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Community Structures And Substrate Utilization Of Bacteria In Soils From Organic And Conventional Farming Systems Of The Dok Long Term Field Experiment
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Book Synopsis Community Structures and Substrate Utilization of Bacteria in Soils from Organic and Conventional Farming Systems of the DOK Long-term Field Experiment by :
Download or read book Community Structures and Substrate Utilization of Bacteria in Soils from Organic and Conventional Farming Systems of the DOK Long-term Field Experiment written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Sociology, Organic Farming, Climate Change and Soil Science by : Eric Lichtfouse
Download or read book Sociology, Organic Farming, Climate Change and Soil Science written by Eric Lichtfouse and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-12-01 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable agriculture is a rapidly growing field aiming at producing food and energy in a sustainable way for humans and their children. Sustainable agriculture is a discipline that addresses current issues such as climate change, increasing food and fuel prices, poor-nation starvation, rich-nation obesity, water pollution, soil erosion, fertility loss, pest control, and biodiversity depletion. Novel, environmentally-friendly solutions are proposed based on integrated knowledge from sciences as diverse as agronomy, soil science, molecular biology, chemistry, toxicology, ecology, economy, and social sciences. Indeed, sustainable agriculture decipher mechanisms of processes that occur from the molecular level to the farming system to the global level at time scales ranging from seconds to centuries. For that, scientists use the system approach that involves studying components and interactions of a whole system to address scientific, economic and social issues. In that respect, sustainable agriculture is not a classical, narrow science. Instead of solving problems using the classical painkiller approach that treats only negative impacts, sustainable agriculture treats problem sources. Because most actual society issues are now intertwined, global, and fast-developing, sustainable agriculture will bring solutions to build a safer world. This book series gathers review articles that analyze current agricultural issues and knowledge, then propose alternative solutions. It will therefore help all scientists, decision-makers, professors, farmers and politicians who wish to build a safe agriculture, energy and food system for future generations.
Book Synopsis Land Use and the Carbon Cycle by : Daniel G. Brown
Download or read book Land Use and the Carbon Cycle written by Daniel G. Brown and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-01-28 with total page 591 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive exploration of how land use interacts with the atmosphere and carbon cycle, for advanced students, researchers and policy makers.
Book Synopsis Organische Düngung und reduzierte Bodenbearbeitung als Steuerungsfaktoren für die C-, N-, P- und S-Speicherung von Mikroorganismen by : Stefanie Heinze
Download or read book Organische Düngung und reduzierte Bodenbearbeitung als Steuerungsfaktoren für die C-, N-, P- und S-Speicherung von Mikroorganismen written by Stefanie Heinze and published by kassel university press GmbH. This book was released on 2010 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Environmental Microbiology: Fundamentals and Applications by : Jean-Claude Bertrand
Download or read book Environmental Microbiology: Fundamentals and Applications written by Jean-Claude Bertrand and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-01-26 with total page 933 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a treatise on microbial ecology that covers traditional and cutting-edge issues in the ecology of microbes in the biosphere. It emphasizes on study tools, microbial taxonomy and the fundamentals of microbial activities and interactions within their communities and environment as well as on the related food web dynamics and biogeochemical cycling. The work exceeds the traditional domain of microbial ecology by revisiting the evolution of cellular prokaryotes and eukaryotes and stressing the general principles of ecology. The overview of the topics, authored by more than 80 specialists, is one of the broadest in the field of environmental microbiology. The overview of the topics, authored by more than 80 specialists, is one of the broadest in the field of environmental microbiology.
Download or read book Advances in Agronomy written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-04-22 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Agronomy continues to be recognized as a leading reference and first-rate source for the latest research in agronomy. Each volume contains an eclectic group of reviews by leading scientists throughout the world. As always, the subjects covered are rich, varied, and exemplary of the abundant subject matter addressed by this long-running serial. Includes numerous, timely, state-of-the-art reviews Features distinguished, well recognized authors from around the world Builds upon this venerable and iconic review series Covers the extensive variety and breadth of subject matter in crop and soil sciences
Book Synopsis Managing Energy, Nutrients, and Pests in Organic Field Crops by : Ralph C. Martin
Download or read book Managing Energy, Nutrients, and Pests in Organic Field Crops written by Ralph C. Martin and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-02-07 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of organic management practices in field cropping continues to rise globally, and these methods have proven to be a viable way to produce food with reduced resource use and environmental damage. Managing Energy, Nutrients, and Pests in Organic Field Crops challenges the popular misconception that organic systems are weak at managing energy,
Book Synopsis Emerging Technologies and Management of Crop Stress Tolerance by : Parvaiz Ahmad
Download or read book Emerging Technologies and Management of Crop Stress Tolerance written by Parvaiz Ahmad and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-05-02 with total page 543 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging Technologies and Management of Crop Stress Tolerance: Volume II - A Sustainable Approach helps readers take technological measures to alleviate plant stress and improve crop production in various environmental conditions. This resource provides a comprehensive review of how technology can be implemented to improve plant stress tolerance to increase productivity and meet the agricultural needs of the growing human population. The book considers issues of deforestation, disease prevention, climate change and drought, water and land management, and more. It will help any scientist better understand environmental stresses to improve resource management within a world of limited resources. Includes the most recent advances methods and applications of biotechnology to crop science Promotes the prevention of potential diseases to inhibit bacteria postharvest quality of fruits and vegetable crops by advancing application and research Presents a thorough account of research results and critical reviews
Book Synopsis Bacterial Community Structure in Soils of the Oldest Agronomic Experiment Fields in the United States, the Morrow Plots, and of the Original Tallgrass Prairie by : Abiramasundari Ganesan
Download or read book Bacterial Community Structure in Soils of the Oldest Agronomic Experiment Fields in the United States, the Morrow Plots, and of the Original Tallgrass Prairie written by Abiramasundari Ganesan and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diversity of soil microbial communities and their influence on plants growth are widely studied to develop and improve sustainable agricultural practices. Soil-microbe interactions are very complex to interpret given that it involves other biotic and abiotic environmental factors, and the traditional culture-based methods followed by physicochemical analysis are either extremely laborious or not robust enough to investigate the broad picture and intricate details of these complex interactions. The use of molecular technologies like qPCR has resolved some of the shortcomings of culture-based methods, but still exhibited biases in both qualitative and quantitative analyses of microbial communities. New molecular techniques that focus on high throughput DNA sequencing techniques such as 454 pyrosequencing and the MiSeq sequencing platforms revolutionized the field of microbial diversity studies. These techniques are widely used in projects such as the Earth Microbiome Project (EMP), a collective attempt to establish microbial fingerprints in different environments of the planet. Additional applications include studies on long-term effects of crop rotation and different fertilization regimen on bacterial community structure. We tried to build on these studies and assess microbial community structure in the Morrow Plots, the oldest agronomic experimental fields in the United States, and adjacent tallgrass prairie with emphasis on members of the genus Frankia. The Morrow Plots were established in 1876 on tallgrass prairie soils to evaluate the effects of different cropping systems and soil treatments on crop yields, and include the oldest continuous corn plots in the world. Illumina-based l 6S rRNA V3 gene amplicon sequencing retrieved a total of 26.4 7 M effective sequences obtained from 44 samples, i.e. 12 soils with different vegetation and fertilization regimen, and 3 to 6 replicates per soil, with 313,695 to 906,328 reads per sample. At a sequencing depth of 300,000 sequences for each sample, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Verrumicrobia were the most abundant bacterial phyla present across all soil samples accounting for 74±4% of the reads. Crop rotation increased diversity of the bacterial community, which was also affected by the fertilization regimen. Reads representing frankiae accounted for 0.1 to 1.0% of all reads, with generally higher percentages in fertilized soils. Reads represented frankiae of clusters la, 2, 3, and 4, but also a group of frankiae that could not reliably be assigned to a cultured relative. The results provide evidence of long-term establishment of Frankia populations in agricultural soils under different management conditions.
Book Synopsis Determinants of Microbial Community Structure and Substrate Utilization Potential in Soils of Vegetable Cropping Systems by : Mary Edith Schutter
Download or read book Determinants of Microbial Community Structure and Substrate Utilization Potential in Soils of Vegetable Cropping Systems written by Mary Edith Schutter and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oregon Long-Term Soil Quality Project was initiated to identify soil properties that respond rapidly to alternative management practices. Such practices included winter cover cropping, which was implemented at two experimental research stations and several grower fields throughout the Willamette Valley. The goal of this thesis was to identify the major impacts of cover cropping on soil microbial community structure, diversity, and substrate utilization potential. Microbial community structure was assessed by extracting fatty acids from soil and analyzing community fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles. Two different methods for extracting fatty acids were tested; these were the ester linked method and the MIDI method developed by Microbial ID, Inc. (Newark, DE). Both methods discriminated among communities from different soils, but the types and relative amounts of fatty acids extracted differed by method. Microbial communities also were characterized by their potential to utilize a diverse range of carbon substrates using the Biolog assay. In a laboratory incubation study, the Biolog assay demonstrated that the types and overall diversity of substrates utilized were affected by the complexity of carbon substrate added to soil. In addition, Biolog diversity was significantly correlated with community FAME richness (r = 0.59). FAME and Biolog assays were applied to field soils of the Soil Quality Project. Changes occurred in microbial FAME structure and Biolog potential in response to winter cover cropping, but effects often were not observed until incorporation of cover crops to soil. In some soils containing cover crop residues, there were greater amounts of eukaryotic FAME markers compared to winter-fallow soils, suggesting greater fungal and protozoan populations in cover-cropped soil. Biolog diversity also was greater in cover-cropped soil compared to fallow soil, which may reflect the utilization of cover crop residues by soil microorganisms during the summer months. Community patterns across different sizes of soil aggregates also were assessed. Biolog diversity was heterogeneously distributed among aggregates, and winter cover cropping elevated FAME diversity across all but the largest (2.0-5.0 mm) aggregate size class. This thesis also identified season and soil type as strong determinants of microbial community structure.
Book Synopsis Genetic Characterization of Soil Bacterial Communities in the DOK Long-term Agricultural Field Experiment by : Martin Hartmann
Download or read book Genetic Characterization of Soil Bacterial Communities in the DOK Long-term Agricultural Field Experiment written by Martin Hartmann and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Soil Microbial Communities in Agroecosystems by : Deborah Ann Bossio
Download or read book Soil Microbial Communities in Agroecosystems written by Deborah Ann Bossio and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Microbial Community Properties in Relation to Land Management and Nitrogen Deposition in Desert Soils of Southern California by : Kun Liu
Download or read book Microbial Community Properties in Relation to Land Management and Nitrogen Deposition in Desert Soils of Southern California written by Kun Liu and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Prokaryotes by : Edward F. DeLong
Download or read book The Prokaryotes written by Edward F. DeLong and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-10-13 with total page 567 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Prokaryotes is a comprehensive, multi-authored, peer reviewed reference work on Bacteria and Achaea. This fourth edition of The Prokaryotes is organized to cover all taxonomic diversity, using the family level to delineate chapters. Different from other resources, this new Springer product includes not only taxonomy, but also prokaryotic biology and technology of taxa in a broad context. Technological aspects highlight the usefulness of prokaryotes in processes and products, including biocontrol agents and as genetics tools. The content of the expanded fourth edition is divided into two parts: Part 1 contains review chapters dealing with the most important general concepts in molecular, applied and general prokaryote biology; Part 2 describes the known properties of specific taxonomic groups. Two completely new sections have been added to Part 1: bacterial communities and human bacteriology. The bacterial communities section reflects the growing realization that studies on pure cultures of bacteria have led to an incomplete picture of the microbial world for two fundamental reasons: the vast majority of bacteria in soil, water and associated with biological tissues are currently not culturable, and that an understanding of microbial ecology requires knowledge on how different bacterial species interact with each other in their natural environment. The new section on human microbiology deals with bacteria associated with healthy humans and bacterial pathogenesis. Each of the major human diseases caused by bacteria is reviewed, from identifying the pathogens by classical clinical and non-culturing techniques to the biochemical mechanisms of the disease process. The 4th edition of The Prokaryotes is the most complete resource on the biology of prokaryotes. The following volumes are published consecutively within the 4th Edition: Prokaryotic Biology and Symbiotic Associations Prokaryotic Communities and Ecophysiology Prokaryotic Physiology and Biochemistry Applied Bacteriology and Biotechnology Human Microbiology Actinobacteria Firmicutes Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Deltaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria Other Major Lineages of Bacteria and the Archaea
Book Synopsis Bacterial Communities Under Soil Disturbance: from Experimental Mixing in the Lab to Tillage and Bioturbation in the Field by : Jaimie West
Download or read book Bacterial Communities Under Soil Disturbance: from Experimental Mixing in the Lab to Tillage and Bioturbation in the Field written by Jaimie West and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soil microhabitats are heterogeneous, disconnected, and isolated. Thus, soil supports a vast diversity of microbial inhabitants. How do physical disturbances-which disrupt soil microhabitats-affect bacterial community composition and community assembly processes (e.g., selection and dispersal)? Starting in the lab, we evaluated how bacterial communities are affected by soil mixing at various frequencies over a 16-week incubation. We hypothesized that soil mixing would decrease bacterial richness, and that community assembly would be driven by homogenizing dispersal and homogeneous selection. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we found support for our hypotheses, and results further implied that the vast diversity observed in soil is a direct function of the generally unmixed, isolated nature of microbial communities. When we recapitulated this soil mixing experiment under anoxic conditions, findings corroborated the original study: soil mixing homogenized bacterial communities and increased fast growth potential, regardless of oxygen regime. Further, we found that the static anoxic environment decreased bacterial richness overall, and suppressed the influence of mixing-driven selection relative to the oxic treatment. We then took these fundamental ecological findings at the laboratory-scale, and applied them to field settings in southern Wisconsin under real-world soil mixing mechanisms, evaluating long-term tillage in agricultural soils and earthworm bioturbation in forested soils. With these field experiments, we specifically targeted the effects of disturbance on soil aggregation-which protects soil organic matter and promotes soil carbon persistence-and the bacterial communities that inhabit soil microaggregates. The effects of tillage mirrored those of the lab mixing experiments, resulting in more homogeneous soil bacterial communities, driven by homogenizing dispersal. However, bioturbation and aggregate generation due to the casting activity of non-native earthworms (co-occurring Amynthas tokioensis and A. agrestis) did not consistently impose a strong selective filter on the soil bacterial community. Despite high levels of activity in an otherwise relatively undisturbed forest environment, it does not seem that this earthworm activity necessarily acts to homogenize soil communities via dispersal. Further, we did not identify major distinctions between bacterial communities of the free microaggregate vs. occluded-within-macroaggregate microaggregate fractions in either the agricultural tillage study or the forest earthworm bioturbation study, thus suggesting that soil microaggregates readily shift between these operationally defined fractions, particularly at the end of the agricultural growing season, or in the presence of Amynthas spp. earthworms. With this work, we improve our understanding of the microbial response to soil disturbance, and thus the potential implications of increased soil disturbance under global change.
Book Synopsis Diversity and Activity of Free-living Diazotrophic and Total Bacterial Communities in Organic and Conventionally Managed Soil by : Caroline Hayley Or
Download or read book Diversity and Activity of Free-living Diazotrophic and Total Bacterial Communities in Organic and Conventionally Managed Soil written by Caroline Hayley Or and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Agricultural soils are heterogeneous environments in which conditions affecting microbial growth and diversity fluctuate widely in space and time. In this study, the molecular ecology of the total bacterial and free-living nitrogen fixing communities in soils from the Nafferton factorial systems comparison (NFSC) study in North East England were examined. The field experiment is factorial in design with organic versus conventional crop rotation, crop protection and fertility management factors. Soils were sampled on three dates (March, June and September) in 2007. Total RNA was extracted from all soil samples and reverse transcribed. DGGE and qPCR were used to analyse nifH and 16S rRNA genes in order to study free-living diazotrophs and the total bacterial community respectively. Crop rotation was shown to have a significant effect on total bacterial diversity (and that of free-living N fixers) (P=
Book Synopsis Exploring Bacterial Communities and Their Function for Soil Health Under Different Cropping Systems by : Ru Li
Download or read book Exploring Bacterial Communities and Their Function for Soil Health Under Different Cropping Systems written by Ru Li and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rhizosphere and soil bacteria are important drivers in nearly all biochemical cycles in terrestrial ecosystems and participate in maintaining health and productivity of soil in agriculturally managed systems. However, the effect of agricultural management systems on bacterial communities is still poorly understood. In this study, cultural methods and advanced molecular methods (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) and 454- pyrosequencing) were used to identify shifts in soil and rhizosphere bacterial diversity, community composition, and functions under different cropping systems in Manitoba, Canada. This included monoculture vs. rotation, zero tillage vs. conventional tillage, and organic farming vs. conventional farming. Results showed that: (1) different cropping systems did not significantly influence the diversity of bacterial communities. However, a significant variation in relative abundances of bacterial communities at both the phylum and genus level was observed among different cropping systems. Compared to conventional farming systems, organic farming system had a higher percentage of the phylum Proteobacteria (many Plant Growth Promoting Rhizosbacteria) and a lower percentage of the phylum Actinobacteria. When canola monoculture was compared to wheat-oat-canola-pea rotation, a significantly higher percentage of Proteobacteria and a lower percentage of Actinobacteria were found in the rotational system. Wheat monoculture shared similar bacterial communities with wheat-oat-canola-pea rotation. Zero tillage did not change bacterial community profiles except for an increase in Firmicutes (many PGPR), compared to conventional tillage. At the genus level, significant differences were found for the dominant genera Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Stenotrophomonas, Brevundimonas, Burkholderia, Marmoricola, Microlunatus, and Solirubrobacter. The bacterial distribution was strongly associated with soil pH. (2) The cropping systems also influenced the antibiotic-producing Pseudomonas populations determined through PCR-based screening for the detection of genes involved in the biosynthesis of antibiotics. It was found that pyrrolnitrin- and phenazine- producing Pseudomonas spp. were more prevalent in the soil under zero tillage and organic farming systems, while 2,4-DAPG and pyoluteorin-producing strains were not found in this study. This comprehensive study provided fundamental information on how different cropping systems affect soil and rhizosphere bacterial communities, which can be used to guide Manitoba farmers to choose proper farming systems to maintain soil health and increase PGPR populations in soil.
