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A practical guide to the practices and procedures of effectively managing banking risks Managing Risks in Commercial and Retail Banking takes an in-depth, logical look at dealing with all aspects of risk management within the banking sector. It presents complex processes in a simplified way by providing real-life situations and examples. The book examines all dimensions of the risks that banks face—both the financial risks—credit, market, and operational—and the non-financial risks—money laundering, information technology, business strategy, legal, and reputational. Focusing on methods and models for identifying, measuring, monitoring, and controlling risks, it provides practical advice backed up by solid theories, without resorting to the use of complicated mathematical and statistical formulas. Author Amalendu Ghosh exposes topics that are usually absent in books on managing banking risk—such as design of control framework, risk management architecture, credit risk rating, risk-based loan pricing, portfolio analysis, business continuity planning, and corporate governance. Author has extensive experience with a variety of major banks and institutions worldwide and brings a fresh perspective in the wake of the global finance crisis Presents a novel approach using models of the credit risk rating of different types of borrowers, the methodology for assigning weights for deriving the rating, and the scoring process Covers the essentials of corporate governance and options for credit risk assessment in line with the recommendations made in the New Basel Capital Accord Explains the methodology of risk-based internal audit, including techniques to enable bank branches to switch over from the old transaction-based audit methods With its logical sequence of the aspects of risk management, the book's layout is ideal for presentations, making it a handy tool for risk management training

Credit Risk Management in the Development Bank of Ethiopia. Effects on the Quality of Loan Portfolio

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Author :
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3346298728
Total Pages : 82 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (462 download)

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Book Synopsis Credit Risk Management in the Development Bank of Ethiopia. Effects on the Quality of Loan Portfolio by : Kebede Adane

Download or read book Credit Risk Management in the Development Bank of Ethiopia. Effects on the Quality of Loan Portfolio written by Kebede Adane and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2020-11-18 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Master's Thesis from the year 2020 in the subject Business economics - Banking, Stock Exchanges, Insurance, Accounting, , course: Business Adminstration, language: English, abstract: The main objective of the thesis is to assess the effect of credit risk management on the quality of loans portfolio in the case of Development Bank of Ethiopia. A sample of 84 respondents was drawn from the employees of the Development Bank of Ethiopia by using purposive sampling technique. Both primary and secondary data were used. Data related to loan portfolio and loan position is obtained from the bank whereas, primary data are collected using structured questioners from the employees of the bank. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to conduct the research and Multiple Regression Analysis was run using SPSS Version 21.0 to analyze the data. With regard to credit risk management practices, the result show that DBE has not satisfactory risk Management practice. Precisely, using score 1 (poor) to 5 (best), all the parameters of risk management practice assessment have a score value below 3.40, i.e. Credit Risk Granting and Portfolio Quality Control (3.40), Credit Risk System and Standard (3.20), Credit Risk and Portfolio Quality Control (3.17), Risk Identification, Measurement and Control (3.03), and Risk Environment (2.98). The Bank`s loan portfolio is also more vulnerable to various types of risks, such as to unpredictable risk, predictable, and controllable risks. The bank’s NPL ratio was above 15% for the last five years. The regression result also showed that sound credit granting process and the existence of comprehensive risk management system and standards are the significant variables that affect loan portfolio quality of the Bank. Credit risk management practice of the bank has insignificant effect on loan portfolio quality. Both in terms of Non-performing loan and concentration, DBE has poor loan portfolio quality which is due to the bank’s poor credit risk management practice. Therefore, there is a need to improve and enhance credit risk management practice of the Bank, especially, by improving the credit granting process to have sound credit risk management, and by updating credit risk management system and standards so as to have strong credit management.

A Study of Credit Risk Management in Commercial Banks

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Publisher : Department of Commerce International Trade Administration
ISBN 13 : 9785780023487
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (234 download)

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Book Synopsis A Study of Credit Risk Management in Commercial Banks by : S. Sankares Wari

Download or read book A Study of Credit Risk Management in Commercial Banks written by S. Sankares Wari and published by Department of Commerce International Trade Administration. This book was released on 2022-09-15 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world has experienced remarkable number of banking and financial crises during the last few decades. Though most of those were experienced in the developing countries, the majority of the crises coincided with the deregulatory measures that led to excessively rapid credit extension. In the long run, continuous increases in asset prices created bubble.

Determinants of Commercial Bank Interest Margins and Profitability

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Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 52 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Determinants of Commercial Bank Interest Margins and Profitability by : Asl? Demirgüç-Kunt

Download or read book Determinants of Commercial Bank Interest Margins and Profitability written by Asl? Demirgüç-Kunt and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1998 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: March 1998 Differences in interest margins reflect differences in bank characteristics, macroeconomic conditions, existing financial structure and taxation, regulation, and other institutional factors. Using bank data for 80 countries for 1988-95, Demirgüç-Kunt and Huizinga show that differences in interest margins and bank profitability reflect various determinants: * Bank characteristics. * Macroeconomic conditions. * Explicit and implicit bank taxes. * Regulation of deposit insurance. * General financial structure. * Several underlying legal and institutional indicators. Controlling for differences in bank activity, leverage, and the macroeconomic environment, they find (among other things) that: * Banks in countries with a more competitive banking sector-where banking assets constitute a larger share of GDP-have smaller margins and are less profitable. The bank concentration ratio also affects bank profitability; larger banks tend to have higher margins. * Well-capitalized banks have higher net interest margins and are more profitable. This is consistent with the fact that banks with higher capital ratios have a lower cost of funding because of lower prospective bankruptcy costs. * Differences in a bank's activity mix affect spread and profitability. Banks with relatively high noninterest-earning assets are less profitable. Also, banks that rely largely on deposits for their funding are less profitable, as deposits require more branching and other expenses. Similarly, variations in overhead and other operating costs are reflected in variations in bank interest margins, as banks pass their operating costs (including the corporate tax burden) on to their depositors and lenders. * In developing countries foreign banks have greater margins and profits than domestic banks. In industrial countries, the opposite is true. * Macroeconomic factors also explain variation in interest margins. Inflation is associated with higher realized interest margins and greater profitability. Inflation brings higher costs-more transactions and generally more extensive branch networks-and also more income from bank float. Bank income increases more with inflation than bank costs do. * There is evidence that the corporate tax burden is fully passed on to bank customers in poor and rich countries alike. * Legal and institutional differences matter. Indicators of better contract enforcement, efficiency in the legal system, and lack of corruption are associated with lower realized interest margins and lower profitability. This paper-a product of the Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to study bank efficiency.

The Bank Credit Analysis Handbook

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470829443
Total Pages : 748 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis The Bank Credit Analysis Handbook by : Jonathan Golin

Download or read book The Bank Credit Analysis Handbook written by Jonathan Golin and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-03-18 with total page 748 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A hands-on guide to the theory and practice of bank credit analysis and ratings In this revised edition, Jonathan Golin and Philippe Delhaise expand on the role of bank credit analysts and the methodology of their practice. Offering investors and practitioners an insider's perspective on how rating agencies assign all-important credit ratings to banks, the book is updated to reflect today's environment of increased oversight and demands for greater transparency. It includes international case studies of bank credit analysis, suggestions and insights for understanding and complying with the Basel Accords, techniques for reviewing asset quality on both quantitative and qualitative bases, explores the restructuring of distressed banks, and much more. Features charts, graphs, and spreadsheet illustrations to further explain topics discussed in the text Includes international case studies from North America, Asia, and Europe that offer readers a global perspective Offers coverage of the Basel Accords on Capital Adequacy and Liquidity and shares the authors' view that a bank could be compliant under those and other regulations without being creditworthy A uniquely practical guide to bank credit analysis as it is currently practiced around the world, The Bank Credit Analysis Handbook, Second Edition is a must-have resource for equity analysts, credit analysts, and bankers, as well as wealth managers and investors.

International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards

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Author :
Publisher : Lulu.com
ISBN 13 : 9291316695
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (913 download)

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Book Synopsis International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards by :

Download or read book International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards written by and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2004 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Banking Sector in Ghana: Issues in relation to Current Reforms

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Author :
Publisher : Anchor Academic Publishing (aap_verlag)
ISBN 13 : 3954895463
Total Pages : 133 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (548 download)

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Book Synopsis The Banking Sector in Ghana: Issues in relation to Current Reforms by : Edmund Benjamin-Addy

Download or read book The Banking Sector in Ghana: Issues in relation to Current Reforms written by Edmund Benjamin-Addy and published by Anchor Academic Publishing (aap_verlag). This book was released on 2013-06-01 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For in recent times, a lot of banks have rated Ghana a good destination to extend their operations, the competition in the banking industry has heightened. To ensure that banks maintain adequate working capital, the industry regulator, i.e. the Bank of Ghana, issued a directive instructing all commercial banks to ensure that by the close of December 2012 their operating capitals do not fall below GH¢60million. At the close of December 2011, almost all foreign banks had complied. However, some of the local banks are sensing serious limitation in meeting the order. Therefore, the study has the objective to identify the challenges these banks have to face and thereby, the author will recommend avenues for raising funds to meet the proposed capital requirement. This study is based on six banks that operate in the Accra business district, namely the National Investment Bank (NIB), the Ecobank Ghana Ltd. (ECB), the Prudential Bank, the Ghana Commercial Bank, the Merchant Bank Ghana and the Zenith Bank. Primary data was obtained by soliciting views from bank officials on questions as the following. Which challenges confront Ghanaian Banks in their cash mobilization efforts? How could the banks generate more funds from the Ghana Stock Exchange? What efforts were made to secure funding from strategic investors? How could they reduce operating cost to enhance working capital? The second data set is based on financial statements and brochures of the banks. There was a direct approach to officers of these banks whose job description included liquidity adequacy or assets liability management. The questionnaire technique was adopted as the ideal research instrument. Moreover, the data was analyzed by means of SPSS application, TOPAZ and further, the resulting charts and graphs were featured.

Enterprise Risk Management in Ethiopian Private Banks. An Assessment

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783346313744
Total Pages : 74 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis Enterprise Risk Management in Ethiopian Private Banks. An Assessment by : Yetayew Alemu

Download or read book Enterprise Risk Management in Ethiopian Private Banks. An Assessment written by Yetayew Alemu and published by . This book was released on 2020-11-12 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thesis (M.A.) from the year 2020 in the subject Business economics - Banking, Stock Exchanges, Insurance, Accounting, grade: 3.33, Ethiopian Civil Service University, course: Financial Management, language: English, abstract: The aim of this research is to explore the practice of Enterprise Risk Management in Ethiopian Private Banks. Currently, there are 16 private commercial banks working in the country, some of which are celebrating their 20 years' anniversaries. To represent all the 16 private banks, the researcher grouped them in two categories. Wegagen Bank, United Bank and Bank of Abyssinia has been selected from the earliest established commercial banks and Abay Bank, Buna international Bank and Berhan Bank were selected from the lately established banks in simple random sampling method with a total number of 51 employees working risk management area from the selected 6 commercial banks. The data were collected through questionnaire and face to face interview. The questionnaires were distributed to all risk management department staff of each selected commercial banks. The interviews were made with NBE's bank supervision department and directors as well as managers and directors of commercial banks. 51 questionnaires were distributed, properly filled and fully returned to the researcher. The finding of the research reveals that, the major challenge faced by commercial banks are weak ton at the top, absence of qualified staff, absence of advanced risk management technology and lower management attention and the recommendations were, Banks should have an enterprise risk management committee at management level, Banks should conduct workshops or panel discussion to identify enterprise level risks in each activity and Banks should have comprehensive risk register and database to run their business with smooth operations and absence of interruption.

Financial Sector Reforms and Bank Performance in Ghana

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Financial Sector Reforms and Bank Performance in Ghana by : T. O. Antwi-Asare

Download or read book Financial Sector Reforms and Bank Performance in Ghana written by T. O. Antwi-Asare and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Financial Risk Management in Banking

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429758642
Total Pages : 339 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (297 download)

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Book Synopsis Financial Risk Management in Banking by : Shahsuzan Zakaria

Download or read book Financial Risk Management in Banking written by Shahsuzan Zakaria and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-08-08 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As risk-taking is an essential part of the banking industry, banks must practise efficient risk management to ensure survival in uncertain financial climates. Banking operations are specifically affected by fluctuations in interest rates which cause financial imbalance; thus banks are now required to put in place an effective management structure that incorporates risk management efficiency measures that help mitigate the wide range of risks they face. In this book, the authors have developed a new modelling approach to determine banks’ financial risk management by offering detailed insights into the integrated approach of dollar-offset ratio and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), based on derivatives usage. It further analyses the efficiency measurement under stochastic DEA approaches, namely (i) Bootstrap DEA (BDEA), (ii) Sensitivity Analysis and (iii) Chance-Constrained DEA (CCDEA). As demonstrated in the modelling exercise, this integrated approach can be applied to other cases that require risk management efficiency measurement strategies. Additionally, this is the first book to comprehensively review the derivative markets of both the developed and developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region, by examining the differences of risk management efficiency of the banking institutions in these countries. Based on this measurement approach, strategies are provided for banks to improve their strategic risk management practices, as well as to reduce the impacts from external risks, such as changes in interest rates and exchange rates. Furthermore, this book will help banks to keep abreast of recent developments in the field of efficiency studies in management accounting, specifically in relation to hedge accounting, used by banks in the Asia-Pacific region.

Analyzing Banking Risk

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Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 9780821378984
Total Pages : 438 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (789 download)

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Book Synopsis Analyzing Banking Risk by : Hennie van Greuning

Download or read book Analyzing Banking Risk written by Hennie van Greuning and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2009-03-31 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive overview of topics focusing on assessment, analysis, and management of financial risks in banking. The publication emphasizes risk-management principles and stresses that key players in the corporate governance process are accountable for managing the different dimensions of financial risk. This third edition remains faithful to the objectives of the original publication. A significant new edition is the inclusion of chapters on the management of the treasury function. Advances made by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision are reflected in the chapters on capital adequacy, transparency, and banking supervision. This publication should be of interest to a wide body of users of bank financial data. The target audience includes persons responsible for the analysis of banks and for the senior management or organizations directing their efforts.

Performance of Financial Institutions

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521777674
Total Pages : 516 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (776 download)

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Book Synopsis Performance of Financial Institutions by : Patrick T. Harker

Download or read book Performance of Financial Institutions written by Patrick T. Harker and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2000-05-18 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The efficient operation of financial intermediaries--banks, insurance and pension fund firms, government agencies and so on--is instrumental for the efficient functioning of the financial system and the fueling of the economies of the twenty-first century. But what drives the performance of these institutions in today's global environment? In this volume, world-renowned scholars bring their expertise to bear on the issues. Primary among them are the definition and measurement of efficiency of a financial institution, benchmarks of efficiency, identification of the drivers of performance and measurement of their effects on efficiency, the impact of financial innovation and information technologies on performance, the effects of process design, human resource management policies, as well as others.

Credit Risk Management

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470827491
Total Pages : 470 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis Credit Risk Management by : Hong Kong Institute of Bankers (HKIB)

Download or read book Credit Risk Management written by Hong Kong Institute of Bankers (HKIB) and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-09-04 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The importance of managing credit and credit risks carefully and appropriately cannot be overestimated. The very success or failure of a bank and the banking industry in general may well depend on how credit risk is handled. Banking professionals must be fully versed in the risks associated with credit operations and how to manage those risks. This up-to-date volume is an invaluable reference and study tool that delves deep into issues associated with credit risk management. Credit Risk Management from the Hong Kong Institute of Bankers (HKIB)discusses the various ways through which banks manage risks. Essential for candidates studying for the HKIB Associateship Examination, it can also help those who want to acquire a deeper understanding of how and why banks make decisions and set up processes that lower their risk. Topics covered in this book include: Active credit portfolio management Risk management, pricing, and capital adequacy Capital requirements for banks Approaches to credit risk management Structural models and probability of default Techniques to determine loss given default Derivatives and structured products

Nonperforming Loans in Sub-Saharan Africa

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Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 0051110172
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (511 download)

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Book Synopsis Nonperforming Loans in Sub-Saharan Africa by : Hippolyte Fofack

Download or read book Nonperforming Loans in Sub-Saharan Africa written by Hippolyte Fofack and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2005 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This paper investigates the leading causes of nonperforming loans during the economic and banking crises that affected a large number of countries in Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1990s. Empirical analysis shows a dramatic increase in these loans and extremely high credit risk, with significant differences between the CFA and non-CFA countries, and substantially higher financial costs for the latter sub-panel of countries. The results also highlight a strong causality between these loans and economic growth, real exchange rate appreciation, the real interest rate, net interest margins, and interbank loans consistent with the causality and econometric analysis, which reveal the significance of macroeconomic and microeconomic factors. The dramatic increase in these loans is largely driven by macroeconomic volatility and reflects the vulnerability of undiversified African economies, which remain heavily exposed to external shocks. Simulated results show that macroeconomic stability and economic growth are associated with a declining level of nonperforming loans; whereas adverse macroeconomic shocks coupled with higher cost of capital and lower interest margins are associated with a rising scope of nonperforming loans. These results are supported by long-term estimates of nonperforming loans derived from pseudo panel-based prediction models. "--World Bank web site.