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Considerations For Integrating Women Into Closed Occupations In Us Special Operations Forces
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Book Synopsis Considerations for Integrating Women Into Closed Occupations in U.S. Special Operations Forces by : Thomas S. Szayna
Download or read book Considerations for Integrating Women Into Closed Occupations in U.S. Special Operations Forces written by Thomas S. Szayna and published by Rand Corporation. This book was released on 2016 with total page 81 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report assesses challenges for unit cohesion from integrating women into special operations forces and provides analytical support for validating occupational standards for positions controlled by U.S. Special Operations Command.
Book Synopsis Gender Integration of Women Into U. S. Army Special Forces Operational Detachments Alpha (As 18-Series Military Occupational Specialty) - Results of Research Surveys and Historical Account Analysis by : U. S. Military
Download or read book Gender Integration of Women Into U. S. Army Special Forces Operational Detachments Alpha (As 18-Series Military Occupational Specialty) - Results of Research Surveys and Historical Account Analysis written by U. S. Military and published by . This book was released on 2018-05-11 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On January 24, 2013, restrictions against women in ground combat units, to include U.S. Army Special Forces (SF), were rescinded by the Department of Defense. The military services were allowed to gradually and systematically integrate women into male-only military occupational specialties (MOS). By January 2016 the military services must open all combat jobs to women or explain why exceptions exist. Gender integration for Army SF Operational Detachments Alpha (ODAs) could present socio-dynamic hurdles that potentially erode operational readiness, combat effectiveness and group cohesion. This research explores implications to operational readiness, combat effectiveness and group cohesion gender integration may pose to Army SF ODAs. Historical accounts of women in the Office of Strategic Services are considered, and gender integration of combat jobs and special operations forces of foreign militaries are discussed. Surveys were conducted among a convenience sampling of U.S. Army SF officers and U.S. Army female officers. Findings and recommendations conclude gender integration of an SF ODA can be successful if leadership at all levels leads the way with clear communication to manage expectations, and current physical standards remain unaltered. Clear lines of communication and education of ODA spouses are also vital to the success of gender integration in ODAs. Integrating women into ground combat units and previously denied MOSs is a sensitive subject, and more so when you consider integrating women into the Special Forces community as an 18-Series MOS member on an ODA. A strong understanding of the socio-dynamics within the integrated group is required. This study explores some pitfalls and benefits of gender integration and plausible foundational frameworks in which USSOCOM/USASOC could begin to build successful full integration models. The literature review will consider historical perspectives of women in the OSS, particularly where women were integrated into roles that were previously held by an all-male force. It will include any previous research that could be considered parallel to this study. Also, previous research on the psychological sex differences between men and women when they are integrated together into small working groups will be considered. Chapter 3 will explain and discuss the methodology incorporated into the research. A qualitative descriptive survey methodology will be utilized. Surveys will be administered to a designated sample of human subjects. A quantitative analysis will be conducted where applicable, but a large portion of the data received from the surveys will be qualitative in nature. Chapter 4 will be a discussion of the survey results. The final chapter will include an analysis of the survey results, findings and recommendations, and recommendations for further research.
Book Synopsis Gender Integration of Women Into U.S. Army Special Forces Operational Detachments Alpha as an 18 Series Military Occupational Specialty by : M.K. Chronister
Download or read book Gender Integration of Women Into U.S. Army Special Forces Operational Detachments Alpha as an 18 Series Military Occupational Specialty written by M.K. Chronister and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On January 24, 2013, restrictions against women in ground combat units, to include U.S. Army Special Forces (SF), were rescinded by the Department of Defense. The military services were allowed to gradually and systematically integrate women into male-only military occupational specialties (MOS). By January 2016 the military services must open all combat jobs to women or explain why exceptions exist. Gender integration for Army SF Operational Detachments Alpha (ODAs) could present socio-dynamic hurdles that potentially erode operational readiness, combat effectiveness and group cohesion. This research explores implications to operational readiness, combat effectiveness and group cohesion gender integration may pose to Army SF ODAs.
Book Synopsis Special Operations Forces Mixed-Gender Elite Teams by : William Knarr
Download or read book Special Operations Forces Mixed-Gender Elite Teams written by William Knarr and published by . This book was released on 2019-07-07 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On 24 January 2013, the Secretary of Defense (SecDef) rescinded the 1994 Direct Ground Combat Definition and Assignment Rule (DCAR) that excluded women from assignment to units and positions whose primary mission is to engage in direct combat on the ground. In doing so, the SecDef directed the opening of all occupational specialties, positions and units to women; the validation of gender-neutral standards for those positions; and establishment of milestones for implementation. In a March 2013 memorandum, Commander USSOCOM directed several initiatives as a result of the SecDef's DCAR rescission. While other studies examined individual performance and standards, the JSOU Center for Special Operations Studies and Research examined the effects on team dynamics. The challenge for this study was to determine if changing the gender component of Special Operations Forces elite teams from single-gender (masculine) to mixed-gender would affect team dynamics in a way that would compromise the ability of the team to meet a mission objective.
Author :Congressional Research Service Publisher :Createspace Independent Publishing Platform ISBN 13 :9781542450041 Total Pages :44 pages Book Rating :4.4/5 (5 download)
Book Synopsis Women in Combat by : Congressional Research Service
Download or read book Women in Combat written by Congressional Research Service and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-01-09 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past two decades of conflict, women have served with valor and continue to serve on combat aircraft, naval vessels, and in support of ground combat operations. The expansion of roles for women in the Armed Forces has evolved since the early days of the military when women were restricted by law and policy from serving in certain occupations and units. Women have not been precluded by law from serving in any military unit or occupational specialty since 1993 when Congress repealed the remaining prohibitions on women serving on combatant aircraft and vessels. However, Department of Defense (DOD) policies have prevented women from being assigned to units below brigade level where the unit's primary mission was to engage directly in ground combat. This policy barred women from serving in infantry, artillery, armor, combat engineers, and special operations units of battalion size or smaller. On January 24, 2013, then-Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta rescinded the rule that restricted women from serving in combat units and directed the military departments and services to review their occupational standards and assignment policies and to make recommendations for opening all combat roles to women no later than January 1, 2016. On December 3, 2015, Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter ordered the military to open all combat jobs to women with no exceptions. This most recent policy change followed extensive studies that were completed by the military departments and by the Special Operations Command (SOCOM) on issues such as unit cohesion, women's health, equipment, facilities modifications, propensity to serve, and international experiences with women in combat. These studies also included a review and validation of gender-neutral occupational standards for combat roles where such standards existed. On March 10, 2016, Secretary Carter announced that the Services' and SOCOM's implementation plans for the integration of women into direct ground combat roles were approved. Some concerns about the implementation of the new policy remain, including the recruitment, assignment, and career management of women into the new roles, and the impact of integration on unit readiness. Congress has oversight authority in these matters, and may also consider issues such as equal opportunity, equal responsibility (such as selective service registration), and the overall manpower needs of the military.
Book Synopsis Implications of Integrating Women Into the Marine Corps Infantry by : Agnes Gereben Schaefer
Download or read book Implications of Integrating Women Into the Marine Corps Infantry written by Agnes Gereben Schaefer and published by Rand Corporation. This book was released on 2015-12-03 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study for the U.S. Marine Corps reviews the history of the integration of women into the U.S. military and explores the role of cohesion, the gender integration of foreign militaries and domestic police and fire departments, and potential costs.
Book Synopsis Any Time, Any Place, Any Gender? by : Mark F. van Weezendonk
Download or read book Any Time, Any Place, Any Gender? written by Mark F. van Weezendonk and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2013, the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff rescinded the long-standing restriction of women in combat. The Commander, United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) quickly accepted the removal of the ban, and tasked his special operations forces (SOF) organizations to examine standards of each of the selection schools. From the first US Public Law instituted in 1901 allowing women to serve in uniform, women provided a great service to the nation while filling an operational void. During periods of interwar, the legal authority was inconsistent with social acceptance and operational necessity. However, during periods of war, Congress quickly ratified amendments and adjustments to Public Law allowing women to serve their country in limited non-combat roles. In 1940, the Special Operations Executive (SOE) and the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), both paramilitary intelligence organizations, were created to counter the Nazi German threat in Europe and the Imperial Japanese threat in the Pacific. Both of these organizations employed women in daring missions behind enemy lines with successful outcomes. After the war, both organizations quickly disbanded, and others established to fill the roles. The special operations forces today still use the time-tested method of reverse selection engineered by the SOE and OSS during World War II. The missions of special operations forces are unique, high-risk, and have considerable political-fallout if they fail or are compromised, and therefore selection must remain incredibly rigorous. Military women are faced with options never before found in history of the US military. The physical hurdles still lie ahead of them, and when they successfully complete a SOF selection program, they will still have to face the hurdle of the cultural identity of organizations and the team subcultures. Women have a place in SOF, and like the SOF Truth suggesting that forces cannot be created after the emergencies arise, they can and should be created before the next conflict.
Book Synopsis Organizational Obliviousness by : Alesha Doan
Download or read book Organizational Obliviousness written by Alesha Doan and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-06-13 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exploring efforts to integrate women into combat forces in the military, we investigate how resistance to equity becomes entrenched, ultimately excluding women from being full participants in the workplace. Based on focus groups and surveys with members of Special Operations, we found most of the resistance is rooted in traditional gender stereotypes that are often bolstered through organizational policies and practices. The subtlety of these practices often renders them invisible. We refer to this invisibility as organizational obliviousness. Obliviousness exists at the individual level, it becomes reinforced at the cultural level, and, in turn, cultural practices are entrenched institutionally by policies. Organizational obliviousness may not be malicious or done to actively exclude or harm, but the end result is that it does both. Throughout this Element we trace the ways that organizational obliviousness shapes individuals, culture, and institutional practices throughout the organization.
Book Synopsis Developments and Advances in Defense and Security by : Álvaro Rocha
Download or read book Developments and Advances in Defense and Security written by Álvaro Rocha and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-06-13 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gathers the proceedings of the Multidisciplinary International Conference of Research Applied to Defense and Security (MICRADS), held at the Military Engineering Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 8 to 10th May 2019. It covers a variety of topics in systems, communication and defense; strategy and political-administrative vision in defense; and engineering and technologies applied to defense. Given its scope, it offers a valuable resource for practitioners, researchers, and students alike.
Book Synopsis Implications of Integrating Women into the Marine Corps Infantry by : Agnes Gereben Schaefer
Download or read book Implications of Integrating Women into the Marine Corps Infantry written by Agnes Gereben Schaefer and published by Rand Corporation. This book was released on 2015-12-03 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study for the U.S. Marine Corps presents a historical overview of the integration of women into the U.S. military and explores the importance of cohesion and what influences it. The gender integration experiences of foreign militaries, as well as the gender integration efforts of domestic police and fire departments, are analyzed for insights into effective policies. The potential costs of integration are analyzed as well.
Book Synopsis Complete Guide to Women in Military Combat by : U. S. Congress
Download or read book Complete Guide to Women in Military Combat written by U. S. Congress and published by . This book was released on 2017-11-02 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique book reproduces a number of military reports and government documents about the issue of women serving in combat. Contents include: Implementation of the Decision to Open All Ground Combat Units to Women * Women In Combat * Women in Combat: Issues for Congress * Women In Combat: A Culture Issue? * Army Plans for Integrating Women into Combat * Women in Combat Compendium * Chapter I - USAWC Women in Combat Survey Interpretation * Chapter II - The DoD Combat Exclusion Policy: Time for a Change? * Chapter III - The Combat Exclusion Policy in the Modern Security Environment * Chapter IV - Impact of Revising the Army's Female Assignment Policy * Chapter V - Women Leaders In Combat: One Commander's Perspective * Chapter VI - Leading Soldiers on Today's Battlefield: Considerations on Contributions and Challenges of the Integration and Role of Soldiers Who Are Women * Chapter VII - The 95th Military Police Battalion Deployment to Iraq-Operation Iraqi Freedom II * Chapter VIII - How the Army Can Meet the Intent of Policy and Statute On Ground Combat Exclusion for Women. Included are hearings in early 2016 regarding the implementation of the decision to integrate women into combat occupations and the ground combat forces in particular. Testimony by Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus stated: The Marine Corps is the most formidable expeditionary fighting force the world has ever known. That legacy is proven through the Corps' storied history, from the halls of Montezuma to the Valleys of Afghanistan, and that reputation is unquestioned in America and around the globe: No better friend, no worse enemy. The strong traditions of the Marines help make that reputation, and among those traditions is a commitment to evolve, to be flexible, - in one of the common instructions to young Marines - to improvise, adapt and overcome. Throughout its history, the Corps has maintained its combat power and its lethality by adapting to changing conditions, evolving training and tactics to meet new challenges and new threats. Today's School of Infantry is not the same as it was just 25 years ago during Desert Storm, and the change is even more dramatic since Vietnam or World War II. In a world where the threats and the battle space are all increasingly complex, failing to re-evaluate everything from personnel policies to weapons programs can be dangerous if not fatal. A response of "that's the way we've always done it," is not, cannot be, and never has been, an acceptable rationale. In the Department of the Navy, we are continually evaluating the way we operate. After Secretary Panetta and Chairman Dempsey set us in 2012 on the path toward opening all billets, including ground combat, to women by this year, the Navy and Marine Corps - along with our sister services - conducted extensive studies on that issue. These studies helped inform the Department's recommendation to Secretary of Defense Carter and his subsequent decision to open all previously closed positions in all services to women. But they were not the only source of information that was gathered in reaching that recommendation. However, the Marine Corps study has drawn special attention, and at least some of what has made it into public discussion is - to put it generously - less than accurate. Among the misperceptions is that the Marines relied on just one study. In fact, their conclusions were, in part, based on a number of studies and reports. I have spent a considerable amount of time closely reviewing all of them, especially the Marines' own study. In addition, I've had numerous discussions with senior Marine leadership, junior officers, and enlisted personnel.
Book Synopsis Assessing the Implications of Allowing Transgender Personnel to Serve Openly by : Agnes Gereben Schaefer
Download or read book Assessing the Implications of Allowing Transgender Personnel to Serve Openly written by Agnes Gereben Schaefer and published by Rand Corporation. This book was released on 2016-06-30 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Department of Defense is considering a change in policy to allow transgender military personnel to serve openly. A RAND study examined the health care needs of transgender personnel, the costs of gender transition–related care, and the potential readiness implications of a policy change. The experiences of foreign militaries that permit transgender service members to serve openly also point to some best practices for U.S. policymakers.
Book Synopsis The U.S. Military and Civil Rights Since World War II by : Heather Stur
Download or read book The U.S. Military and Civil Rights Since World War II written by Heather Stur and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2019-09-26 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through examinations of U.S. military racial and gender integration efforts and its handling of sexuality, this book argues that the need for personnel filling the ranks has forced the armed services to be pragmatically progressive since World War II. The integration of African Americans and women into the United States Armed Forces after World War II coincided with major social movements in which marginalized civilians demanded equal citizenship rights. As this book explores, due to personnel needs, the military was a leading institution in its opening of positions to women and African Americans and its offering of educational and economic opportunities that in many cases were not available to them in the civilian world. By opening positions to African Americans and women and remaking its "where boys become men" image, the military was an institutional leader on the issue of social equality in the second half of the 20th century. The pushback against gay men and women wishing to serve openly in the forces, however, revealed the limits of the military's pragmatic progressivism. This text investigates how policymakers have defined who belongs in the military and counts as a soldier, and examines how the need to attract new recruits led to the opening of the forces to marginalized groups and the rebranding of the services.
Book Synopsis Challenge and Change in the Military by : Frank Conrad Pinch
Download or read book Challenge and Change in the Military written by Frank Conrad Pinch and published by Canadian Forces Leadership Institute,Canadian Defence Academy. This book was released on 2004 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Women in the Military by : Connie Goldsmith
Download or read book Women in the Military written by Connie Goldsmith and published by Twenty-First Century Books ™. This book was released on 2019-02-01 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In December 2015, the Pentagon changed a rule to allow American women to serve for the first time ever in front-line ground combat troops. Women have fulfilled many military roles throughout history, including nursing; driving ambulances; handling administrative duties; working as mechanics; and serving in the WASPs, WACs, WAVES, and SPARS. More recently women are flying jets, conducting surveillance, commanding naval ships, and now fighting on the front lines. Yet no matter their official title, they have faced devastating discrimination—from lack of advancement, economic inequity, and inadequate veteran support, to sexual harassment and rape. Meet the women who have served their country courageously and who are standing up for fairness in the US military.
Book Synopsis Women and the Military by : Ruth Margolies Beitler
Download or read book Women and the Military written by Ruth Margolies Beitler and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2021-04-07 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This addition to the Women and Society around the World series explores the roles, challenges, and accomplishments of women in the military in countries across the globe. Around the world, millions of men serve in their countries' militaries, be it on land, on the seas, or in the air. But while many militaries have opened all positions to women, even those on the front lines, others remain closed. Countries have cited a number of reasons for their policies, including changing views of women and the military, conscription, and economic and demographic trends. Written by a professor of comparative politics at the United States Military Academy at West Point and an active duty army major, this book seeks to provide an understanding of women's roles in militaries around the world. The book is organized by region, exploring societal and cultural views of masculinity and war, as well as factors influencing changing views of women and the military, including conscription and economic and demographic trends. Topics also include sexual harassment, recruitment, and views on women's physicality and strength. High school students, undergraduates, and general readers will find this cross-cultural study a fascinating and important resource.
Book Synopsis Combat Service Opportunities for Women by : Cassandra Schultz
Download or read book Combat Service Opportunities for Women written by Cassandra Schultz and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past two decades of conflict, women have served with valor and continue to serve on combat aircraft, naval vessels, and in support of ground combat operations. The expansion of roles for women in the armed forces has evolved since the early days of the military when women were restricted by law and policy from serving in certain occupations and units. Women are not precluded by law from serving in any military unit or occupational specialty. However, a 1994 Department of Defense (DOD) policy prevented women from being assigned to units below brigade level where the unit's primary mission was to engage directly in ground combat. This policy barred women from serving in infantry, artillery, armor, combat engineers, and special operations units of battalion size or smaller. On 24 January 2013, then-Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta rescinded the rule that restricted women from serving in combat units and directed the military departments to review their occupational standards and assignment policies for implementation no later than 1 January 2016. This book reviews the issues for Congress of having women in combat. It also assesses the status of service efforts to open positions and occupations to women, including steps to identify and mitigate potential challenges; extent the services' efforts to validate gender-neutral occupational standards are consistent with statutory and Joint Staff requirements; and extent DOD is tracking, monitoring, and providing oversight of the services' integration plans.
