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Composting Animal Carcasses Removed From Roads An Analysis Of Pathogen Destruction And Leachate Constituents In Deer Mortality Static Windrow Composting
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Book Synopsis Composting Animal Carcasses Removed from Roads: An Analysis of Pathogen Destruction and Leachate Constituents in Deer Mortality Static Windrow Composting by : Bridget M. Donaldson
Download or read book Composting Animal Carcasses Removed from Roads: An Analysis of Pathogen Destruction and Leachate Constituents in Deer Mortality Static Windrow Composting written by Bridget M. Donaldson and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More than 48,700 deer-vehicle collisions occurred in Virginia from 2010 through 2011, the fifth highest number in all U.S. states. The Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) is responsible for the removal and disposal of animal carcasses along the state road system. The predominant methods currently used (landfill and burial) have several costly disadvantages, including long travel distances to landfills, increasing landfill restrictions, and lack of viable burial areas. Other states have found static compost windrows to be an easy and cost-effective carcass management technique. Deer mortality static compost windrows were monitored for 1 year under conditions typical of a VDOT area maintenance headquarters facility. Windrows were analyzed for pathogen destruction and the degree to which underlying soil filtered leachate contaminants. In response to high windrow temperatures, indicator pathogens E. coli, Salmonella were reduced by 99.99% the first sampling day (Day 7) and ascarids were deemed non-viable by Day 77. Soil filtration of leachate was effective in reducing concentrations of ammonia, chloride, and total organic carbon. Nitrate, a contaminant of particular regulatory concern, had an estimated mass contaminant loss of 1.9 lb/acre, compared to the 8 to 45 lb/acre estimated loss from fertilizer application on agronomic crops in Virginia. Results from this study indicate that with properly constructed static compost windrows, (1) high temperatures destroy indicator pathogens; (2) the natural filtration of leachate through soil reduces deer mortality contaminant concentrations; and (3) the low volume of leachate from windrows results in nominal losses of nitrate and other contaminants. The study recommends that VDOT consider sharing these results with the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality to discuss options for a statewide composting program. This could provide VDOT with an additional carcass management option
Book Synopsis Composting Animal Mortality Removed from Roads: a Pilot Study of Rotary Drum and Forced Aeration Compost Vessels by : Bridget M. Donaldson
Download or read book Composting Animal Mortality Removed from Roads: a Pilot Study of Rotary Drum and Forced Aeration Compost Vessels written by Bridget M. Donaldson and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) removes an estimated 55,000 deer carcasses from its roadways each year at a cost of more than $4 million per year. Many VDOT maintenance facilities have a need for viable, environmentally compliant, and cost-effective carcass management strategies. Disposal challenges include a decreasing availability of conventional disposal methods, such as landfills, and a lack of viable burial areas. The purpose of this study was to evaluate two in-vessel composting systems to determine the utility of each as a carcass management option for VDOT. The systems were a rotary drum system and a forced aeration bin system (forced air system). Pilot projects were conducted to determine the utility of each system based on two factors: (1) whether the generated compost met a set of established composting criteria, including regulatory standards; and (2) whether the system performed well from an operational standpoint. A rotary drum system was installed at a VDOT maintenance facility and monitored for 163 days. The generated compost met the established pathogen destruction criteria but was inconsistent with regard to meeting the temperature and moisture criteria. The operational performance of the system was also inconsistent. The problems encountered may be preventable in future installations, but the system requires further evaluation to determine its utility as a means of animal mortality management for VDOT. It is recommended that VDOT install a smaller rotary drum system at a selected maintenance facility and evaluate its performance when the lessons learned described in this study are applied. A forced air system was installed at another VDOT maintenance facility and monitored for 274 days. The generated compost met all established compost criteria (i.e., temperature, compost maturity, and pathogen destruction), and the system performed well from an operational standpoint. This system is a useful means of animal mortality management for VDOT. It is recommended that VDOT install several additional forced air system units at maintenance areas interested in this method ofcomposting. When the savings in disposal fees and travel costs from composting mortalities in a compost vessel rather than disposing of them at a facility are taken into account, the initial investment in a compost vessel would be offset in less than 5 years for maintenance facilities with particularly long drives to a disposal facility (25 to 40 miles). This study will be followed by an in-depth study to evaluate the economics and logistics of in-vessel composting to complete the feasibility analysis of this method of animal mortality management for VDOT. A composting guidance document will also be prepared to support the implementation of animal mortality composting at VDOT maintenance facilities.
Book Synopsis Pathogen Analysis of NYSDOT Road-killed Deer Carcass Compost Facilities by : Mary Schwarz
Download or read book Pathogen Analysis of NYSDOT Road-killed Deer Carcass Compost Facilities written by Mary Schwarz and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract Composting of deer carcasses was effective in reducing pathogen levels, decomposing the carcasses and producing a useable end product after 12 months. The composting process used in this project involved enveloping the carcasses of road-killed deer in woodchips and allowing those piles with natural air circulation to sit undisturbed. Temperatures were measured and samples from the piles were analyzed periodically for pathogens and for compost parameters. While significant pathogen reduction occurred in several months, it took 12 months for all of the measured pathogens to decline to low levels in all of the 6 piles we studied. Samples taken at other sites in NYS that have been composting road-killed deer for over a year also had low pathogen content. We thus suggest a composting duration of 12 months before use. In the interest of being cautious, we also recommend that the end product be used in low public contact settings such as highway rights-of-way.
Book Synopsis Pathogen Analysis of NYSDOT Road-killed Deer Carcass Compost Facilities for Task Assignment by : Mary Schwarz
Download or read book Pathogen Analysis of NYSDOT Road-killed Deer Carcass Compost Facilities for Task Assignment written by Mary Schwarz and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Composting Animal Mortality written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis An Assessment of the Animal Carcass Disposal Practices of the Virginia Department of Transportation and Guidance for the Selection of Alternative Carcass Management Options by : Bridget M. Donaldson
Download or read book An Assessment of the Animal Carcass Disposal Practices of the Virginia Department of Transportation and Guidance for the Selection of Alternative Carcass Management Options written by Bridget M. Donaldson and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More than 54,000 deer-vehicle collisions occurred in Virginia from 2007 through 2008, the fifth highest number of all U.S. states, and the number of these incidents is increasing each year. Removing animal carcasses from the road and properly disposing of them is an essential service on Virginia roadways, and the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) spent $4.4 million on carcass removal and disposal work in 2008. Given the magnitude of animal-vehicle collisions in Virginia, some of the carcass disposal methods available to many VDOT maintenance areas are becoming increasingly impractical. On-site burial is becoming a less viable option for many maintenance areas as rural areas become more populated and concern for environmental quality increases. Yet driving the sometimes considerable distances to reach the nearest disposal facility is greatly inefficient in terms of time and labor. Because of such limitations that can increase costs to VDOT, many maintenance areas have an urgent need for viable and cost-effective alternative carcass management strategies. The purpose of this study was to investigate and recommend cost-efficient options that address the growing problem of carcass disposal. Carcass management methods investigated included on-site burial, disposal facilities, contracts for removal and disposal, incineration units, and composting. The results of a survey of VDOT maintenance area staff indicated that 77% use a disposal facility such as a landfill and nearly 50% of disposal facility users travel away from a routine maintenance route to access the facility. Cost models were developed to allow maintenance managers to evaluate costs incurred for various carcass management methods, and a decision tool was developed to guide the selection of the most suitable method. Implementing carcass management at VDOT maintenance areas may be a very effective approach for increasing labor efficiency. Compost windrows, or static-pile composting, is recommended as an easily managed technique that can be performed at the maintenance area. If only the portion of area headquarters that frequently use disposal facilities for carcass disposal were to replace this method with compost windrows, it is estimated that $515,440 per year could be avoided or reallocated within the maintenance areas. When space for compost windrows is unavailable, an automatic compost vessel can also be a practical option.
Book Synopsis Determining Animal Mortality Compost Maturity and Suitability for Road Project Applications for the Virginia Department of Transportation by :
Download or read book Determining Animal Mortality Compost Maturity and Suitability for Road Project Applications for the Virginia Department of Transportation written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A series of studies on the effectiveness, feasibility, and costs of composting as a means of managing animal mortality removed from roadways has been conducted at the Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation and Research (VCTIR). In these studies, three composting methods were evaluated for use by the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) and found to be effective: static compost windrows, a forced aeration system, and a rotary drum. Successful pilot studies at VDOT maintenance facilities have led to a growing interest in adopting this method of mortality management. As plans for additional composting vessels are underway, final tests are needed in order to develop guidance on composting procedures that generate mature, or finished, compost that is suitable for road project applications. The purpose of this study was to determine the time and treatment conditions necessary for VDOT compost vessels to generate mature compost and to evaluate the suitability of this compost for potential VDOT applications. Four methods were used to assess compost maturity: temperature monitoring, the Solvita compost maturity test, plant germination and growth tests, and qualitative observations. Tests were conducted on compost generated from the rotary drum and forced aeration system and on compost subsequently transferred to curing areas. The suitability of compost for road project applications was determined by testing compost for a suite of biological, physical, and chemical properties and conducting a demonstration project at a VDOT facility. Of the compost maturity tests, temperature decline was the most conservative indicator of finished compost. As determined primarily by temperature monitoring and supported by the other maturity tests, compost generated from the forced aeration system and rotary drum should be transferred to curing areas to cure for approximately 8 to 9 weeks. Mature compost generated from these vessels met the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys compost specifications for transportation applications. It is recommended that VCTIR and VDOT incorporate the findings of this study into a guidance document for VDOT animal mortality composting.
Book Synopsis Carcass management guidelines by : Miller, L.P., Miknis, R.A. and Flory, G.A..
Download or read book Carcass management guidelines written by Miller, L.P., Miknis, R.A. and Flory, G.A.. and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2020-12-28 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Animal disease outbreaks pose many challenges for response authorities that can impact livelihoods, food security, and the environment. Proper disposal of animal carcasses that die or are culled during the outbreak is a key component of a successful response to a disease outbreak because it helps prevent or mitigate the further spread of pathogens and in case of zoonotic disease, to further protect human health. The practical guidelines presented hereby provide carcass and related waste management considerations and recommended procedures for use by Veterinary Services and other official response authorities when developing animal disease outbreak containment and eradication plans. The guidelines apply to animal disease outbreaks of varying sizes, whether the outbreak is isolated to a single premise or spans a region to cover numerous premises. However, they are focused on small to medium-sized holdings in countries without access to engineered landfills, rendering plants or controlled incinerators. The guidelines are written in the spirit of “keep it simple and doable”, considering the limited human and financial resources that many countries are constrained with. Its presentation and practical approach ensure that countries will find it very useful for their emergency operation procedures toolbox. Further, the guidelines directly contribute to the one-health approach by protecting the health of animals, humans, and the environment.
Book Synopsis On-farm Composting Handbook by : Robert Rynk
Download or read book On-farm Composting Handbook written by Robert Rynk and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Benefits and drawbacks; The composing process; Raw materials; Composting methods; Composting operations; Management; Site and environmental considerations; Using compost; Marketing agricultural compost; Farm composting economics: focus on production costs; Other options for waste management and composting; Characteristics of raw materials; Equipment tables; Troubleshooting and management guide; Work sheets and forms; Environmental agencies; Metric conversions.
Book Synopsis Environmental Engineering Dictionary and Directory by : Thomas M. Pankratz
Download or read book Environmental Engineering Dictionary and Directory written by Thomas M. Pankratz and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2000-09-22 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Like most technical disciplines, environmental science and engineering is becoming increasingly specialized. As industry professionals focus on specific environmental subjects they become less familiar with environmental problems and solutions outside their area of expertise. This situation is compounded by the fact that many environmental science
Book Synopsis Organic Waste Recycling: Technology, Management and Sustainability by : Chongrak Polprasert
Download or read book Organic Waste Recycling: Technology, Management and Sustainability written by Chongrak Polprasert and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2017-06-15 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This fourth edition of Organic Waste Recycling is fully updated with new material to create a comprehensive and accessible textbook: - New chapter on constructed wetlands for wastewater and faecal sludge stabilization. - New sections on: waste recycling vs. climate change and water; faecal sludge and its characteristics; hydrothermal carbonization technology; up-to-date environmental criteria and legislation and environmental risk assessment. - New case studies with emphasis on practices in both developed and developing countries have been included, along with more exercises at the end of chapters to help the readers understand the technical principles and their application. - Novel concepts and strategies of waste management are presented. - Up-to-date research findings and innovative technologies of waste recycling program are provided. This textbook is intended for undergraduate and graduate students majoring in environmental sciences and engineering as well as researchers, professionals and policy makers who conduct research and practices in the related fields. It is essential reading for experts in environmental science and engineering and sustainable waste reuse and recycling in both developed and developing countries.
Book Synopsis Beneficial Co-Utilization of Agricultural, Municipal and Industrial by-Products by : Sally L. Brown
Download or read book Beneficial Co-Utilization of Agricultural, Municipal and Industrial by-Products written by Sally L. Brown and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Co-utilization or blending of residuals offers a unique opportunity to develop products with particular characteristics that are able to target specific customer needs. The very notion of deliberately blending by-products suggests that the recycling and beneficial reuse industries are taking a quantitative step forward towards developing products rather than simply reusing residuals. At the same time that this step provides unique opportunities, it also presents unique challenges. The science associated with the beneficial use of one product may not apply when that product is mixed with another residual. Blending of materials may alter the chemistry of the components of the mixture. This may offer additional benefits, as in the case of disease suppression in composts, or present unexpected problems, as the use of lime-stabilized biosolids has done in Maryland. This book consists of the proceedings of the Beltsville Symposium. The organizers of the Symposium attempted to structure a meeting that would outline both the potential benefits of co-utilization as well as concerns. The editors have divided the proceedings into sections that describe the practical basis for co-utilization of residuals as well as the potential benefits. Specific considerations are described. Finally, case studies include descriptions of successful operations and data that detail results of research involving co-utilization materials. Blending of materials for specific objectives needs to be the focus of any successful co-utilization effort. The scientific implications of the mix need to be determined before a product can be used properly.
Book Synopsis Agricultural Practices and Water Quality by : Ted L. Willrich
Download or read book Agricultural Practices and Water Quality written by Ted L. Willrich and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: SEDIMENT AS A WATER POLLUTANT; PLANT NUTRIENTS AS WATER POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES AS WATER POLLUTANTS; ANIMAL WASTES AS WATER POLLUTANTS; AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION IMPLICATIONS; AGRICULTURE'S INVOLVEMENT IN POLLUTED AND CLEAN WATER.
Book Synopsis Ecological Engineering by : Patrick Kangas
Download or read book Ecological Engineering written by Patrick Kangas and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-09-25 with total page 702 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Less expensive and more environmentally appropriate than conventional engineering approaches, constructed ecosystems are a promising technology for environmental problem solving. Undergraduates, graduate students, and working professionals need an introductory text that details the biology and ecology of this rapidly developing discipline, known as
Book Synopsis Code of Practice for Compost Facilities by : Alberta. Alberta Environmental Protection
Download or read book Code of Practice for Compost Facilities written by Alberta. Alberta Environmental Protection and published by Alberta Environmental Protection. This book was released on 1996 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Microorganisms in Sustainable Agriculture and Biotechnology by : T. Satyanarayana
Download or read book Microorganisms in Sustainable Agriculture and Biotechnology written by T. Satyanarayana and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-01-02 with total page 832 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This review of recent developments in our understanding of the role of microbes in sustainable agriculture and biotechnology covers a research area with enormous untapped potential. Chemical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and other agricultural inputs derived from fossil fuels have increased agricultural production, yet growing awareness and concern over their adverse effects on soil productivity and environmental quality cannot be ignored. The high cost of these products, the difficulties of meeting demand for them, and their harmful environmental legacy have encouraged scientists to develop alternative strategies to raise productivity, with microbes playing a central role in these efforts. One application is the use of soil microbes as bioinoculants for supplying nutrients and/or stimulating plant growth. Some rhizospheric microbes are known to synthesize plant growth-promoters, siderophores and antibiotics, as well as aiding phosphorous uptake. The last 40 years have seen rapid strides made in our appreciation of the diversity of environmental microbes and their possible benefits to sustainable agriculture and production. The advent of powerful new methodologies in microbial genetics, molecular biology and biotechnology has only quickened the pace of developments. The vital part played by microbes in sustaining our planet’s ecosystems only adds urgency to this enquiry. Culture-dependent microbes already contribute much to human life, yet the latent potential of vast numbers of uncultured—and thus untouched—microbes, is enormous. Culture-independent metagenomic approaches employed in a variety of natural habitats have alerted us to the sheer diversity of these microbes, and resulted in the characterization of novel genes and gene products. Several new antibiotics and biocatalysts have been discovered among environmental genomes and some products have already been commercialized. Meanwhile, dozens of industrial products currently formulated in large quantities from petrochemicals, such as ethanol, butanol, organic acids, and amino acids, are equally obtainable through microbial fermentation. Edited by a trio of recognized authorities on the subject, this survey of a fast-moving field—with so many benefits within reach—will be required reading for all those investigating ways to harness the power of microorganisms in making both agriculture and biotechnology more sustainable.
Book Synopsis Anagram Solver by : Bloomsbury Publishing
Download or read book Anagram Solver written by Bloomsbury Publishing and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2009-01-01 with total page 719 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Anagram Solver is the essential guide to cracking all types of quiz and crossword featuring anagrams. Containing over 200,000 words and phrases, Anagram Solver includes plural noun forms, palindromes, idioms, first names and all parts of speech. Anagrams are grouped by the number of letters they contain with the letters set out in alphabetical order so that once the letters of an anagram are arranged alphabetically, finding the solution is as easy as locating the word in a dictionary.
