Control Theories Of Crime And Delinquency

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Control Theories of Crime and Delinquency

Author : Michael Gottfredson
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351323709
Total Pages : 281 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (513 download)

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Book Synopsis Control Theories of Crime and Delinquency by : Michael Gottfredson

Download or read book Control Theories of Crime and Delinquency written by Michael Gottfredson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-30 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For the past twenty to thirty years, control theories of crime have been at the center of theoretical development in criminology. Key to the control theory perspective is the notion that crime is an inherently individual act, and its explanation requires that we focus on the characteristics of individuals who commit crimes. Consequently, control theory focuses on such issues as self-control and social control. The contributions to this volume explicate and extend the application of control theory. It is divided into three general areas. Part 1 focuses on key assumptions and components of control theories. Contributors discuss the notion of learning, or socialization, in the context of control theory and the effects that families, peers, and the criminal justice system have on self-control, social ties, and criminal behavior. Part 2 applies control theory to areas typically assumed to be out of the domain of self-control theory and social control theory, such as gender differences in crime, domestic violence, and group crime. Considering control theory's emphasis on explaining individual criminal acts, these chapters suggest an interesting area of development by highlighting the possibility that differences in crime across or within groups may begin with individual characteristics and then making inferences about groups and group processes. Part 3 approaches the explanation of crime cross-nationally and at the macro-level. Although the authors take different approaches, they all illustrate that a theory of crime does not require culture-specific elements in order to be a valid cross-cultural explanation. Contributors to this volume include: Robert Agnew, Todd Armstrong, Leana Allen Bouffard, Augustine Brannigan, Chester Britt, Barbara Costello, Maja Dekovic, Matt DeLisi, Michael Gottfredson, Henriette Haas, Kelly H. Hardwick, Travis Hirschi, Marianne Junger, Martin Killias, Helen Mederer, Kevin Thompson, and Alexander Vazsonyi.

Social Control and Self-Control Theories of Crime and Deviance

Author : L.Edward Wells
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351548506
Total Pages : 551 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

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Book Synopsis Social Control and Self-Control Theories of Crime and Deviance by : L.Edward Wells

Download or read book Social Control and Self-Control Theories of Crime and Deviance written by L.Edward Wells and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 551 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Control theories have dominated criminological theory and research since the 1969 publication of Hirschi's seminal work on the social bond. Social control and self-control theorists are unique in suggesting that patterns in criminal behaviors are better explained by variations in social constraints rather than by individual motivational impulses, thus indicating that their main concerns are the explication and clarification of the techniques, processes, and institutions of informal social control. The four major sections of this volume focus on: the similarities and differences among the major contributors to the early developmental stage of social control theory; the central importance of parents, peers, and schools in the creation of informal control mechanisms and their link to crime and delinquency; the theoretical underpinnings of self-control theory, including empirical tests and criticisms; and theoretical integrations of social control and self-control theories with various motivational theories of crime and delinquency.

Control Theories of Crime and Delinquency

Author : Michael Gottfredson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781351323727
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (237 download)

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Book Synopsis Control Theories of Crime and Delinquency by : Michael Gottfredson

Download or read book Control Theories of Crime and Delinquency written by Michael Gottfredson and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "For the past twenty to thirty years, control theories of crime have been at the center of theoretical development in criminology. Key to the control theory perspective is the notion that crime is an inherently individual act, and its explanation requires that we focus on the characteristics of individuals who commit crimes. Consequently, control theory focuses on such issues as self-control and social control.The contributions to this volume explicate and extend the application of control theory. It is divided into three general areas. Part 1 focuses on key assumptions and components of control theories. Contributors discuss the notion of learning, or socialization, in the context of control theory and the effects that families, peers, and the criminal justice system have on self-control, social ties, and criminal behavior. Part 2 applies control theory to areas typically assumed to be out of the domain of self-control theory and social control theory, such as gender differences in crime, domestic violence, and group crime. Considering control theory's emphasis on explaining individual criminal acts, these chapters suggest an interesting area of development by highlighting the possibility that differences in crime across or within groups may begin with individual characteristics and then making inferences about groups and group processes.Part 3 approaches the explanation of crime cross-nationally and at the macro-level. Although the authors take different approaches, they all illustrate that a theory of crime does not require culture-specific elements in order to be a valid cross-cultural explanation. Contributors to this volume include: Robert Agnew, Todd Armstrong, Leana Allen Bouffard, Augustine Brannigan, Chester Britt, Barbara Costello, Maja Dekovic, Matt DeLisi, Michael Gottfredson, Henriette Haas, Kelly H. Hardwick, Travis Hirschi, Marianne Junger, Martin Killias, Helen Mederer, Kevin Thompson, and Alexander Vazsonyi."--Provided by publisher.

Criminological Theory

Author : Frank P. Williams III
Publisher : Pearson
ISBN 13 : 013454854X
Total Pages : 235 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (345 download)

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Book Synopsis Criminological Theory by : Frank P. Williams III

Download or read book Criminological Theory written by Frank P. Williams III and published by Pearson. This book was released on 2017-01-10 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the eBook of the printed book and may not include any media, website access codes, or print supplements that may come packaged with the bound book. The authoritative resource for concise, chronological coverage of all the major sociological criminological theories This book provides all of the key principles of the most researched theories in the field of criminology in a concise, clearly written, and economical format. For over 30 years Williams and McShane’s Criminological Theory has been one of the most well-respected resources for undergraduate and graduate students nationwide, much appreciated for its strong research orientation and detailed research bibliographies that show the relationship between theory, research, and policy. Chapters are logically arranged with the social, cultural, and political context necessary to maximize understanding of the times that generated and supported the various theories presented. The book provides a chronological map tracing the development of each theory in relation to its predecessors and its role in the evolution of future theories. Each chapter ties into the preceding and subsequent chapter, making the theories that are meaningful to criminology today more cohesive. As a result, by understanding the relationship between early and present theory, students see the role played by the theorist more realistically, and can see themselves participating in theory as others before them have done.

Modern Control Theory and the Limits of Criminal Justice

Author : Michael Gottfredson
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190069821
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Modern Control Theory and the Limits of Criminal Justice by : Michael Gottfredson

Download or read book Modern Control Theory and the Limits of Criminal Justice written by Michael Gottfredson and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-10-01 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1990 when Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi published A General Theory of Crime, now often referred to as self control theory, it quickly became among the most discussed and researched perspectives in criminology. In Modern Control Theory and the Limits of Criminal Justice, Gottfredson and Hirschi develop and extend the theory of self control advanced in their classic work. Focusing on the methodology of testing crime theory and measuring behavioral research on crime and delinquency, they critically review the evidence about self control theory. Gottfredson and Hirschi further discuss evidence about the positive consequences of higher levels of self control from education, economics, and public health, that-along with evidence from delinquency and crime-show substantial support for the theory of self control. Illustrating the theory through predictions about policing, incarceration, juvenile justice, and the connection of immigration policy to crime, this book connects self control theory to the structure and function of the criminal justice system, then applies the theory to pressing issues of public policy about delinquency and crime.

The Craft of Criminology

Author : John H. Laub
Publisher : Transaction Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9780765801425
Total Pages : 390 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis The Craft of Criminology by : John H. Laub

Download or read book The Craft of Criminology written by John H. Laub and published by Transaction Publishers. This book was released on 2002 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Travis Hirschi is one of the most cited criminologists of the twentieth century, yet it is remarkable how little is known about his life and career. Known as spokesperson for social control theory, Hirschi has been a controversial figure. He has challenged popular theories in criminal career research as well as the need for longitudinal studies of offenders and criminal justice policies. For Hirschi, ideas are always tied to the mode of investigation and the mode of investigation is always tied to substantive concerns. Thus, substantive theoretical contribution and research methodology have been the twin driving forces throughout his career. John Laub's introduction combines a discerning account of Hirschi's life and work, accompanied by an interview with the author. He divides the volume into four parts. Part 1, "Methodological Issues," includes two essays, "Principles of Causal Analysis" and "False Criteria of Causality in Delinquency Research," coauthored with Hanan C. Selvin, "The Methodological Adequacy of Longitudinal Research on Crime," coauthored with Michael R. Gottfredson, and Hirschi's "Procedural Rules and the Study of Deviant Behavior." Part 2, "Causes and Correlates of Crime and Delinquency," encompasses Hirschi's "A Control Theory of Delinquency," "Causes and Prevention of Delinquency," and "Family Structure and Crime"; with Rodney Stark, "Hellfire and Delinquency"; with Michael J. Hindelang, "Intelligence and Delinquency: A Revisionist Review"; with Michael Gottfredson, "Age and the Explanation of Crime." Part 3, "A General Theory of Crime," consists of "The Distinction between Crime and Criminality," "The Generality of Deviance," "Causes of White Collar Crime," and "Control Theory and the Life Course Perspective," all coauthored with Michael R. Gottfredson. Part 4, "Critiques of Theories and Research in Criminology," consists of Hirschi's "Separate and Unequal is Better," along with "The True Value of Lambda Would Appear to be Zero," "Rethinking the Juvenile Justice System," and "National Crime Control Policies," all coauthored with Michael Gottfredson.

Fifty Years of Causes of Delinquency, Volume 25

Author : James C. Oleson
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429670400
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (296 download)

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Book Synopsis Fifty Years of Causes of Delinquency, Volume 25 by : James C. Oleson

Download or read book Fifty Years of Causes of Delinquency, Volume 25 written by James C. Oleson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-11-20 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume marks the 50th anniversary of the publication of Travis Hirschi’s seminal work Causes of Delinquency. The influence of Hirschi’s book, and the theory of social control it described, can scarcely be overstated. Social control theory has been empirically tested or commented on by hundreds of scholars and is generally regarded as one of the three dominant theories of crime. The current work highlights the impact that social control theory has had on criminological theory and research to date. Agnew’s contribution highlights the role that Hirschi’s tests of control versus strain theory had in contributing to the "near demise" of classic strain theories, and to the subsequent development of general strain theory. Serrano-Maillo relates control to drift, and Tedor and Hope compare the human nature assumptions of control theory to the current psychological literature. Other contributions return to Hirschi’s original Richmond Youth Survey (RYS) data and demonstrate the robustness of Hirschi’s major findings. Costello and Anderson find strong support for Hirschi’s predictions in an analysis of a diverse group of youths in Fayetteville, Arkansas, in 1999; Nofziger similarly finds support for Hirschi’s predictions with an analysis of the girls in the RYS, and explores the criticisms of social control theory that were the result of Hirschi’s failure to analyze the data from the girls in the sample. Kempf-Leonard revisits her seminal 1993 survey of control theory and reviews the current empirical status of control theory. Other contributions explore new directions for both social control theory and self-control theory. The contribution by Cullen, Lee, and Butler holds that one element of the social bond, commitment, was under-theorized by Hirschi, and the authors present a more in-depth development of the concept. Quist explores the possibility of expanding social control theory to explicitly incorporate exchange theory concepts; Ueda and Tsutomi apply control theory cross-culturally to a sample of Japanese students; and Felson uses control theory to organize criminological ideas. Vazsonyi and Javakhishvili’s contribution is an empirical analysis of the connections between social control in early childhood and self-control later in life; Chapple and McQuillan’s contribution suggests that the gender gap in delinquency is better explained by increased controls in girls than by gendered pathways to offending. Oleson traces the evolution of Hirschi’s control theory, and suggests that, given the relationships between fact and theory, a biosocial model of control might be a promising line of inquiry. Fifty Years of Causes of Delinquency: The Criminology of Travis Hirschi describes the current state of control theory and suggests its future directions, as well as demonstrates its enduring importance for criminological theory and research. The volume will be of interest to scholars working in the control theory tradition as well as those critical of the perspective, and is suitable for use in graduate courses in criminological theory.

Developmental Theories Of Crime And Delinquency

Author : Terence P. Thornberry
Publisher : Transaction Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781412821674
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (216 download)

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Book Synopsis Developmental Theories Of Crime And Delinquency by : Terence P. Thornberry

Download or read book Developmental Theories Of Crime And Delinquency written by Terence P. Thornberry and published by Transaction Publishers. This book was released on with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Developmental Theories of Crime and Delinquency, Terence P. Thornberry and his contributors show that criminal behavior is not a static human attribute, but ebbs and flows over the life course of the individual. Criminal behavior tends to follow a distinct psychological pattern. It is relatively uncommon during childhood, is initiated by most offenders during adolescence, flourishes during late adolescence and early childhood, and usually diminishes or disappears by the mid-twenties. This pattern is not characteristic of all people--some never commit crimes and others become career criminals--but it is a general description of the developmental pattern of criminal offenders. This pattern has profound implications for theories of crime and delinquency. Not only does it explain initiation into, maintenance of, and desistance from involvement in crime, it offers insight into why crime flourishes during adolescence. Traditional theories of crime and delinquency have often failed to distinguish among different phases of criminal careers. They tend to ignore developmental changes that occur across a person's life course, changes that coincide with and can explain the causes and patterns of criminal behavior. This paperback edition of the seventh volume of the distinguished series Advances in Criminological Theory moves us from static identifications of the criminal by presenting a broad range of developmental explanations of crime. Each contributor articulates a developmental or life course perspective in explaining how people become involved in delinquency and crime. Each covers a wide range of theoretical territory and reveals how a developmental perspective enhances the explanatory power of traditional theories of crime and delinquency. This volume is an invaluable tool for criminologists, sociologists, psychologists, and other professionals seeking to teach how crime and violence can be understood in our culture.

Modern Control Theory and the Limits of Criminal Justice

Author : Michael Gottfredson
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190069813
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Modern Control Theory and the Limits of Criminal Justice by : Michael Gottfredson

Causes of Delinquency

Author : Travis Hirschi
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351529714
Total Pages : 309 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

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Book Synopsis Causes of Delinquency by : Travis Hirschi

Download or read book Causes of Delinquency written by Travis Hirschi and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-28 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Causes of Delinquency, Hirschi attempts to state and test a theory of delinquency, seeing in the delinquent a person relatively free of the intimate attachments, the aspirations, and the moral beliefs that bind most people to a life within the law. In prominent alternative theories, the delinquent appears either as a frustrated striver forced into delinquency by his acceptance of the goals common to us all, or as an innocent foreigner attempting to obey the rules of a society that is not in position to make the law or define conduct as good or evil. Hirschi analyzes a large body of data on delinquency collected in Western Contra Costa County, California, contrasting throughout the assumptions of the strain, control, and cultural deviance theories. He outlines the assumptions of these theories and discusses the logical and empirical difficulties attributed to each of them. Then draws from sources an outline of social control theory, the theory that informs the subsequent analysis and which is advocated here.Often listed as a Citation Classic, Causes of Delinquency retains its force and cogency with age. It is an important volume and a necessary addition to the libraries of sociologists, criminologists, scholars and students in the area of delinquency.

Developmental Theories of Crime and Delinquency

Author : Terence Thornberry
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351522396
Total Pages : 359 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

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Book Synopsis Developmental Theories of Crime and Delinquency by : Terence Thornberry

Download or read book Developmental Theories of Crime and Delinquency written by Terence Thornberry and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-02-06 with total page 359 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Developmental Theories of Crime and Delinquency, Terence P. Thornberry and his contributors show that criminal behavior is not a static human attribute, but ebbs and flows over the life course of the individual. Criminal behavior tends to follow a distinct psychological pattern. It is relatively uncommon during childhood, is initiated by most offenders during adolescence, flourishes during late adolescence and early childhood, and usually diminishes or disappears by the mid-twenties. This pattern is not characteristic of all people--some never commit crimes and others become career criminals--but it is a general description of the developmental pattern of criminal offenders. This pattern has profound implications for theories of crime and delinquency. Not only does it explain initiation into, maintenance of, and desistance from involvement in crime, it offers insight into why crime flourishes during adolescence. Traditional theories of crime and delinquency have often failed to distinguish among different phases of criminal careers. They tend to ignore developmental changes that occur across a person's life course, changes that coincide with and can explain the causes and patterns of criminal behavior. This paperback edition of the seventh volume of the distinguished series Advances in Criminological Theory moves us from static identifications of the criminal by presenting a broad range of developmental explanations of crime. Each contributor articulates a developmental or life course perspective in explaining how people become involved in delinquency and crime. Each covers a wide range of theoretical territory and reveals how a developmental perspective enhances the explanatory power of traditional theories of crime and delinquency. This volume is an invaluable tool for criminologists, sociologists, psychologists, and other professionals seeking to teach how crime and violence can be understood in our culture.

SOU-CCJ230 Introduction to the American Criminal Justice System

Author : Alison Burke
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781636350684
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (56 download)

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Book Synopsis SOU-CCJ230 Introduction to the American Criminal Justice System by : Alison Burke

Download or read book SOU-CCJ230 Introduction to the American Criminal Justice System written by Alison Burke and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

A General Theory of Crime

Author : Michael R. Gottfredson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780804717731
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (177 download)

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Book Synopsis A General Theory of Crime by : Michael R. Gottfredson

Download or read book A General Theory of Crime written by Michael R. Gottfredson and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By articulating a general theory of crime and related behavior, the authors present a new and comprehensive statement of what the criminological enterprise should be about. They argue that prevalent academic criminology—whether sociological, psychological, biological, or economic—has been unable to provide believable explanations of criminal behavior. The long-discarded classical tradition in criminology was based on choice and free will, and saw crime as the natural consequence of unrestrained human tendencies to seek pleasure and to avoid pain. It concerned itself with the nature of crime and paid little attention to the criminal. The scientific, or disciplinary, tradition is based on causation and determinism, and has dominated twentieth-century criminology. It concerns itself with the nature of the criminal and pays little attention to the crime itself. Though the two traditions are considered incompatible, this book brings classical and modern criminology together by requiring that their conceptions be consistent with each other and with the results of research. The authors explore the essential nature of crime, finding that scientific and popular conceptions of crime are misleading, and they assess the truth of disciplinary claims about crime, concluding that such claims are contrary to the nature of crime and, interestingly enough, to the data produced by the disciplines themselves. They then put forward their own theory of crime, which asserts that the essential element of criminality is the absence of self-control. Persons with high self-control consider the long-term consequences of their behavior; those with low self-control do not. Such control is learned, usually early in life, and once learned, is highly resistant to change. In the remainder of the book, the authors apply their theory to the persistent problems of criminology. Why are men, adolescents, and minorities more likely than their counterparts to commit criminal acts? What is the role of the school in the causation of delinquincy? To what extent could crime be reduced by providing meaningful work? Why do some societies have much lower crime rates than others? Does white-collar crime require its own theory? Is there such a thing as organized crime? In all cases, the theory forces fundamental reconsideration of the conventional wisdom of academians and crimina justic practitioners. The authors conclude by exploring the implications of the theory for the future study and control of crime.

Theories of Delinquency

Author : Donald J. Shoemaker
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0195374177
Total Pages : 401 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Theories of Delinquency by : Donald J. Shoemaker

Download or read book Theories of Delinquency written by Donald J. Shoemaker and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2010 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Surveys the major theoretical approaches to understanding delinquent behavior, both biological and psychological. It features careful explanations of the major theories and analyzes each theory's underlying assumptions, the important concepts behind it, and finally the critical evaluations of the research associated with each theory presented.

Delinquency and Crime

Author : J. David Hawkins
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521478946
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (789 download)

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Book Synopsis Delinquency and Crime by : J. David Hawkins

Download or read book Delinquency and Crime written by J. David Hawkins and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1996-03-29 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why is crime persistent over generations, within families and within certain individuals? Is crime the manifestation of an inherited latent trait or the result of a failure of socialization and norm-setting processes? Why do youths commit crimes? Delinquency and Crime contains essays by nine leading criminologists that seek to answer these and other questions by describing current theories of crime and the research evidence that supports them. The authors' views on crime causation go beyond traditional criminological theories of strain, cultural deviance, social control, differential association and social learning to present emerging and integrated models of the origins of crime, including antisocial peer socialization, social development, interactional theory, behavior genetics, and community determinants. Each essay explores the practical implication of the authors' theoretical work for crime prevention and control.

Preventing Crime and Violence

Author : Brent Teasdale
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319441248
Total Pages : 388 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis Preventing Crime and Violence by : Brent Teasdale

Download or read book Preventing Crime and Violence written by Brent Teasdale and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-11-29 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This insightful volume integrates criminological theories, prevention science, and empirical findings to create an up-to-date survey of crime prevention research and strategies. Its interdisciplinary perspective expands on our knowledge of risk factors to isolate the malleable mechanisms that produce criminal outcomes, and can therefore be targeted for intervention. In addition, the text identifies developmental, lifespan, and social areas for effective intervention. Reviews of family-, community-, and criminal justice-based crime prevention approaches not only detail a wide gamut of successful techniques, but also provide evidence for why they succeed. And as an extra research dimension, the book’s chapters on methodological issues and challenges uncover rich possibilities for the next generation of crime prevention studies. Included in the coverage: Integrating criminology and prevention research Social disorganization theory: its history and relevance to crime prevention Research designs in crime and violence prevention Macro- and micro-approaches to crime prevention and intervention programs Implications of life course: approaches for prevention science Promising avenues for prevention, including confronting sexual victimization on college campuses Spotlighting current progress and continuing evolution of the field, Preventing Crime and Violence will enhance the work of researchers, practitioners, academicians, and policymakers in public health, prevention science, criminology, and criminal justice, as well as students interested in criminology and criminal justice.

Control Balance

Author : Charles R Tittle
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429969872
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (299 download)

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Book Synopsis Control Balance by : Charles R Tittle

Download or read book Control Balance written by Charles R Tittle and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-02-02 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A major contribution to the field of crime/deviance, this volume by noted criminologist Charles R. Tittle puts forth an integrated theory of deviance—control balance. Its central premise is that the total amount of control people are subjected to, relative to the control they can exercise, will affect the probability and type of their deviant behavior. In developing control balance, Tittle critically reviews other general theories such as anomie, Marxian conflict, social control, differential association/social learning, labelling, and routine activities and offers reasons why those theories are insufficient. Using real-world examples to illustrate his argument, he contends that deviance results from the convergence of four variables, each of which represents an interactive nexus of several inputs, including most prominently a control imbalance. The variables are predisposition, motivation, opportunity, and constraint. Control balance theory also explains six basic types of deviance, ranging from predation, defiance, and submissiveness on one end of a control ratio continuum to exploitation, plunder, and decadence on the other. Tittle conceives of control balance as a continuation, or temporary culmination, of the collective efforts of crime/deviance scholars who have gone before, presenting it as a vehicle for trying to achieve a fully adequate general theory of deviance.