Course Placement Influences On Student Motivation

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Course Placement Influences on Student Motivation

Author : Rahila Simzar
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 16 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Course Placement Influences on Student Motivation by : Rahila Simzar

Download or read book Course Placement Influences on Student Motivation written by Rahila Simzar and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A national initiative encourages STEM careers to prepare students to succeed in an increasingly competitive economy (National Research Council, 2011). The STEM pipeline is dependent on students' mathematics course-taking trajectories, which are determined once a student enrolls in his/her first Algebra course. Despite efforts to increase access to advanced math courses, there is a national decline in participation in these courses over the last two decades (Watt, Shapka, Morris, Durik, Keating, & Eccles, 2012). During the later high school years many students opt out of math-related disciplines (Meece, 2006). Student motivation predicts choice to "pursue" mathematics (Martin, Anderson, Bobis, Way, & Vellar, 2012), thus attending to student motivation is a necessary precursor to increasing the numbers of students choosing to pursue advanced mathematics learning. This case study uses the increasing eighth grade Algebra enrollment trends in an urban Californian school district to investigate motivational changes found between students selected into eighth grade Algebra with peers enrolled in other math courses referenced as General Mathematics. Using two waves of motivation survey data, we estimate motivational changes for eighth grade students beginning in the fall and ending in the spring. This research focuses on two questions: (1) How do achievement goals, expectancy, and task value change for eighth grade Algebra students compared with peers enrolled in General Mathematics courses? and (2) Do these motivational changes vary by mathematics achievement prior to Algebra course placement? Findings indicated that all students placed in Algebra, on average, experienced increases in maladaptive performance-avoid goals as compared with peers placed in General Mathematics. Average and low performing students placed in Algebra experienced decreases in performance-approach goals as compared with peers placed in General Mathematics. Furthermore, all students placed in Algebra experienced declines in both academic self-efficacy and task value as compared with peers placed in General Mathematics. Average and low achieving students experienced greater declines in self-efficacy and task value than high achieving peers in Algebra. Appended are: (1) Tables and figures; (2) Achievement Goal Scale Items; and (3) Expectancy Value Scale Items.

Understanding Student Motivation and Affect in Middle School Mathematics Classrooms

Author : Rahila M. Simzar
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781339784816
Total Pages : 228 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (848 download)

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Book Synopsis Understanding Student Motivation and Affect in Middle School Mathematics Classrooms by : Rahila M. Simzar

Download or read book Understanding Student Motivation and Affect in Middle School Mathematics Classrooms written by Rahila M. Simzar and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Math course placement is a source of continued discrepancy in the United States. Over the past few decades policy initiatives have catalyzed revisions on how and when students are placed into their first Algebra course. Concerns over equity in access and the national goal of fostering a competent STEM workforce have motivated efforts to place more students into Algebra earlier. Students who are not selected into Algebra by the eighth grade, for example, face a blocked pathway to advanced math learning among other outcomes. Thus, efforts have predominantly focused on increasing Algebra course placement in eighth grade, a developmentally sensitive time that carries weight in shaping adolescent students' beliefs, feelings, and goals for mathematics. While an extensive body of research has taken advantage of changing Algebra course placement policies to examine effects on a variety of student outcomes, research has yet to examine how course placement influences students' motivation for mathematics and general states of affect (achievement emotions) in mathematics classrooms.This dissertation seeks to initiate our understanding of how math course placement relates to students' beliefs and feelings about mathematics by examining student reports of beliefs, goals, and achievement emotions within their mathematics classrooms during middle school. The studies presented here forth aim to make a unique contribution to this literature by examining the relation between middle school math course placement and students' motivation for mathematics and affect in middle school mathematics classrooms---and further, relating changes in each to subsequent mathematics achievement. To my knowledge, these studies are the first to reveal information about Algebra course placement and students' motivation and affect as research to date has examined the effects, influences, and associations of Algebra course placement on student cognitive and achievement outcomes.The first study examines the changes in students' goals, expectancy, and value for mathematics for students placed in eighth grade Algebra relative to peers placed in lower-level courses. This study extends analyses to examine whether the changes in students' beliefs and goals in eighth grade relate to changes in achievement. The second part of this dissertation examines student-centered achievement emotions and affect as it surfaces within math classrooms. Achievement emotions and affect carries a significant contribution to the development of motivation and subsequent learning and experiences. For example, a student's experience will inform anticipated emotions for future engagements, which will have an influence on that students' motivation by affecting the choice of activities that he or she chooses to engage in. In Study 2 I examine changes in students' achievement emotions (specifically, anxiety) and general states of positive or negative affect for students placed in eighth grade Algebra relative to peers placed in lower-level courses. In this study, as well as the third study, positive affect is characterized as students reporting feeling excited, interested, enthusiastic, and/or happy in their mathematics class. Negative affect is characterized by students' reports of feeling irritated, bored, and/or exhausted in their mathematics class. The third study examines the association between students' self-rated achievement emotions and affect and mathematics achievement as measured by a state standardized exam.The three studies in this dissertation aim to make a first contribution in the area of math course placement and adolescent motivation for mathematics by relaying information about how math course placement and changes in beliefs, goals, and affect contributes to the changes in students' motivation for mathematics and achievement. The results will provide policy-relevant information that is specifically needed at this time of nascent course placement policy changes that are occurring in light of the recently adopted Common Core State Standards. As schools revise course placement and course taking trajectories, information about influences on the cultivation of students' beliefs and feelings about mathematics carry meaningful utility in light of goals to prepare all students to succeed in an increasingly competitive global economy.

How People Learn II

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309459672
Total Pages : 347 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis How People Learn II by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book How People Learn II written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-09-27 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are many reasons to be curious about the way people learn, and the past several decades have seen an explosion of research that has important implications for individual learning, schooling, workforce training, and policy. In 2000, How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School: Expanded Edition was published and its influence has been wide and deep. The report summarized insights on the nature of learning in school-aged children; described principles for the design of effective learning environments; and provided examples of how that could be implemented in the classroom. Since then, researchers have continued to investigate the nature of learning and have generated new findings related to the neurological processes involved in learning, individual and cultural variability related to learning, and educational technologies. In addition to expanding scientific understanding of the mechanisms of learning and how the brain adapts throughout the lifespan, there have been important discoveries about influences on learning, particularly sociocultural factors and the structure of learning environments. How People Learn II: Learners, Contexts, and Cultures provides a much-needed update incorporating insights gained from this research over the past decade. The book expands on the foundation laid out in the 2000 report and takes an in-depth look at the constellation of influences that affect individual learning. How People Learn II will become an indispensable resource to understand learning throughout the lifespan for educators of students and adults.

Sparking Student Motivation

Author : Eric M. Anderman
Publisher : Corwin
ISBN 13 : 1071803204
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (718 download)

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Book Synopsis Sparking Student Motivation by : Eric M. Anderman

Download or read book Sparking Student Motivation written by Eric M. Anderman and published by Corwin. This book was released on 2020-08-06 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Be the change that lights the learning fire. Discover how you, as a classroom teacher, can generate enthusiasm, confidence, and joy in your students that will affect their learning and lives. Delve into the what, and why of motivation and how it affects learning. Then, learn how to spark motivation using practical, research-informed strategies that address how to ? Hone student grouping, rewards, technology, and competition for positive impact ? Confront and disarm testing conflicts to make assessments a pleasant student experience ? Examine and empower teacher–student relationships ? Rethink rules and procedures to improve behavioral outcomes

Critical Practice in P-12 Education: Transformative Teaching and Learning

Author : Lawrence, Salika A.
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1466650605
Total Pages : 317 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (666 download)

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Book Synopsis Critical Practice in P-12 Education: Transformative Teaching and Learning by : Lawrence, Salika A.

Download or read book Critical Practice in P-12 Education: Transformative Teaching and Learning written by Lawrence, Salika A. and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2014-01-31 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book presents a framework for teaching that empowers students, fosters literacy development, and explains the underlying factors that influence pedagogy, highlighting practices from around the globe"--

Understanding the Nature of Motivation and Motivating Students through Teaching and Learning in Higher Education

Author : David Kember
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9812878831
Total Pages : 157 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (128 download)

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Book Synopsis Understanding the Nature of Motivation and Motivating Students through Teaching and Learning in Higher Education by : David Kember

Download or read book Understanding the Nature of Motivation and Motivating Students through Teaching and Learning in Higher Education written by David Kember and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-11-17 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is based upon three interrelated open naturalistic studies conducted to better characterise the motivational orientation of students in higher education. Open semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with undergraduates, students at community colleges and students in taught postgraduate courses in Hong Kong. The analysis used an exploratory grounded theory approach and resulted in a motivational orientation framework with six continua with positive and negative poles. On enrolment students had positions on the six facets of motivation, which shifted as they progressed through their degree according to their perceptions of the teaching and learning environment. The framework can, therefore, be used to explain both initial decisions to enrol and motivation to continue studying. The interviews included descriptions of teaching approaches and learning activities and their effects on motivation. This made it possible to describe a teaching and learning environment conducive to motivation, with eight supportive conditions. Each facet of the teaching and learning environment is illustrated with quotations from the three groups of students, resulting in a guide to configuring a teaching and learning environment conducive to motivating students. The emerging community-college sector in Hong Kong is used as a case study of the effects on student motivation of the expansion of the higher education sector through private colleges. Cultural issues are discussed, particularly the performance of Asian students relative to those in the West.

Handbook of Research on Schools, Schooling and Human Development

Author : Judith L. Meece
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135283877
Total Pages : 534 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (352 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on Schools, Schooling and Human Development by : Judith L. Meece

Download or read book Handbook of Research on Schools, Schooling and Human Development written by Judith L. Meece and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2010-06-10 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children spend more time in school than in any social institution outside the home. And schools probably exert more influence on children’s development and life chances than any environment beyond the home and neighbourhood. The purpose of this book is to document some important ways schools influence children’s development and to describe various models and methods for studying schooling effects. Key features include: Comprehensive Coverage – this is the first book to provide a comprehensive review of what is known about schools as a context for human development. Topical coverage ranges from theoretical foundations to investigative methodologies and from classroom-level influences such as teacher-student relations to broader influences such as school organization and educational policies. Cross-Disciplinary – this volume brings together the divergent perspectives, methods and findings of scholars from a variety of disciplines, among them educational psychology, developmental psychology, school psychology, social psychology, psychiatry, sociology, and educational policy. Chapter Structure – to ensure continuity, chapter authors describe 1) how schooling influences are conceptualized 2) identify their theoretical and methodological approaches 3) discuss the strengths and weaknesses of existing research and 4) highlight implications for future research, practice, and policy. Methodologies – chapters included in the text feature various methodologies including longitudinal studies, hierarchical linear models, experimental and quasi-experimental designs, and mixed methods.

The Effects of Developmental Course Placement on Academic Achievement, Progress, and Motivation

Author : Traci Williams
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (952 download)

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Book Synopsis The Effects of Developmental Course Placement on Academic Achievement, Progress, and Motivation by : Traci Williams

Download or read book The Effects of Developmental Course Placement on Academic Achievement, Progress, and Motivation written by Traci Williams and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

SAGE Handbook of Research on Classroom Assessment

Author : James H. McMillan
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 1412995876
Total Pages : 577 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (129 download)

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Book Synopsis SAGE Handbook of Research on Classroom Assessment by : James H. McMillan

Download or read book SAGE Handbook of Research on Classroom Assessment written by James H. McMillan and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2013 with total page 577 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Sage Handbook of Research on Classroom Assessment provides scholars, professors, graduate students, and other researchers and policy makers in the organizations, agencies, testing companies, and school districts with a comprehensive source of research on all aspects of K-12 classroom assessment. The handbook emphasizes theory, conceptual frameworks, and all varieties of research (quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods) to provide an in-depth understanding of the knowledge base in each area of classroom assessment and how to conduct inquiry in the area. It presents classroom assessment research to convey, in depth, the state of knowledge and understanding that is represented by the research, with particular emphasis on how classroom assessment practices affect student achieventment and teacher behavior. Editor James H. McMillan and five Associate Editors bring the best thinking and analysis from leading classroom assessment researchers on the nature of the research, making significant contributions to this prominent and hotly debated topic in education.

Student Motivation and Quality of Life in Higher Education

Author : Marcus Henning
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 131780340X
Total Pages : 234 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (178 download)

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Book Synopsis Student Motivation and Quality of Life in Higher Education by : Marcus Henning

Download or read book Student Motivation and Quality of Life in Higher Education written by Marcus Henning and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-12-17 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Higher education is a high stakes process involving engagement with curricula and often entails coping with the onslaught of assessments and examinations. This process creates a level of intensity that impacts on the student experience in higher education. It is, therefore, important to consider not only the motivational aspects of learning but also quality of life issues, as they have profound effects on students. Quality of life affects the way students interact with their formal education, and has wide-reaching effects on future careers and their ability to coordinate everyday events. Integrating these two concepts, student motivation and quality of life, brings together the explicit elements that underpin learning in the higher education context, creating links between the affective and social aspects of the student life. This synthesis is integral to improving student retention and quality of life and has important ramifications for educationalists, administrators, pastoral care and academic support service personnel, and students themselves. Some highlights of the book include: Applied Positive Psychology in Higher Education Internationalisation and Quality of Life: A Taiwanese Perspective The Computer Assisted Learning for the Mind (CALM) Website: Teaching Skills to Increase Resilience The Oxford University Peer Support Programme: Addressing the Wellbeing of Students Higher Education and Student Stress: Reclaiming Light, Liberty and Learning Improving academic quality of life through attribution- and motivation-focused counselling

Increasing Persistence

Author : Wesley R. Habley
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470888431
Total Pages : 513 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis Increasing Persistence by : Wesley R. Habley

Download or read book Increasing Persistence written by Wesley R. Habley and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-09-04 with total page 513 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: INCREASING PERSISTENCE "Of all the books addressing the puzzle of student success and persistence, I found this one to be the most helpful and believe it will be extremely useful to faculty and staff attempting to promote student success. The authors solidly ground their work in empirical research, and do a brilliant job providing both an overview of the relevant literature as well as research-based recommendations for intervention." GAIL HACKETT, PH.D., provost and executive vice chancellor for academic affairs; professor, counseling and educational psychology, University of Missouri, Kansas City Research indicates that approximately forty percent of all college students never earn a degree anywhere, any time in their lives. This fact has not changed since the middle of the 20th century. Written for practitioners and those who lead retention and persistence initiatives at both the institutional and public policy levels, Increasing Persistence offers a compendium on college student persistence that integrates concept, theory, and research with successful practice. It is anchored by the ACT's What Works in Student Retention (WWISR) survey of 1,100 colleges and universities, an important resource that contains insights on the causes of attrition and identifies retention interventions that are most likely to enhance student persistence.?? The authors focus on three essential conditions for student success: students must learn; students must be motivated, committed, engaged, and self-regulating; and students must connect with educational programs consistent with their interests and abilities. The authors offer a detailed discussion of the four interventions that research shows are the most effective for helping students persist and succeed: assessment and course placement, developmental education initiatives, academic advising, and student transition programming. Finally, they urge broadening the current retention construct, providing guidance to policy makers, campus leaders, and individuals on the contributions they can make to student success.

Academic Motivation and the Culture of Schooling

Author : Cynthia Hudley
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190208090
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Academic Motivation and the Culture of Schooling by : Cynthia Hudley

Download or read book Academic Motivation and the Culture of Schooling written by Cynthia Hudley and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2008-07-30 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Decades of research indicate the important connections among academic motivation and achievement, social relationships, and school culture. However, much of this research has been conducted in homogenous American schools serving middle class, average achieving, Anglo-student populations. This edited volume will argue that school culture is a reflection of the society in which the school is embedded and comprises various aspects, including individualism, competition, cultural stereotypes, and extrinsically guided values and rewards. They address three specific conceptual questions: How do differences in academic motivation for diverse groups of students change over time? How do students' social cognitions influence their motivational processes and outcomes in school? And what has been done to enhance academic motivation? To answer this last question, the contributors describe empirically validated intervention programs for improving academic motivation in students from elementary school through college.

On the Same Track

Author : Carol Corbett Burris
Publisher : Beacon Press
ISBN 13 : 0807032980
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis On the Same Track by : Carol Corbett Burris

Download or read book On the Same Track written by Carol Corbett Burris and published by Beacon Press. This book was released on 2014-03-18 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A public school principal’s account of the courageous leaders who have dismantled the tracking systems in their schools in order to desegregate classrooms What would happen if a school eliminated the “tracks” that rank students based on their perceived intellectual abilities? Would low-achieving students fall behind and become frustrated? Would their higher-achieving peers suffer from a “watered-down” curriculum? Or is tracking itself the problem? A growing body of research shows that tracking doesn’t increase learning for the minority and low-income students who are overrepresented in low-track classrooms. This de facto segregation has led many civil rights advocates to argue that tracking is turning back the clock on equal education. As a principal at a New York high school, Carol Corbett Burris believed that the curriculum for the best students was the best curriculum for all. She helped lead a bold plan to eliminate tracking from her school, and the results couldn’t have been further from the doom-and-gloom scenarios of tracking proponents. Instead, there was a dramatic improvement in the achievement of all students, across racial and socioeconomic divisions, and a near elimination of the achievement gap. Today, due to those efforts, International Baccalaureate English is the twelfth-grade curriculum for South Side students, and all students take the same challenging courses, together, to prepare them for college. In On the Same Track, Burris draws on her own experience, on the experiences of other schools, and on the latest research to make an impassioned case for detracking. Not only does the practice of tracking fail to benefit lower-tracked students, as Burris shows, but it also results in the resegregation of classrooms. Furthermore, she argues that many of today’s popular reforms emanate from the same “sort and select” mentality that reinforces social stratification based on race and class. On the Same Track is a rousing, controversial, and yet optimistic account of how we need to change our assumptions and policies if we are to live up to the promise of democratic public education. Only by holding all students to the same high standards can we ensure that all have the same opportunity to live up to their full potential.

Engaging Schools

Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309084350
Total Pages : 303 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Engaging Schools by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Engaging Schools written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-12-21 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When it comes to motivating people to learn, disadvantaged urban adolescents are usually perceived as a hard sell. Yet, in a recent MetLife survey, 89 percent of the low-income students claimed "I really want to learn" applied to them. What is it about the school environmentâ€"pedagogy, curriculum, climate, organizationâ€"that encourages or discourages engagement in school activities? How do peers, family, and community affect adolescents' attitudes towards learning? Engaging Schools reviews current research on what shapes adolescents' school engagement and motivation to learnâ€"including new findings on students' sense of belongingâ€"and looks at ways these can be used to reform urban high schools. This book discusses what changes hold the greatest promise for increasing students' motivation to learn in these schools. It looks at various approaches to reform through different methods of instruction and assessment, adjustments in school size, vocational teaching, and other key areas. Examples of innovative schools, classrooms, and out-of-school programs that have proved successful in getting high school kids excited about learning are also included.

Student Motivation, Cognition, and Learning

Author : Paul R. Pintrich
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 113647966X
Total Pages : 422 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (364 download)

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Book Synopsis Student Motivation, Cognition, and Learning by : Paul R. Pintrich

Download or read book Student Motivation, Cognition, and Learning written by Paul R. Pintrich and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Designed to present some of the current research on student motivation, cognition, and learning, this book serves as a festschrift for Wilbert J. McKeachie who has been a leading figure in college teaching and learning. The contributions to this volume were written by former students, colleagues and friends. A common focus on a general or social cognitive view of learning is shared throughout the volume, but there are significant differences in the perspectives the researchers bring to bear on the issues. They provide an excellent cross-section of current thinking and research on general cognitive topics such as students' knowledge structures, cognitive and self-regulated learning strategies, as well as reasoning, problem solving, and critical thinking. Social cognitive and motivational topics are also well represented, including self-worth theory and expectancy-value models. More importantly, an explicit attempt is made to link cognitive and motivational constructs theoretically and empirically. This area of research is one of the most important and promising areas of future research in educational psychology. Finally, most of the chapters address instructional implications, but several explicitly discuss instructional issues related to the improvement of college students' motivation and cognition.

Student Motivation

Author : Farideh Salili
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461512735
Total Pages : 450 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

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Book Synopsis Student Motivation by : Farideh Salili

Download or read book Student Motivation written by Farideh Salili and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the latest developments in the major theories of student motivation as well as up-to-date research on the contextual and cultural variables that influence learning motivation in educational settings. An international roster of experts provides ample illustration of the complexities that are revealed when the study of cultural and contextual interactions is combined with motivational and cognitive variables.

Motivation for Achievement

Author : M. Kay Alderman
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136769803
Total Pages : 361 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (367 download)

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Book Synopsis Motivation for Achievement by : M. Kay Alderman

Download or read book Motivation for Achievement written by M. Kay Alderman and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-05-13 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding student and teacher motivation and developing strategies to foster motivation for students at all levels of performance are essential to effective teaching. This text is designed to help prospective and practicing teachers achieve these goals. Its premise is that current research and theory about motivation offer hope and possibilities for educators —teachers, parents, coaches, and administrators—to enhance motivation for achievement. The orientation draws primarily on social-cognitive perspectives that have generated much research relevant to classroom practice. Ideal for any course that is dedicated to, or includes coverage of, motivation and achievement, the text focuses on two key roles teachers play in supporting and cultivating motivation in the classroom: establishing the classroom structure and instruction that provides the environment for optimal motivation, engagement, and learning; and helping students develop the tools that will enable them to be self-regulated learners and develop their potential. Pedagogical features aid the understanding of concepts and the application to practice: Strategy boxes present guidelines and strategies for using the various concepts. Exhibit boxes include forms for different purposes (for example, goal setting), examples of teacher beliefs and practices, and samples of student work. Reflection boxes stimulate readers’ thinking about motivational issues inherent in the topics, their experiences, and their beliefs. A motivational toolbox at the end of each chapter helps readers identify important points to think about, lingering questions, strategies to use now, and strategies to develop in the future. NEW IN THE THIRD EDITION Updated research and new topics are added throughout as warranted by current inquiry in the field. Chapters are reorganized to provide more coherence and to account for new findings. New and updated material is included on issues of educational reform, standards for achievement, and high-stakes testing, and on achievement goal theory, especially regarding performance goals and the distinction between performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals as relevant to classroom practice.