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Colombias Pension Reform
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Book Synopsis Colombia's Pension Reform by : Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel
Download or read book Colombia's Pension Reform written by Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1995 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: IFC Lessons of Experience No. 1F. This report reviews the experience of the International Finance Corporation (IFC) in its role as advisor and investor in privatization transactions during the past decade. In pursuit of its mandate to further economic development by encouraging the growth of productive private enterprise in developing countries, the IFC has naturally and increasingly been involved in supporting this movement. The premise of the report is that privatization will always be partly based on political considerations, including expected redistribution of wealth and the resulting winners and losers. It discusses the IFC's experience from two perspectives: as an advisor involved before the sale, which illustrates how the IFC assists in the trade-off between political and economic goals to conclude a deal; and after privatization, which discusses the resulting economic benefits. The IFC asserts that its role in privatization is defined by the evolving frontiers of political commitment. Within those frontiers, it can help expand privatization possibilities by performing advisory assignments, providing necessary investments, and developing capital market institutions. The IFC demonstrates that privatization strategies can assume many forms with few set prescriptions. Other language editions: English (ISBN 0-8213-3447-6) Stock No. 13447 Russian -out of print-(ISBN 0-8213-3545-6) Stock No. 13545 Spanish -out of print-(ISBN 0-8213-3451-4) Stock No. 13451.
Book Synopsis Fiscal Effects of the 1993 Colombian Pension Reform by : Sergio Clavijo
Download or read book Fiscal Effects of the 1993 Colombian Pension Reform written by Sergio Clavijo and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 1998-11-01 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study examines the fiscal impact of the pension reform adopted in Colombia in 1993, which established a fully funded, privately administered pension system alongside the existing pay-as-you-go state scheme. The reform increased the contribution rate and reduced the benefits of the state scheme. However, the fiscal cost of the reform was high, estimated at 1.5 to 2.3 percent of GDP annually over the next three decades. This reflects concessions made to special groups of public servants, the delay in making effective the new retirement conditions, and the minimum pension guarantee. A new generation of pension reforms needs to be adopted.
Book Synopsis Financial Sector Dimensions of the Colombian Pension System by :
Download or read book Financial Sector Dimensions of the Colombian Pension System written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2007 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper provides an assessment of the funded pension system and the quality of the regulatory framework for both accumulation and payout phase. It suggests that the lack of portfolio diversification may contribute in the future to low returns and poor pensions and provides a number of recommendations to expand the opportunities of investments to pension funds. The paper also finds that pension fund administrators are not exploiting the scale economies in certain areas of the business such as collection of revenues and account management, and proposes mechanisms to reduce costs and increase efficiency through greater competition. The paper examines the products and options offered at retirement age and finds a bias toward the payment of pensions in the form of lump sums and suggests alternatives for improving the availability of other instruments. Enhancements to the regulatory framework of insurance companies are also proposed.
Book Synopsis Pension Reform in Colombia by : Sergio Clavijo
Download or read book Pension Reform in Colombia written by Sergio Clavijo and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Quarter Century of Pension Reform in Latin America and the Caribbean by : Carolin A. Crabbe
Download or read book A Quarter Century of Pension Reform in Latin America and the Caribbean written by Carolin A. Crabbe and published by IDB. This book was released on 2005 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fiscal and Macroeconomic Effects of Colombia's Pension Reform by : Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel
Download or read book Fiscal and Macroeconomic Effects of Colombia's Pension Reform written by Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1994 Colombia started replacing its state-run and pay-as-you-go (PAYG) pension system by a privately-run and fully-funded scheme. This study analyzes prospective fiscal and macroeconomic implications of this reform. It compares the features of Colombia's old and new pension system, puts them into the broader international context, and looks at the reform transition. Numerical simulations for the government's reform transition reveal implicit PAYG debt levels and corresponding reform transition deficits that are high relative to other countries, considering that Colombia's old pension system was characterized by low coverage, low system maturity, and a young population. Simulation results show that output could increase by 10% due to higher future saving caused by financing the pension deficit by a fiscal contraction -- but this would occur only in the very long term. Sooner and possibly larger gains could be reaped from higher employment and production in formal sectors, and the development of capital markets spurred by the reform. In addition, Colombia's new pension system -- that includes a redistributive pillar targeted at the poor -- is potentially more equitable than the old scheme. To reap these efficiency and equity benefits, however, the Colombian government would have to adopt complementary reforms. They include giving the private fully-funded pension pillar a commanding role, supporting the development of capital markets, and bolstering formal-sector employment by the reduction of deadweight tax burden of non-pension programs that are currently financed by payroll taxes on labor.
Book Synopsis Pension Reform in Latin America by : Armando Barrientos
Download or read book Pension Reform in Latin America written by Armando Barrientos and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-12-20 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1998, this volume initially focused on Chilean pension reform, on which the author has published elsewhere, before moving onto Latin America more widely, with coverage extending from 1990 to the reform in Costa Rica and the Mexican pension reform in 1997. It emerged in the wake of reforms including in Peru (1993), Argentina and Colombia (1994) and Uruguay (1996). Particular focus is given to the new individual capitalization pension plans, along with arguments on the ignoring of pension schemes and its consequences, the connection of pension schemes to the labour market and the impact of pension schemes on the least advantaged. The Chilean model in particular has received praise from the IMF and the World Bank and these Latin American pension reforms will be of interest as a paradigm for other countries.
Book Synopsis Social Security Reforms in Colombia: Striking Demographic and Fiscal Balances by : Sergio Clavijo
Download or read book Social Security Reforms in Colombia: Striking Demographic and Fiscal Balances written by Sergio Clavijo and published by INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND. This book was released on 2009-03-01 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper analyzes the economic rationale for adopting parametric pension reforms and reforms broadening the coverage of public health care in Colombia during 1993-2008. Parametric pension reforms have focused on increasing the retirement age and moderating replacement rates. The health system reforms aimed at reaching universal coverage by 2012, while providing a more homogenous level of services. Our results indicate that the Net Present Value of the debt of the social security system in Colombia is roughly 160 percent of GDP for pensions and about 97 percent of GDP for the health system.
Book Synopsis Reforming the Pension System to Increase Coverage and Equity in Colombia by : Christine De la Maisonneuve
Download or read book Reforming the Pension System to Increase Coverage and Equity in Colombia written by Christine De la Maisonneuve and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Colombia is one of the most unequal countries in Latin America. The high level of informality in the labour market and many characteristics of the pension system leave many elderly in poverty. Only formal-sector employees earning more than the relatively high minimum wage are covered. Linking benefits to at least the minimum wage makes the system costly and reduces the provision of annuities by insurance companies as it is difficult to insure against changes in the minimum wage. The Government has recently introduced a matching-contribution scheme (BEPS) for informal workers and vulnerable retiring aged people who have not contributed enough to be entitled to a pension. Moreover, the coverage of the old-age minimum income support has been extended but at the cost of lowering the already modest benefits. More reforms in the pension system are needed to extend coverage while eligibility to the BEPS and the minimum income support should be expanded to guarantee old-age income for more Colombians. In the medium term an in-depth pension reform is required. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Colombia. (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-colombia.htm).
Book Synopsis Development Centre Studies The Second-Generation Pension Reforms in Latin America by : Queisser Monika
Download or read book Development Centre Studies The Second-Generation Pension Reforms in Latin America written by Queisser Monika and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 1998-09-30 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study provides a detailed description of all second-generation pension reforms in Latin America to date, evaluates the first years of operations of the new systems and outlines the problems and challenges which the systems are still facing.
Book Synopsis Pension Reform in Colombia by : Sergio Clavijo Vergara
Download or read book Pension Reform in Colombia written by Sergio Clavijo Vergara and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Political Economy of Pension Reform by : Evelyne Huber
Download or read book The Political Economy of Pension Reform written by Evelyne Huber and published by Conran Octopus. This book was released on 2000 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since pension schemes-along with health care and education-absorb the largest amount of social expenditure in all countries, their reform has a potentially major impact both on the fiscal situation of the state and on the life chances of citizens who stand to win or lose from new arrangements. This makes pension reform a highly controversial issue; and, except for the addition of new programmes and benefits, major restructuring of existing pension systems has been extremely rare in advanced industrial democracies. It was also rare in Latin America before the 1980s and 1990s. But there has been a great deal of experimentation within the region during the past decade. This paper examines the larger economic, social and political context of Latin American pension reform and compares experiences in different countries of the region with options available in Western European societies during the same period. The authors argue that the type of pension reform undertaken in Latin America has been an integral part of the structural adjustment programmes pursued by Latin American governments, under the guidance of international financial institutions (IFIs). Although there was a range of possible remedies to the problems of pension systems in different Latin American countries, neo-liberal reformers and the international financial institutions preferred privatization over all others. They claimed that privatization would be superior to other kinds of reform in ensuring the financial viability of pension systems, making them more efficient, establishing a closer link between contributions and benefits and promoting the development of capital markets-thus increasing savings and investment. And they were able to push through some of their suggestions for reform in spite of considerable opposition from pensioners, trade unions and opposition political parties. Interestingly enough, their pressure proved least effective in the more democratic countries of the region. In Costa Rica, for example, citizens preferred to reform the public system-eliminating the last pockets of privilege for public sector workers and ensuring that new levels of contribution would be adequate to provide minimum benefits for the aged and infirm. In Uruguay, citizens forced a public referendum, through which they rejected a proposal for privatization. At a later stage, they did permit the introduction of private investment accounts, but not at the cost of eliminating the public programme. In Argentina and Peru, after the legislature refused to authorize partial privatization, this was eventually pushed through by presidential decree. Only in Chile and Mexico has there been a complete shift to private pension funds-but, in both cases, influential sectors of the elite, including the military, have been allowed to keep their previous, publicly managed group funds. Looking at the only privatized pension system in existence long enough to allow for some assessment of its consequences-that of Chile-the authors find that many of the claims made by supporters of privatization are not substantiated by the evidence. The first discrepancy between neo-liberal predictions and the reality of Chilean pension reform has to do with efficiency. All previous claims to the contrary, private individual accounts have proven more expensive to manage than collective claims. In fact, according to the Inter-American Development Bank, by the mid-1990s administration of the Chilean system was the most expensive in Latin America. The second disproved claim involves yield. When administrative costs are discounted, privately held and administered pension funds in Chile show an average annual real return of 5.1 per cent between 1982 and 1998. Furthermore high fees and commissions-charged at a flat rate on all accounts-have proven highly regressive. When levied against a relatively modest retirement account, for example, these standard fees reduced the amount available to the account holder by approximately 18 per cent. When applied to the deposit of an individual investing 10 times more, the reduction was slightly less than 1 per cent. The third discrepancy involves competition. Although it was assumed that efficiency within the private pension fund industry would be associated with renewed competitiveness-while the public pension system represented monopoly-the private sector has in fact become highly concentrated. The three largest pension fund administrators in Chile handle 70 per cent of the insured. And to reduce advertising costs, public regulators are limiting the number of transfers among companies that any individual can make. A fourth unfulfilled promise of privatization in Chile has to do with expansion of coverage. It was assumed that the existence of private accounts would increase incentives for people to take part in the pension sc heme, but in fact this has not happened. Coverage and compliance rates have remained virtually constant. A fifth major claim was that the conversion of the public pension system into privately held and administered accounts would strengthen capital markets, savings and investment. But a number of studies have recently concluded that, at best, this effect has been marginal. And finally, the dimension of gender equity within a fully privatized pension scheme is being subjected to increasing scrutiny. Women typically earn less money and work fewer years than men. Therefore, since pension benefits in private systems are strictly determined by the overall amount of money contributed to them, women are likely to receive considerably lower benefits. Public pension systems, in contrast, have the possibility of introducing credits for childcare that reduce this disadvantage. Sweden is an example of countries that have embarked on this course. In the latter part of the paper, Huber and Stephens widen their comparative framework to include recent pension reforms in advanced industrial countries. There, where economic crisis was not as severe and where pressure from international financial institutions was not significant, much broader options for reform were available. In fact, although long-established systems were under stress, no developed country opted for complete privatization. Complex measures were taken to strengthen the funding base of national pension systems, including changes in investment procedures and changes in rules for calculating pension benefits. Reforms also increased retirement age, as well as the number of years required to qualify for a full pension. But even the most thoroughgoing reforms retained a central role for public schemes in ensuring old-age benefits. In conclusion, the authors consider steps that can be taken to craft pension reforms with more desirable results than those obtained to date in Latin America. They recommend measures that address the problem of an aging population by increasing the ability of each generation to pay for its own pensions-rather than relying primarily on the contributions of preceding generations of insured workers. Pension payments should be invested in a variety of financial instruments and benefits must ultimately be related to the yields obtained. Such a strategy does not require introduction of privately managed, individually held, investment funds. On the contrary, risk is lessened by relying instead on collectively managed funds, in which accounts can either be identified with individuals or-more equitably-with generations of contributors. Reformed public pension systems should also contain minimum "citizenship pensions" that guarantee subsistence income in old age to all individuals as a matter of right. Such a measure, financed from general tax revenue rather than from personal contributions, is not beyond the means of medium income countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. In fact, some Nordic countries introduced citizenship pensions when their GNP per capita was lower than that of most Latin American countries today.
Book Synopsis Fiscal Effects of the 1993 Colombian Pension Reform by : Sergio Clavijo Vergara
Download or read book Fiscal Effects of the 1993 Colombian Pension Reform written by Sergio Clavijo Vergara and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fiscal Effects of the 1993 Colombia Pension Reform by : Sergio Calvijo
Download or read book Fiscal Effects of the 1993 Colombia Pension Reform written by Sergio Calvijo and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis PENSION REFORM AND PRIVATE PENSION FOUNDS IN PERU AND COLOMBIA by : Monika QUEISSER
Download or read book PENSION REFORM AND PRIVATE PENSION FOUNDS IN PERU AND COLOMBIA written by Monika QUEISSER and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Pension Reform in Small Developing Countries by : Thomas C. Glaessner
Download or read book Pension Reform in Small Developing Countries written by Thomas C. Glaessner and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1998 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Political Economy of the Reform of the Colombian Pension System by : Alvaro Moreno
Download or read book Political Economy of the Reform of the Colombian Pension System written by Alvaro Moreno and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper offers a critical analysis of the arguments against the public pensions system. It shows that the defense of the fully funded system based on its solvency and its ability to automatically cope with the processes of aging society are mere fallacies. In fact, it can be shown that the pay-as-you-go and fully funded systems are equivalent, facing the same problems in the long term. Finally, projections of conventional indicators show that the cries of alarm of Fedesarrollo and BBVA have no solid foundation.