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Computational Studies Of Combustion Systems Pertinent To Nox And Incipent Soot Formation
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Book Synopsis Computational Studies of Combustion Systems Pertinent to NOx and Incipent Soot Formation by : Lyudmila Vitalyevna Moskaleva
Download or read book Computational Studies of Combustion Systems Pertinent to NOx and Incipent Soot Formation written by Lyudmila Vitalyevna Moskaleva and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Characterization of NOx and Soot in Premixed Stagnation Flames by : Kevin Wan
Download or read book Characterization of NOx and Soot in Premixed Stagnation Flames written by Kevin Wan and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasingly strict regulations on NOx and soot emissions from combustion systems drives the need to develop strategies to reduce them. One such strategy is to reduce them at the source. A basic understanding about how they form and how to properly characterize them is critical to improved combustion system design. In this dissertation, NOx formation is studied experimentally and numerically for a typical jet fuel. Characterization of soot by transmission electron microscopy and optical diagnostics is reevaluated here. The dissertation presents findings with new implications on the suitability on the use of these techniques to study soot. Reliable NOx data in stagnation flames of a typical jet fuel is presented here. The predictive capability for NOx is tested by combining a HyChem model with a NOx submodel. NOx formation is measured in premixed stagnation flames of methane, ethylene and Jet A (POSF10325). The experimental data and model predictions show reasonably good agreement. However, the model appears to underpredict NOx formation in the fuel-rich Jet A flames. Additional prompt NO reaction pathways not yet accounted for may play a role in flames of large hydrocarbons. Transmission electron microscopy imaging of nascent soot was carried out to observe and quantify the annealing of soot samples under continuous irradiation of the high-energy electron beam. Soot samples are imaged in 2 minute intervals over a duration of 16 minutes. The structural transformation is visually unambiguous. The sensitivity of the fringe properties to the apparent changes in the nanostructures imaged is examined. The difficulties in quantifying soot composition through TEM are further illustrated by analyzing simulated images of molecular-dynamics generated particles. Together, the results highlight the difficulties in using electron microscopy to reliably quantify structural properties for nascent soot particles. Quantum confinement is examined in the ionization energy and optical band gap of soot nanoparticles over the range of 4-23 nm in volume median diameter. The results reveal that soot nanoparticles behave like an indirect band gap material due to the electronic structure of the aromatic molecules comprising the soot nanoparticles. Both the ionization energy and optical band gap are found to follow the quantum confinement effect closely. Cyclic voltammetry measurements and density functional theory calculations provide additional support for the quantum dot behavior observed. A model for the refractive index of nascent soot particles is proposed over the wavelength range of 185 - 1400 nm. The refractive index of soot is shown to depend on the primary particle size for the first time. The refractive indices evaluated for large soot particles are in close agreement with literature values in the visible spectrum. The imaginary component is strongly sensitive to the particle size, deviating significantly from literature values at wavelengths > 700 nm and particle sizes ~ 15 nm in diameter. This highlights the need to account for the size effect in the refractive index in optical diagnostics of soot in flames, with implications on earlier extinction and scattering measurements of flame soot during the early stage of soot growth.
Book Synopsis Experimental and Computational Study of Soot Formation Under Diesel Engine Conditions by : Ioannis Kitsopanidis
Download or read book Experimental and Computational Study of Soot Formation Under Diesel Engine Conditions written by Ioannis Kitsopanidis and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: (Cont.) Oxygenates totally suppress soot formation at or above 30% oxygen in fuel by mass. Since soot formation is kinetically limited at lower temperatures and soot precursors are not thermodynamically stable at higher temperatures, soot yield exhibits a bell-shape dependence on temperature with a maximum at approximately 1800-2000K. Thus different surface growth mechanisms prevail across the temperature range; the relative contribution of C2H2 over PAH to soot growth increases with temperature. Even though nucleation is mostly governed by PAH coalescence, it was found that the C2H2 route is not negligible under certain conditions. The kinetics of fuel-rich combustion was found to be sensitive to the fuel+HOO reaction. Suggestions are made for better correlation between model and experiments regarding ignition delay and rate of heat release. While performing this study, insight was gained into RCM operation. Assuming uniform and homogeneous environment at the end of compression, was sufficient to model ignition delays under most conditions (2-10 ms), but not rate of heat release and maximum pressure. CFD analysis predicted non-negligible temperature stratification at the end of compression ( -80% of mass within 50K). A multizone model, taking into account zones of constant mass and allowing heat transfer and flow into the crevice, was developed and improved the agreement significantly.
Book Synopsis Computational Study of the Effect of Pressure on Soot Formation in Laminar Premixed Flames by : Andrei F. Kazakov
Download or read book Computational Study of the Effect of Pressure on Soot Formation in Laminar Premixed Flames written by Andrei F. Kazakov and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offers a computational study of the effect of pressure on soot formation in laminar premixed flames. An existing detailed kinetic model of soot formation validated previously for low-pressure and atmospheric laminar premixed flames is extended to account for the effects associated with elevated-pressure conditions. Detailed analysis of the model predictions is then used to gain a physical understanding of the experimentally observed trends in soot formation caused by elevated pressures.
Book Synopsis Experimental Characterization of Pilot-Fuel Ignition, Combustion, and Soot Formation in Dual-Fuel Combustion Systems by : Aleš Srna
Download or read book Experimental Characterization of Pilot-Fuel Ignition, Combustion, and Soot Formation in Dual-Fuel Combustion Systems written by Aleš Srna and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Modeling of Combustion Systems by : Joseph Colannino
Download or read book Modeling of Combustion Systems written by Joseph Colannino and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-12-03 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modeling of Combustion Systems provides accessible instruction for the operator or engineer to model combustion responses such as NOx, CO, flame dimensions, or heat flux as a function of input factors, such as excess oxygen, volumetric heat release, fuel type, etc. Retaining the emphasis on practical semiempirical modeling of boilers, process heaters, and reactors, such as ethylene cracking units and ammonia and hydrogen reformers, the second edition expands the approach to include combustion air fans and representation of complex models (direct numerical simulations or computational fluid dynamics) in concise forms. It also shows how to design experiments to collect the most data with the fewest experiments and model real unit behavior with engineering accuracy. The book is intended for practicing process, mechanical, and plant engineers working in refining and manufacturing industries. It includes 65 fully worked examples in Excel with detailed instructions. All example spreadsheets are available for download from the publisher's website.
Book Synopsis Investigation of soot formation trends for the combustion of heavy fuel oil using computational fluid dynamics by : Jeremy White
Download or read book Investigation of soot formation trends for the combustion of heavy fuel oil using computational fluid dynamics written by Jeremy White and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes bibliographical references.
Download or read book Synthetic Fuel Combustion written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although considerable progress has been made in recent years in understanding the phenomenology of soot formation in the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, relatively little attention has been focused upon aromatic fuels of the types commonly found in coal liquids. In particular, the effects of gas-phase free radicals, formed during combustion, on the kinetics of formation of incipient soot particles have not been characterized. Accordingly, an experimental investigation of the detailed kinetics of incipient soot formation in the combustion and pyrolysis of aromatic fuels of the benzene, anisole, phenol, and pyrrole families has been initiated in order to determine soot formation mechanisms and rate parameters. The experiments will be performed in a shock tube over the temperature range 1300 to 2500 K, using multiple ultraviolet, visible, and infrared diagnostics to monitor the kinetic behavior of free radicals (such as OH), incipient soot particles, and combustion products. Experiments will be conducted with artificially enhanced concentrations of free radicals such as OH and O to determine their effects on the kinetics of soot and soot precursors. The experimental work will be supported and directed by a parallel analytical effort using a detailed mechanistic model of the chemical kinetics and dynamics of the reacting systems. In this report, the design and configuration of the experimental apparatus are described, the details of the kinetic model are outlined, and possible reaction pathways are discussed.
Book Synopsis Design and Operation of a High-pressure Combustion System for Study of Soot Formation by : M. A. A. Nazha
Download or read book Design and Operation of a High-pressure Combustion System for Study of Soot Formation written by M. A. A. Nazha and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Studies of Parametric Emissions Monitoring and DLN Combustion NOx Formation by : Ryan A. Keller
Download or read book Studies of Parametric Emissions Monitoring and DLN Combustion NOx Formation written by Ryan A. Keller and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increased emissions monitoring requirements of industrial gas turbines have created a demand for less expensive emissions monitoring systems. Typically, emissions monitoring is performed with a Continuous Emissions Monitoring System (CEMS), which monitors emissions by direct sampling of the exhaust gas. An alternative to a CEMS is a system which predicts emissions using easily measured operating parameters. This system is referred to as a Parametric Emissions Monitoring System (PEMS). A review of the literature indicates there is no globally applicable PEMS. Because of this, a PEMS that is applicable to a variety of gas turbine manufacturers and models is desired. The research presented herein includes a literature review of NOx reduction techniques, NOx production mechanisms, current PEMS research, and combustor modeling. Based on this preliminary research, a combustor model based on first-engineering principles was developed to describe the NOx formation process and relate NOx emissions to combustion turbine operating parameters. A review of available literature indicates that lean-premixed combustion is the most widely-used NOx reduction design strategy, so the model is based on this type of combustion system. A review of the NOx formation processes revealed four well-recognized NOx formation mechanisms: the Zeldovich, prompt, nitrous oxide, and fuel-bound nitrogen mechanisms. In lean-premixed combustion, the Zeldovich and nitrous oxide mechanisms dominate the NOx formation. This research focuses on combustion modeling including the Zeldovich mechanism for NOx formation. The combustor model is based on the Siemens SGT-200 combustion turbine and consists of a series of well-stirred reactors. Results show that the calculated NOx is on the same order of magnitude, but less than the NOx measured in field tests. These results are expected because the NOx calculation was based only on the Zeldovich mechanism, and the literature shows that significant NOx is formed through the nitrous oxide mechanism. The model also shows appropriate trends of NOx with respect to various operating parameters including equivalence ratio, ambient temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure. Model refinements are suggested with the ultimate goal being integration of the model into a PEMS.
Book Synopsis Modeling of Chemical Reactions and Soot Formation in Turbulent Flows by Means of Stochastic Particle Methods by : Dirk Großschmidt
Download or read book Modeling of Chemical Reactions and Soot Formation in Turbulent Flows by Means of Stochastic Particle Methods written by Dirk Großschmidt and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Numerical Combustion of Commercial Fuels and Soot Formation by : Hongzhi Zhang
Download or read book Numerical Combustion of Commercial Fuels and Soot Formation written by Hongzhi Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 776 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Soot Formation in Combustion by : Henning Bockhorn
Download or read book Soot Formation in Combustion written by Henning Bockhorn and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-08 with total page 595 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soot Formation in Combustion represents an up-to-date overview. The contributions trace back to the 1991 Heidelberg symposium entitled "Mechanism and Models of Soot Formation" and have all been reedited by Prof. Bockhorn in close contact with the original authors. The book gives an easy introduction to the field for newcomers, and provides detailed treatments for the specialists. The following list of contents illustrates the topics under review:
Book Synopsis Developing a Predictive Model for the Chemical Composition of Soot Nanoparticles by :
Download or read book Developing a Predictive Model for the Chemical Composition of Soot Nanoparticles written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In order to provide the scientific foundation to enable technology breakthroughs in transportation fuel, it is important to develop a combustion modeling capability to optimize the operation and design of evolving fuels in advanced engines for transportation applications. The goal of this proposal is to develop a validated predictive model to describe the chemical composition of soot nanoparticles in premixed and diffusion flames. Atomistic studies in conjunction with state-of-the-art experiments are the distinguishing characteristics of this unique interdisciplinary effort. The modeling effort has been conducted at the University of Michigan by Prof. A. Violi. The experimental work has entailed a series of studies using different techniques to analyze gas-phase soot precursor chemistry and soot particle production in premixed and diffusion flames. Measurements have provided spatial distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other gas-phase species and size and composition of incipient soot nanoparticles for comparison with model results. The experimental team includes Dr. N. Hansen and H. Michelsen at Sandia National Labs' Combustion Research Facility, and Dr. K. Wilson as collaborator at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab's Advanced Light Source. Our results show that the chemical and physical properties of nanoparticles affect the coagulation behavior in soot formation, and our results on an experimentally validated, predictive model for the chemical composition of soot nanoparticles will not only enhance our understanding of soot formation since but will also allow the prediction of particle size distributions under combustion conditions. These results provide a novel description of soot formation based on physical and chemical properties of the particles for use in the next generation of soot models and an enhanced capability for facilitating the design of alternative fuels and the engines they will power.
Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Combustion Processes by : Sara McAllister
Download or read book Fundamentals of Combustion Processes written by Sara McAllister and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-05-10 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fundamentals of Combustion Processes is designed as a textbook for an upper-division undergraduate and graduate level combustion course in mechanical engineering. The authors focus on the fundamental theory of combustion and provide a simplified discussion of basic combustion parameters and processes such as thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, ignition, diffusion and pre-mixed flames. The text includes exploration of applications, example exercises, suggested homework problems and videos of laboratory demonstrations
Book Synopsis 41st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit by :
Download or read book 41st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Engineering Solutions for Manufacturing Processes by : Zheng Yi Jiang
Download or read book Engineering Solutions for Manufacturing Processes written by Zheng Yi Jiang and published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd. This book was released on 2013-01-25 with total page 2558 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume is indexed by Thomson Reuters CPCI-S (WoS). The papers of this 3 volumes set on Engineering Solutions for Manufacturing Processes are grouped as follows: Chapter 1: Parts of Machines and Mechanisms. Design, Analysis and Simulation; Chapter 2: Sensors, Measurement and Detection; Chapter 3: Data Acquisition and Data Processing, Computational Techniques; Chapter 4: Mechatronics and Robotics; Chapter 5: Advanced NC Techniques and Equipment; Chapter 6: Control and Automation; Chapter 7: Electronics/Microelectronics Technology; Chapter 8: Advanced Decisions for Automatic Manufacturing; Chapter 9: Information Processing Technologies; Chapter 10: Technologies in Architecture and Construction; Chapter 11: Technologies and Equipment in Medicine; Chapter 12: Technologies in Food Industry and Agriculture; Chapter 13: Products Design; Chapter 14: Engineering Education; Chapter 15: Economics, Marketing and Engineering Management.
