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Clinical Overview And Pathogenesis Of The Fibromyalgia Syndrome Myofascial Pain Syndrome And Other Pain Syndromes
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Book Synopsis Clinical Overview and Pathogenesis of the Fibromyalgia Syndrome, Myofascial Pain Syndrome, and Other Pain Syndromes by : I. Jon Russell
Download or read book Clinical Overview and Pathogenesis of the Fibromyalgia Syndrome, Myofascial Pain Syndrome, and Other Pain Syndromes written by I. Jon Russell and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Clinical Overview and Pathogenesis of the Fibromyalgia Syndrome, Myofascial Pain Syndrome, and Other by : Irwin Jon Russell
Download or read book Clinical Overview and Pathogenesis of the Fibromyalgia Syndrome, Myofascial Pain Syndrome, and Other written by Irwin Jon Russell and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1996-09-27 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clinical Overview and Pathogenesis of the Fibromyalgia Syndrome, Myofascial Pain Syndrome, and Other Pain Syndromes highlights the work of featured speakers from the MYOPAIN ?95 Third World Congress, an international meeting of the minds regarding the two soft tissue pain conditions of myofascial pain syndrome and fibromyalgia syndrome. The work compiled in this anthology advances reader understanding of these two disorders by sharing the most advanced research in this field. The authors in Clinical Overview and Pathogenesis of the Fibromyalgia Syndrome, Myofascial Pain Syndrome, and Other Pain Syndromes range from clinician investigators to basic scientists, from around the world, whose work has been an important overlap with the directions being taken by clinician investigators in each field. These authors review what has been learned about the clinical features of patient presentation and the contemporary treatments for each disorder. Authors also trace past progress of these disorders as a means for understanding their pathogenesis and to point toward future research directions. This unrivaled source allows physicians, dentists, researchers, and others working in this field to build on proven progress and prepare for the MYOPAIN ?98 meeting in Italy.
Book Synopsis Soft Tissue Pain Syndromes by : Irwin Jon Russell
Download or read book Soft Tissue Pain Syndromes written by Irwin Jon Russell and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2006-03-03 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: International experts present the latest advances in soft tissue pain diagnosis and treatment Soft Tissue Pain Syndromes: Clinical Diagnosis and Pathogenesis is a collection of the finest presentations from the 2004 International MYOPAIN Society’s Sixth World Congress held in Munich, Germany. Internationally respected experts present the state-of-the-art in pain mechanisms, myofascial pain syndrome, fibromyalgia syndrome, and inflammatory myopathies. Up-to-date innovative studies illustrate appropriate diagnosis approaches and latest practical treatments for soft tissue pain syndromes of all types. To remain effective, physicians and other health care professionals treating soft tissue pain must strive to stay current on the latest research and cutting-edge therapies. Soft Tissue Pain Syndromes explores the latest advances in clinical evaluation, investigation, and principles of management of soft tissue pain in tendons, ligaments, bursa, fascia, muscles and nerves. The book is extensively referenced and contains several figures, tables, and graphs to enhance understanding. Topics in Soft Tissue Pain Syndromes include: new developments in the understanding of myofascial trigger points (TrPs) medical and structural conditions associated with TrPs the causes of orofacial pain treatment to inactivate TrPs effective therapies for myofascial pain the latest developments in the understanding of fibromyalgia syndrome diagnostic criteria and differential diagnosis of fibromyalgia innovative nonpharmacologic therapies for fibromyalgia the metabolism of muscle cells and metabolic myopathies studies on therapies for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) low back pain—with the latest therapies reactions in the spinal cord to a painful lesion of a muscle the latest findings in the morphopathogenetic background of muscle pain Soft Tissue Pain Syndromes is crucial reading for physicians and other health care professionals interested in the latest innovations in treating soft tissue pain.
Book Synopsis The Clinical Neurobiology of Fibromyalgia and Myofascial Pain by : Robert M. Bennett
Download or read book The Clinical Neurobiology of Fibromyalgia and Myofascial Pain written by Robert M. Bennett and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-08-11 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Is chronic fatigue syndrome an early process of muscle aging? Is fibromyalgia a central pain state? This book covers the latest developments in pain research as presented at the Fifth World Congress on Myofascial Pain (MYOPAIN 2001). It examines the results of a wide scope of basic and applied research on soft-tissue pain, with a strong focus on therapeutic approaches. Its three main sections explore the neurobiology of central sensitization, regional pain syndromes, and chronic widespread pain. In addition, this well-referenced book presents a fascinating chapter on the complex relationship between muscle pain and aging. Handy graphs, charts, and illustrations make the information easy to assimilate. The Clinical Neurobiology of Fibromyalgia and Myofascial Pain: Therapeutic Implications contains up-to-date information on: the brain?s reactions to states of persistent pain the physical aftermath of torture ways to define and address the emotional distress that commonly observed in chronic pain patients the mechanisms and manifestations of muscle hyperalgesia the pathophysiology of inflammatory muscle pain regional muscle pain syndromes state-of-the-art information on the pathophysiology of visceral pain and visceral-somatic pain representations a case study of a physical therapy approach to fibromyalgia using Myofascial trigger points the epidemiology of widespread pain and its development after injuries syndromes that share overlapping clinical features with fibromyalgia the connection between HPA dysfunction, ANS dysfunction, and fibromyalgia the plasticity of excitatory synaptic transmission in the spinal dorsal horn and its role in the pathogenesis of pain hypersensitivity how the central mechanisms of pain transmission relate to pharmacological systems that are responsible for generating central sensitization states what PET and MRI show us about the role that the cerebral cortex plays in the perception and modulation of pain
Book Synopsis Muscle Pain, Myofascial Pain, and Fibromyalgia by : Leonardo Vecchiet
Download or read book Muscle Pain, Myofascial Pain, and Fibromyalgia written by Leonardo Vecchiet and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1999-10-15 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover new findings on musculoskeletal pain from experts around the world! This comprehensive book gives you new insights into musculoskeletal disorders which are among the major sources of chronic pain and disability. Although much remains to be explored in the muscle pain domain, the results of the many studies conducted have undoubtedly led to an improvement in diagnostic tools and knowledge about pathophysiological mechanisms of the various syndromes. Muscle Pain, Myofascial Pain, and Fibromyalgia is a comprehensive update on the latest developments in musculoskeletal pain and a valuable point of reference for both patients and scientists in this field. Muscle Pain, Myofascial Pain, and Fibromyalgia: Recent Advances covers the developments in musculoskeletal pain research that were presented at the MYOPAIN '98 Congresses in Silvi Marina, Italy. This work explores the results of basic and applied research regarding soft-tissue pain, with a strong focus on skeletal muscle physiology and related clinical syndromes. Muscle Pain, Myofascial Pain, and Fibromyalgia offers you the widest possible range of topics in the context of muscle pain disorders as well as a variety of clinical and experimental approaches to the different aspects of the problem. This important and informative book also gives you a detailed account of the Consensus Meeting on Diagnostic Criteria of Myofascial Pain Syndromes, which was held at the end of the Congress. Some of the topics related to musculoskeletal pain that you will explore in Muscle Pain, Myofascial Pain, and Fibromyalgia include: neurogenic inflammation in muscle pain treating myofascial pain by reducing activity of trigger points and tender spots using specific drugs and physical therapy therapeutic approaches to muscle pain for patients with myoarthropathies neurochemical pathogenesis of fibromyalgia syndrome treatments for fibromyalgia syndrome, such as the use of amitriptyline (2-6) and cyclobenzaprine (7-11) findings on tests to identify myofascial pain syndrome and fibromyalgia differential diagnosis problems when chronic myalgia is not the main symptom because other infective ailments, such as Lyme disease or HIV, are prevalent and may cause myalgia to become a secondary diagnosis As a health care professional or someone who suffers from musculoskeletal pain, you will discover that the findings in Muscle Pain, Myofascial Pain, and Fibromyalgia are invaluable for your use and the continued clinical and basic research of this growing field.
Book Synopsis Fibromyalgia and Other Central Pain Syndromes by : Daniel Jeffrey Wallace
Download or read book Fibromyalgia and Other Central Pain Syndromes written by Daniel Jeffrey Wallace and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2005 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is the first comprehensive text devoted to fibromyalgia and other centrally mediated chronic pain syndromes. Leading experts examine the latest research findings on these syndromes and present evidence-based reviews of current controversies. Chapters discuss the definition, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of chronic pain and fibromyalgia, the clinical presentations of fibromyalgia syndrome, and central sensitization syndromes associated with chronic neuromuscular pain. The contributors thoroughly examine various approaches to evaluation and management of patients with fibromyalgia and chronic pain. Other chapters focus on disability issues, prognosis, and future research directions. A critically reviewed listing of Websites and other resources is included.
Book Synopsis Musculoskeletal Pain, Myofascial Pain Syndrome, and the Fibromyalgia Syndrome by : Irwin Jon Russell
Download or read book Musculoskeletal Pain, Myofascial Pain Syndrome, and the Fibromyalgia Syndrome written by Irwin Jon Russell and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1993-12-23 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Here in one concise volume is a complete review of localized and generalized musculoskeletal disorders. Musculoskeletal Pain, Myofascial Pain Syndrome, and the Fibromyalgia Syndrome includes the latest research findings on these disorders from medical leaders around the world. This broad-based symposium updates both researcher and clinician on the most recent advances and pioneering approaches to musculoskeletal pain, with special emphasis on the myofascial pain and fibromyalgia syndromes. Chapters represent important thinking and clinical approaches from authorities in nine countries. Myofascial pain and fibromyalgia syndromes are covered extensively by the contributors to this book. The coverage they provide on issues related to these two syndromes is multidimensional and includes epidemiology clinical features pathophysiology treatment The review chapters featured in the book span epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment on both myofascial pain and fibromyalgia. These report-like chapters provide brief insight of musculoskeletal pain disorders which is ideal for beginners in the field. Advanced readers will benefit from the more specific research chapters which report on fibromyalgia and myofascial pain. All readers will particularly benefit from “Consensus Document on Fibromyalgia: The Copenhagen Declaration,” a report which releases the latest definitions, research, and treatment findings for musculoskeletal disorders from the world?s leading experts. The Consensus also sets down the challenge for intensified future research. Physicians, dentists, chiropractors at all levels of practice, and expert physiotherapists will gain much insight on these disorders from this compendium of information. While dentists are probably most interested in myofascial pain, all the subjects covered are of equal interest to these medical practitioners. MORE COPYMany of the contributing authors or groups of authors have included tables, figures or illustrations, and charts to accurately and succinctly complement their research findings and presentations. A selection of only a few tables and charts reveals multidimensional topics such as these: Problems Associated With Diagnosis in Fibromyalgia Comparison of Sensitivity, Specificity, and Accuracy of the 1990 Criteria for the Classification of Fibromyalgia With Previous Criteria Sets Population Surveys of Fibromyalgia Prevalence Content Validity for Diagnostic Criteria for Masticatory Myofascial Pain Medications Tested in Controlled Therapeutic Trials in Fibromyalgia Pathobiology of Classical Diseases Versus Dynamics of Dysfunctional Syndromes Exercise and Pain Characteristics of Women With Fibromyalgia Neck Muscle Function in Cerviocobrachial Syndrome Compared to Healthy Subjects The figures are no less revealing; they highlight exciting discoveries and diagram vital discoveries which expand current understanding of musculoskeletal disorders. Here is a sample of the types of figures included: Pain Diagrams From Four Patients With Fibromyalgia Genetic Predisposition to Muscle Microtrauma Calcium Activated Muscle Damage Classification and Subsetting of Fibromyalgia Cross-Sections of a Capillary From a Tender Point of the Trapezius Muscle in a Fibromyalgia Patient General Pain on Visual Analog Scale
Book Synopsis Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome by : Institute of Medicine
Download or read book Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-03-16 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) are serious, debilitating conditions that affect millions of people in the United States and around the world. ME/CFS can cause significant impairment and disability. Despite substantial efforts by researchers to better understand ME/CFS, there is no known cause or effective treatment. Diagnosing the disease remains a challenge, and patients often struggle with their illness for years before an identification is made. Some health care providers have been skeptical about the serious physiological - rather than psychological - nature of the illness. Once diagnosed, patients often complain of receiving hostility from their health care provider as well as being subjected to treatment strategies that exacerbate their symptoms. Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome proposes new diagnostic clinical criteria for ME/CFS and a new term for the illness - systemic exertion intolerance disease(SEID). According to this report, the term myalgic encephalomyelitis does not accurately describe this illness, and the term chronic fatigue syndrome can result in trivialization and stigmatization for patients afflicted with this illness. Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome stresses that SEID is a medical - not a psychiatric or psychological - illness. This report lists the major symptoms of SEID and recommends a diagnostic process.One of the report's most important conclusions is that a thorough history, physical examination, and targeted work-up are necessary and often sufficient for diagnosis. The new criteria will allow a large percentage of undiagnosed patients to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate care. Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome will be a valuable resource to promote the prompt diagnosis of patients with this complex, multisystem, and often devastating disorder; enhance public understanding; and provide a firm foundation for future improvements in diagnosis and treatment.
Book Synopsis Myofascial Trigger Points by : Jan Dommerholt
Download or read book Myofascial Trigger Points written by Jan Dommerholt and published by Jones & Bartlett Learning. This book was released on 2010-10-22 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines a special topic, JMMT. Emphasis is on the etiology of trigger points with a critical overview of current concepts. The contributing authors are the most respected myofascial pain research and practice experts. The authors address the etiology of trigger points, the epidemiology of myofascial pain, clinical management of patients, specific treatment issues, and the role of trigger points in various pain syndromes.
Book Synopsis Problem-Based Pain Management by : Eric S. Hsu
Download or read book Problem-Based Pain Management written by Eric S. Hsu and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-10-24 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pain management is an essential part of clinical practice for all healthcare providers from trainees, physician assistants and nurse practitioners through to practising physicians. Problem-Based Pain Management is a collaboration between experts in anesthesiology, geriatric medicine, neurology, psychiatry and rehabilitation which presents a multidisciplinary management strategy. Over 60 chapters follow a standard, easy-to-read, quick access format on: clinical presentation, signs and symptoms, lab tests, imaging studies, differential diagnosis, pharmacotherapy, non-pharmacologic approach, interventional procedure, follow-up and prognosis. The broad spectrum of topics include headache, neck and back pain, bursitis, phantom limb pain, sickle cell disease and palliative care. Unlike other large, cumbersome texts currently available, this book serves as a quick, concise and pertinent reference in the diagnosis and management of common pain syndromes.
Download or read book Fibromyalgia written by Erin Lawson, MD and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-06-09 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This practical text provides a clinical overview of the etiology, diagnosis and treatment for fibromyalgia. Current evidence-based treatments and guidelines are emphasized along with lifestyle modification suggestions for the patient. Also included is a review of current literature, research and emerging developments on this prevalent pain syndrome. A range of healthcare specialties, including pain management, rheumatology, neurology, internal medicine and family practice, will find this comprehensive guide to be a valuable resource to their routine treatment of fibromyalgia and improve patient's quality of life.
Book Synopsis Oxford Textbook of Musculoskeletal Medicine by : Michael Hutson
Download or read book Oxford Textbook of Musculoskeletal Medicine written by Michael Hutson and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016 with total page 759 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Preceded by Textbook of musculoskeletal medicine / edited by Michael Hutson and Richard Ellis, 2006.
Book Synopsis Mayo Clinic Guide to Fibromyalgia by : Andy Abril
Download or read book Mayo Clinic Guide to Fibromyalgia written by Andy Abril and published by Mayo Clinic Press. This book was released on 2019-09-24 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fibromyalgia is a condition that’s often misunderstood by the general public and doctors alike. This book aims to dispel myths about fibromyalgia and offers practical strategies that can help anyone living with this condition manage it successfully and return to a fulfilling and enjoyable life. Drawing on decades of experience in treating fibromyalgia, Mayo Clinic Guide to Fibromyalgia offers research-supported, practical strategies that can help anyone with fibromyalgia live their best life now. From personal stories of people living with fibromyalgia to the compassionate expertise of its medical editors, this book seeks to first connect with people who have fibromyalgia in a way that they may not have experienced from loved ones and even doctors. From there, readers will learn about what fibromyalgia is – and isn’t – and find solace in knowing that they’re not alone in the challenges that they face. The half of the book sets the foundation for the second half, which outlines practical strategies shown to be effective in managing fibromyalgia. Along the way, worksheets will help guide readers toward finding the best mix of strategies for managing their symptoms. The entire book comes together in the last part, where readers will put everything they’ve learned into an actionable daily plan that they can start using right away. This book is divided into 4 parts: Part 1 defines fibromyalgia, describes what causes it, and lists the challenges it can pose Part 2 outlines treatment options Part 3 describes strategies for managing fibromyalgia Part 4 outlines steps toward working with your health care team and family and creating a daily action plan for managing symptoms From Publishers Weekly: Coming from one of the most reliable, respected health resources that Americans have, this book is the first one a newly diagnosed patient should consult. (Sept.)
Book Synopsis Muscle Pain Syndromes and Fibromyalgia by : Andrew A. Fischer
Download or read book Muscle Pain Syndromes and Fibromyalgia written by Andrew A. Fischer and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 1998 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Muscle Pain Syndromes and Fibromyalgia: Pressure Algometry for Quantification of Diagnosis and Treatment Outcome represents a new approach by quantifying the diagnosis and outcome assessment of musculoskeletal pain by pressure algometry. Such quantitative studies are useful in daily practice of pain management as well as in research and medicolegal documentation. The basic question of whether or not pressure sensitivity has reached an abnormal level can be answered quantitatively. Findings of different clinicians can be compared in numbers. The efficacy of different therapeutic procedures can be assessed numerically immediately after injections or physical therapy. Long-term effects of pain medications or physical modalities can be documented. The measurements take a few minutes and are simple and reliable. Muscle Pain Syndrome and Fibromyalgia is clinically oriented and presents the experience of internationally recognized authorities. This means you'll learn: the employment of pressure algometry in quantitative evaluation of pain alleviation by medications and physical modalities documentation of long-term follow up results in plantar fasciitis, failed back surgery and degenerative hip disorders treated by a new injection technique the quantified diagnosis of tender spots, active and latent trigger points and fibromyalgia the specific measurement sites, methods and goals for the evaluation of different treatments you will see how renowned clinicians in Brazil, Italy, Finland, The United States, and Taiwan employ algometry for quantitative diagnosis and evaluation of treatment results. Immediate effects of treatment as well as long-term results were successfully monitored by algometry the importance of distinguishing sensitization in the skin, subcutaneous, and deep tissues for differential diagnosis of muscle pain syndromes sensitivity over active and latent trigger points and referred pain zones Muscle Pain Syndromes and Fibromyalgia is a multidisciplinary comprehensive treatise reviewing the present status of clinical and research application of pressure algometry. This inexpensive method by its simplicity is suitable for employment in the daily practice of pain management. PA represents significant progress in approaching the important but difficult problem of how to quantify a diagnosis that is based upon such a subjective category as pain. Myofascial pain syndrome, fibromyalgia, muscle spasm and inflammation in general can be assessed quantitatively.
Book Synopsis Practical Management of Pain by : Honorio MD Benzon
Download or read book Practical Management of Pain written by Honorio MD Benzon and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2013-09-12 with total page 1379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Obtain all the core knowledge in pain management you need from one of the most trusted resources in the field. The new edition of Practical Management of Pain gives you completely updated, multidisciplinary overview of every aspect of pain medicine, including evaluation, diagnosis of pain syndromes, rationales for management, treatment modalities, and much more. In print and online, it is all the expert guidance necessary to offer your patients the best possible relief. "In summary, this is the best explanation of what lies behind MRI that I have read, taking what can be a dry subject and making it readily understandable and really interesting. I would recommend it to anyone starting their MRI training and anyone trying to teach MRI to others." Reviewed by RAD Magazine, June 2015 Understand and apply the latest developments in pain medicine with brand-new chapters covering disability assessment, central post-stroke pain, chronic widespread pain, and burn pain. Effectively ease your patients' pain with today's best management techniques, including joint injections, ultrasound-guided therapies, and new pharmacologic agents (such as topical analgesics). Access up-to-the-minute knowledge on all aspects of pain management, from general principles to specific management techniques, with contributions from renowned experts in the field. Read the full text and view all the images online at expertconsult.com. Understand and apply the latest developments in pain management with brand-new chapters covering disability assessment, central post-stroke pain, widespread chronic pain, and burn pain. Effectively ease your patients' pain with today's best management techniques, including joint injections, ultrasound-guided therapies, and new pharmacologic agents (such as topical analgesics).
Book Synopsis Pain and Disability by : Institute of Medicine
Download or read book Pain and Disability written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1987-01-01 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Painâ€"it is the most common complaint presented to physicians. Yet pain is subjectiveâ€"it cannot be measured directly and is difficult to validate. Evaluating claims based on pain poses major problems for the Social Security Administration (SSA) and other disability insurers. This volume covers the epidemiology and physiology of pain; psychosocial contributions to pain and illness behavior; promising ways of assessing and measuring chronic pain and dysfunction; clinical aspects of prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation; and how the SSA's benefit structure and administrative procedures may affect pain complaints.
Book Synopsis Relieving Pain in America by : Institute of Medicine
Download or read book Relieving Pain in America written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-10-26 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chronic pain costs the nation up to $635 billion each year in medical treatment and lost productivity. The 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act required the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to enlist the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in examining pain as a public health problem. In this report, the IOM offers a blueprint for action in transforming prevention, care, education, and research, with the goal of providing relief for people with pain in America. To reach the vast multitude of people with various types of pain, the nation must adopt a population-level prevention and management strategy. The IOM recommends that HHS develop a comprehensive plan with specific goals, actions, and timeframes. Better data are needed to help shape efforts, especially on the groups of people currently underdiagnosed and undertreated, and the IOM encourages federal and state agencies and private organizations to accelerate the collection of data on pain incidence, prevalence, and treatments. Because pain varies from patient to patient, healthcare providers should increasingly aim at tailoring pain care to each person's experience, and self-management of pain should be promoted. In addition, because there are major gaps in knowledge about pain across health care and society alike, the IOM recommends that federal agencies and other stakeholders redesign education programs to bridge these gaps. Pain is a major driver for visits to physicians, a major reason for taking medications, a major cause of disability, and a key factor in quality of life and productivity. Given the burden of pain in human lives, dollars, and social consequences, relieving pain should be a national priority.
