Coastal And Estuarine Risk Assessment

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Coastal and Estuarine Risk Assessment

Author : Morris H. Roberts, Jr.
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420032453
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Coastal and Estuarine Risk Assessment by : Morris H. Roberts, Jr.

Download or read book Coastal and Estuarine Risk Assessment written by Morris H. Roberts, Jr. and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2001-09-18 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Risk assessment is the cornerstone of contemporary environmental protection. You must find the answers to questions such as: what might be the impacts of the new synthetic chemicals, what problems might arise from the normal operations of industry, what are the chances of accidental releases and how will they impact the environment? Understanding and assessing these risks is essential to sound environmental policy and management. The first book to address the application of the current National Research Council (NRC) risk assessment paradigm to the coastal marine environment, Coastal and Estuarine Risk Assessment covers topics that range from pollutants of emerging concern to bioavailability and bioaccumulation at the suborganismal through landscape levels. It explores the necessary applications for modifying the NRC paradigm and presents a series of steps to actually accomplish an effective assessment using the modified paradigm. The book highlights the logical framework for assessing causation, and measurement of toxicant fate and effect. The chapter authors bring together experiences from academia, private consultants, and government agencies, resulting in a rich mixture of experience and insights. Exploring the science of exposure, effect, and risk in coastal and estuarine environments, Coastal and Estuarine Risk Assessment gives you a building block approach to the fundamental components of risk assessment.

Environmental Assessment of Estuarine Ecosystems

Author : Claude Amiard-Triquet
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9781420062618
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (626 download)

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Book Synopsis Environmental Assessment of Estuarine Ecosystems by : Claude Amiard-Triquet

Download or read book Environmental Assessment of Estuarine Ecosystems written by Claude Amiard-Triquet and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-02-11 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Estuaries in every country exemplify the same paradox — they are among the most productive ecosystems and also among the most impacted by anthropogenic activities. And although estuarine biodiversity is key to the ecological and economic health of coastal regions, estuaries are exposed to toxic effluents transported by rivers from remote and nearby conurbations and industrial and agricultural concerns, putting them at risk. Increased attention to environmental issues highlights the fragility and importance of estuaries and brings to the forefront the need for an up-to-date assessment of techniques. Environmental Assessment of Estuarine Ecosystems: A Case Study describes a comparative, multidisciplinary ecotoxicological study of two contrasting estuaries in France. Based on the results of this study, the book presents generalizations about how different techniques might be applied and interpreted in future, similar studies assessing the ecotoxicological status of these vital coastal systems. With contributions from international experts, this reference covers all aspects of estuaries from the physiological to the economical. It introduces the state-of-the-art science required to investigate ecotoxicological problems in many estuaries all over the world. Although carefully focused on a specific region, this book covers a broad range of environmental issues and solutions, demonstrating how various pieces of information can be integrated into a sound assessment. Understanding the observations about this region and the techniques used for its assessment provide a benchmark for assessing, remediating, and applying new developments to other estuaries.

Coastal Risk Management in a Changing Climate

Author : Barbara Zanuttigh
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN 13 : 0123973317
Total Pages : 670 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (239 download)

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Book Synopsis Coastal Risk Management in a Changing Climate by : Barbara Zanuttigh

Download or read book Coastal Risk Management in a Changing Climate written by Barbara Zanuttigh and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2014-10-28 with total page 670 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Existing coastal management and defense approaches are not well suited to meet the challenges of climate change and related uncertanities. Professionals in this field need a more dynamic, systematic and multidisciplinary approach. Written by an international group of experts, Coastal Risk Management in a Changing Climate provides innovative, multidisciplinary best practices for mitigating the effects of climate change on coastal structures. Based on the Theseus program, the book includes eight study sites across Europe, with specific attention to the most vulnerable coastal environments such as deltas, estuaries and wetlands, where many large cities and industrial areas are located. Integrated risk assessment tools for considering the effects of climate change and related uncertainties Presents latest insights on coastal engineering defenses Provides integrated guidelines for setting up optimal mitigation measures Provides directly applicable tools for the design of mitigation measures Highlights socio-economic perspectives in coastal mitigation

Managing Climate Risks in Coastal Communities

Author : Lawrence Susskind
Publisher : Anthem Press
ISBN 13 : 178308488X
Total Pages : 458 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (83 download)

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Book Synopsis Managing Climate Risks in Coastal Communities by : Lawrence Susskind

Download or read book Managing Climate Risks in Coastal Communities written by Lawrence Susskind and published by Anthem Press. This book was released on 2015-09-15 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing on research from the New England Climate Adaptation Project, “Managing Climate Risks for Coastal Communities” introduces a framework for building local capacity to respond to climate change. The authors maintain that local climate adaptation efforts require collective commitments to risk management, but that many communities are not ready to take on the challenge and urgently need enhanced capacity to support climate adaptation planning. To this end, the book offers statistical assessments of one readiness enhancement strategy, using tailored role-play simulations as part of a broader engagement approach. It also introduces methods for forecasting local climate change risks, as well as for evaluating the social and political context in which collective action must take place. With extensive illustration and example engagement materials, this volume is tailored for use by researchers, policy makers and practitioners.

Environmental Security in Harbors and Coastal Areas

Author : Igor Linkov
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1402058020
Total Pages : 492 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Environmental Security in Harbors and Coastal Areas by : Igor Linkov

Download or read book Environmental Security in Harbors and Coastal Areas written by Igor Linkov and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-24 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: History has shown how powerful societies decline when natural resources are unable to be replenished. This book explores the challenges facing coastal areas during in the near future. It emphasizes beliefs that the convergence of seemingly disparate viewpoints and uncertain and limited information is possible only by using available risk assessment methodologies and decision-making tools such as multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA).

Redefining Diversity and Dynamics of Natural Resources Management in Asia, Volume 1

Author : Ganesh Shivakoti
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128104708
Total Pages : 416 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Redefining Diversity and Dynamics of Natural Resources Management in Asia, Volume 1 by : Ganesh Shivakoti

Download or read book Redefining Diversity and Dynamics of Natural Resources Management in Asia, Volume 1 written by Ganesh Shivakoti and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2016-09-01 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Redefining Diversity and Dynamics of Natural Resources Management in Asia, Volumes 1-4 brings together scientific research and policy issues across various topographical area in Asia to provide a comprehensive overview of the issues facing the region. Sustainable Natural Resources Management in Dynamic Southeast Asia, Volume 1, pulls together regional experts in the field to look specifically at sustainability issues across the region, to see what has been implemented, what the impacts have been, and what other options are available. In the race to be a developed region, many Southeast Asian countries have foregone natural resources through haphazard use. As a result, the people are faced with numerous environmental challenges, particularly deforestation and forest degradation, biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation, reduction in soil quality, and decreases in the quantity of available water. Community-based forest management is the involvement of local communities in the protection, conservation and management of public forests to prevent degradation through sustainable practices while still responding to the basic social and economic needs of local populations. When the people who depend on forest resources for their livelihoods are jointly responsible for managing and protecting them, they tend to do so in a more sustainable manner by focusing on the long-term benefits rather than the immediate short-term gains. However, when tenure rights are weak, unclear, or insecure, or offer limited benefits, people are incited in extracting more immediate benefits, resulting in suboptimal forest management and the reduction of carbon stocks. Features case studies that cover issues such as rising levels of deforestation, forest degradation, regional food security, ecosystem degradation, biodiversity loss, conflicts over natural resource use, water management issues, and impacts on local communities Includes contributions from local researchers who are dealing with these issues first hand, and on a daily basis Includes a comparative review on REDD+ implementation in different communities Focuses on sustainability issues across the region

Encyclopedia of Environmental Management, Four Volume Set

Author : Sven Erik Jorgensen
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439829330
Total Pages : 3513 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

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Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Environmental Management, Four Volume Set by : Sven Erik Jorgensen

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Environmental Management, Four Volume Set written by Sven Erik Jorgensen and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-12-13 with total page 3513 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of an Outstanding Academic Title Award from CHOICE Magazine Encyclopedia of Environmental Management gives a comprehensive overview of environmental problems, their sources, their assessment, and their solutions. Through in-depth entries and a topical table of contents, readers will quickly find answers to questions about specific pollution and management issues. Edited by the esteemed Sven Erik Jørgensen and an advisory board of renowned specialists, this four-volume set shares insights from more than 500 contributors—all experts in their fields. The encyclopedia provides basic knowledge for an integrated and ecologically sound management system. Nearly 400 alphabetical entries cover everything from air, soil, and water pollution to agriculture, energy, global pollution, toxic substances, and general pollution problems. Using a topical table of contents, readers can also search for entries according to the type of problem and the methodology. This allows readers to see the overall picture at a glance and find answers to the core questions: What is the pollution problem, and what are its sources? What is the "big picture," or what background knowledge do we need? How can we diagnose the problem, both qualitatively and quantitatively, using monitoring and ecological models, indicators, and services? How can we solve the problem with environmental technology, ecotechnology, cleaner technology, and environmental legislation? How do we address the problem as part of an integrated management strategy? This accessible encyclopedia examines the entire spectrum of tools available for environmental management. An indispensable resource, it guides environmental managers to find the best possible solutions to the myriad pollution problems they face. Also Available Online This Taylor & Francis encyclopedia is also available through online subscription, offering a variety of extra benefits for researchers, students, and librarians, including: Citation tracking and alerts Active reference linking Saved searches and marked lists HTML and PDF format options Contact us to inquire about subscription options and print/online combination packages. US: (Tel) 1.888.318.2367 / (email) [email protected] International: (Tel) +44 (0) 20 7017 6062 / (email) [email protected]

Reducing Coastal Risk on the East and Gulf Coasts

Author : Committee on U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Water Resources Science, Engineering, and Planning: Coastal Risk Reduction
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780309305860
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (58 download)

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Book Synopsis Reducing Coastal Risk on the East and Gulf Coasts by : Committee on U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Water Resources Science, Engineering, and Planning: Coastal Risk Reduction

Download or read book Reducing Coastal Risk on the East and Gulf Coasts written by Committee on U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Water Resources Science, Engineering, and Planning: Coastal Risk Reduction and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hurricane- and coastal-storm-related losses have increased substantially during the past century, largely due to increases in population and development in the most susceptible coastal areas. Climate change poses additional threats to coastal communities from sea level rise and possible increases in strength of the largest hurricanes. Several large cities in the United States have extensive assets at risk to coastal storms, along with countless smaller cities and developed areas. The devastation from Superstorm Sandy has heightened the nation's awareness of these vulnerabilities. What can we do to better prepare for and respond to the increasing risks of loss? Reducing Coastal Risk on the East and Gulf Coasts reviews the coastal risk-reduction strategies and levels of protection that have been used along the United States East and Gulf Coasts to reduce the impacts of coastal flooding associated with storm surges. This report evaluates their effectiveness in terms of economic return, protection of life safety, and minimization of environmental effects. According to this report, the vast majority of the funding for coastal risk-related issues is provided only after a disaster occurs. This report calls for the development of a national vision for coastal risk management that includes a long-term view, regional solutions, and recognition of the full array of economic, social, environmental, and life-safety benefits that come from risk reduction efforts. To support this vision, Reducing Coastal Risk states that a national coastal risk assessment is needed to identify those areas with the greatest risks that are high priorities for risk reduction efforts. The report discusses the implications of expanding the extent and levels of coastal storm surge protection in terms of operation and maintenance costs and the availability of resources. Reducing Coastal Risk recommends that benefit-cost analysis, constrained by acceptable risk criteria and other important environmental and social factors, be used as a framework for evaluating national investments in coastal risk reduction. The recommendations of this report will assist engineers, planners and policy makers at national, regional, state, and local levels to move from a nation that is primarily reactive to coastal disasters to one that invests wisely in coastal risk reduction and builds resilience among coastal communities.

Ecological Risk Assessment, Second Edition

Author : Glenn W. Suter II
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420012568
Total Pages : 680 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Ecological Risk Assessment, Second Edition by : Glenn W. Suter II

Download or read book Ecological Risk Assessment, Second Edition written by Glenn W. Suter II and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-19 with total page 680 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The definitive reference in its field, Ecological Risk Assessment, Second Edition details the latest advances in science and practice. In the fourteen years since the publication of the best-selling first edition, ecological risk assessment (ERA) has moved from the margins into the spotlight. It is now commonly applied to the regulation of chemicals, the remediation of contaminated sites, the monitoring of importation of exotic organisms, the management of watersheds, and other environmental management issues. Delineating the processes for performing an ERA, the book begins by defining the field, then goes on to describe its relationship to other environmental assessment practices and its organizational framework. The book also includes a chapter on ecological epidemiology, which has previously been treated as a type of ERA, but is now recognized as a distinct practice in itself. It explores important concepts in the ERA process including probability, uncertainty, scale, mode of action and multiple causes. Reflecting changes in the field, the book’s scope has been broadened to include discussions of the application of ERA to agents other than chemical contaminants. The multitude of illustrative figures provides a flavor for the diverse practice of ERA. The author has re-organized the material, presenting a unitary process of ERA that is applicable to various problems, scales, and mandates. He keeps the emphasis squarely on providing clear, scientifically sound, and unbiased technical advice on the risks from chemicals and chemical mixtures.

Economics and Ecological Risk Assessment

Author : Randall J. F. Bruins
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0203486609
Total Pages : 474 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis Economics and Ecological Risk Assessment by : Randall J. F. Bruins

Download or read book Economics and Ecological Risk Assessment written by Randall J. F. Bruins and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2004-12-28 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With contributions from a wide array of economists, ecologists, and government agency professionals, Economics and Ecological Risk Assessment: Applications to Watershed Management provides a multidisciplinary approach to environmental decision-making at a watershed level. It introduces the fields of ecological risk assessment (ERA) and economic ana

Biennial Report to the Congress on Coastal Zone Management

Author : National Ocean Survey. Office of Coastal Zone Management
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 214 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (121 download)

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Book Synopsis Biennial Report to the Congress on Coastal Zone Management by : National Ocean Survey. Office of Coastal Zone Management

Download or read book Biennial Report to the Congress on Coastal Zone Management written by National Ocean Survey. Office of Coastal Zone Management and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Risk Assessment of Storms in Coastal Zones: Case Studies from Cartagena (Colombia) and Cadiz (Spain)

Author : Nelson Rangel-Buitrago
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319158449
Total Pages : 63 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis Risk Assessment of Storms in Coastal Zones: Case Studies from Cartagena (Colombia) and Cadiz (Spain) by : Nelson Rangel-Buitrago

Download or read book Risk Assessment of Storms in Coastal Zones: Case Studies from Cartagena (Colombia) and Cadiz (Spain) written by Nelson Rangel-Buitrago and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-02-16 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book assists the reader in determining storm risks, focussing on sandy coasts and cliff coasts in the context of expected sea level rise from littoral transformation and climate change. It examines storm impacts through matrixes concerning physical parameters, socio-economic activities, ecological and historic resources, and it presents the Coastline Risk to Storms Index as a single numerical measure of the risk for a given area. The methodology is described and tested against two coastal areas: one in the Caribbean Sea (Cartagena, Colombia) and the other on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean (Cadiz, Spain). Both areas record an important flow of tourists associated with the “sun, sea and sand market” which represents an economic recourse for the hinterland too. Chapters describe this approach and explore three particular types of variables: i) the forcing variables contributing to storm-induced erosion, ii) dynamic variables that determine the resilience to erosion (Susceptibility) and iii) the vulnerable targets grouped in three different contexts (socio-economic, ecological and heritage). These are combined into two separate indices, the Hazard Index (combining forcing and susceptibility) and the Vulnerability Index, which together constitute the Coastline Risk to Storms Index. Maps created using this semi-quantitative approximation method can help to determine the causes, processes and consequences of storm-related processes. This book is therefore important to anyone considering coastal development programs, especially decision-makers: the work presented here can assist in the development of preventative management strategies for the most vulnerable areas.

Managing Water Resources and Hydrological Systems

Author : Brian D. Fath
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 100008194X
Total Pages : 976 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Managing Water Resources and Hydrological Systems by : Brian D. Fath

Download or read book Managing Water Resources and Hydrological Systems written by Brian D. Fath and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-07-29 with total page 976 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bringing together a wealth of knowledge, Environmental Management Handbook, Second Edition, gives a comprehensive overview of environmental problems, their sources, their assessment, and their solutions. Through in-depth entries and a topical table of contents, readers will quickly find answers to questions about environmental problems and their corresponding management issues. This six-volume set is a reimagining of the award-winning Encyclopedia of Environmental Management, published in 2013, and features insights from more than 400 contributors, all experts in their field. The experience, evidence, methods, and models used in studying environmental management are presented here in six stand-alone volumes, arranged along the major environmental systems. Features The first handbook that demonstrates the key processes and provisions for enhancing environmental management Addresses new and cutting-edge topics on ecosystem services, resilience, sustainability, food–energy–water nexus, socio-ecological systems, and more Provides an excellent basic knowledge on environmental systems, explains how these systems function, and offers strategies on how to best manage them Includes the most important problems and solutions facing environmental management today In this fourth volume, Managing Water Resources and Hydrological Systems, the reader is introduced to the general concepts and processes of the hydrosphere with its water resources and hydrological systems. This volume serves as an excellent resource for finding basic knowledge on the hydrosphere systems and includes important problems and solutions that environmental managers face today. This book practically demonstrates the key processes, methods, and models used in studying environmental management.

Ecological Indicators for Coastal and Estuarine Environmental Assessment

Author : João Carlos Marques
Publisher : WIT Press
ISBN 13 : 1845642090
Total Pages : 210 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (456 download)

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Book Synopsis Ecological Indicators for Coastal and Estuarine Environmental Assessment by : João Carlos Marques

Download or read book Ecological Indicators for Coastal and Estuarine Environmental Assessment written by João Carlos Marques and published by WIT Press. This book was released on 2009 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ecological indicators address ecosystems structure and/or function and are commonly used to provide synoptic information about their state. Through quantitative representations of either the forces that steer ecosystems, responses to forcing functions, or of previous, current, or future states of an ecosystem, indicators are expected to reveal conditions and trends that will help in development planning and decision making processes. Ecological indicators combine numerous environmental factors in a single value, which may be useful in terms of management and in the development of ecological concepts, compliant with the general public's understanding. Nevertheless, their application is not exempt of criticisms, the first of which is that aggregation results in an oversimplification of the ecosystem under observation. Ecological indicators must therefore be handled following the right criteria and in situations that are consistent with its intended use and scope; otherwise they may drive to confusing interpretations of data.

Flood Risk Management: Research and Practice

Author : Paul Samuels
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0203883020
Total Pages : 1772 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis Flood Risk Management: Research and Practice by : Paul Samuels

Download or read book Flood Risk Management: Research and Practice written by Paul Samuels and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2008-10-01 with total page 1772 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Floods cause distress and damage wherever and whenever they happen. Flooding from rivers, estuaries and the sea threatens many millions of people worldwide and economic and insurance losses from flooding have increased significantly since 1990. Across the European Union, flood management policy is changing in response to the EU Directive on the ass

Treatise on Estuarine and Coastal Science

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0080878857
Total Pages : 4604 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Treatise on Estuarine and Coastal Science by :

Download or read book Treatise on Estuarine and Coastal Science written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-03-06 with total page 4604 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of estuaries and coasts has seen enormous growth in recent years, since changes in these areas have a large effect on the food chain, as well as on the physics and chemistry of the ocean. As the coasts and river banks around the world become more densely populated, the pressure on these ecosystems intensifies, putting a new focus on environmental, socio-economic and policy issues. Written by a team of international expert scientists, under the guidance of Chief Editors Eric Wolanski and Donald McClusky, the Treatise on Estuarine and Coastal Science, Ten Volume Set examines topics in depth, and aims to provide a comprehensive scientific resource for all professionals and students in the area of estuarine and coastal science Most up-to-date reference for system-based coastal and estuarine science and management, from the inland watershed to the ocean shelf Chief editors have assembled a world-class team of volume editors and contributing authors Approach focuses on the physical, biological, chemistry, ecosystem, human, ecological and economics processes, to show how to best use multidisciplinary science to ensure earth's sustainability Provides a comprehensive scientific resource for all professionals and students in the area of estuarine and coastal science Features up-to-date chapters covering a full range of topics

Handbook for Institutional Responses to Coastal Hazards

Author : Itay Fischhendler
Publisher : Sapienza Università Editrice
ISBN 13 : 8895814746
Total Pages : 102 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (958 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook for Institutional Responses to Coastal Hazards by : Itay Fischhendler

Download or read book Handbook for Institutional Responses to Coastal Hazards written by Itay Fischhendler and published by Sapienza Università Editrice. This book was released on 2012-12-31 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Weather-related disasters continue to increase in frequency, many of which occur along the coast. These events claim the lives of many and have a detrimental effect on the quality of life of others. To address these risks, institutions are established with the aim of enhancing the resiliency of vulnerable coastal communities to natural disasters. Given the role of these institutions, the objective of this handbook is to understand how such institutions respond to natural disasters. This will be conducted through a cross-country comparative case study of institutional responses to vulnerability to natural coastal hazards. In particular the study asks: What is social and institutional vulnerability to natural hazards?; What institutions are available to address vulnerability to coastal hazards?; What are the reasons for the formation of the aforementioned institutions?; and What are the non-monetary costs associated with the institutional response to natural hazards? The study reveals that the incentive to establish an institutional response stems from a physical or institutional trigger and that the formation of institutional response mechanisms is gradual. Given the political cost of dismantling existing institutions, the organizational body most likely to be established is a local or central governmental body that coordinates the activities of existing institutions by establishing specialized inter-governmental committees. This implies that newly-established institutions (with both fiscal and regulatory independence) are to be expected, which is not always the case. Once it is decided to establish a new institution, its design leads to considerable conflict. These conflicts are most likely to erupt over budget allocation, cost estimation, and the eventual implementation speed (rapid vs. slow) of the response. The ultimate repercussion of such conflict is as expected, the complete termination of the response process.