Cleaner Production For Safe And Sustainable Living On Earth

Download Cleaner Production For Safe And Sustainable Living On Earth full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Cleaner Production For Safe And Sustainable Living On Earth ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Cleaner Production for Safe and Sustainable Living on Earth

Author : Rajiv Kumar Sinha
Publisher : Nova Science Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781536105230
Total Pages : 285 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (52 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Cleaner Production for Safe and Sustainable Living on Earth by : Rajiv Kumar Sinha

Download or read book Cleaner Production for Safe and Sustainable Living on Earth written by Rajiv Kumar Sinha and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2016 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cleaner production is defined as the continuous application of an integrated preventive strategy for environmental protection in the developmental processes applied to products and services in industries & business organizations to increase overall efficiency and reduce risks to humans (consumers and industrial workers) and the environment from the hazardous chemicals and materials used in the production process. Cleaner production requires applying know-how, improving technology and changing attitudes. Since 1950, there has been a tremendous increase in the production of diverse chemicals to satisfy our demands for consumer goods. According to the UNEP, worldwide nearly 80,000 chemicals are used every day and about 1500 new chemicals are added every year. A green chemistry movement is going on to develop environmentally benign chemicals and chemical processes to be applied in chemical industries and industries depending on chemicals such as paper, plastic, textile, dyeing, printing, photography, agriculture, and electronics. Clean air, water and food are the basis of life on earth. Combustion of fossil fuels in industries, for power generation and in automobiles is the major source (90-95 %) of chemical air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions. Promotion of solar, wind, and hydrogen fuel technology will completely eliminate them. Chemically grown foods by agrochemicals are badly affecting human health. Some 25 million farmers are poisoned by pesticides, and some 10 to 20 thousand die every year from this. US scientists predict up to 20,000 Americans may die of cancer every year, due to low levels of residual pesticides in chemically grown foods. Hence, producing chemical-free foods by organic farming using biofertilizers and biopesticides is the only hope for civilization. Earthworms (Charles Darwin's 'friends of farmers') & its vermicompost (produced from Organic wastes) promote high crop growth and also protect from pests and diseases. Earthworms can also clean (detoxify and disinfect) polluted lands and wastewater. Potable water is a vanishing resource on Earth. Since 1950, global water use has more than tripled. Out of total water available on Earth, 97.5 % is saline. Nearly 2 % is frozen in polar icecaps & mountains. Only less than 1 % of groundwater and surface water is usable as potable water. Desalination technology to clean seawater into drinkable water is the only hope for civilization. Eco-efficiency in use of raw materials, water and energy resources is also important because the natural resources of Earth are finite, and their demand is getting infinite with an increasing population and growing consumerism all over world. Eco-efficiency will also reduce waste and pollution, and GHG emissions with economic gains for the industries. UNEP has pioneered the promotion of cleaner production philosophy. It called for all national governments for a long-term action plan to incorporate environmental concerns and problems, focusing on cleaner production into their educational curricula, especially in engineering and business management courses. Additionally, it called for the incorporation of developmental policies enacted for industries and business organizations. A joint Indo-Australian bilateral meeting on a clean development mechanism was organized in New Delhi in 2001.

Cleaner Development for Safe and Sustainable Living on Earth

Author : Rajiv Kumar Sinha
Publisher : Nova Science Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781536105094
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Cleaner Development for Safe and Sustainable Living on Earth by : Rajiv Kumar Sinha

Download or read book Cleaner Development for Safe and Sustainable Living on Earth written by Rajiv Kumar Sinha and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2017-03 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cleaner production is defined as the continuous application of an integrated preventive strategy for environmental protection in the developmental processes applied to products and services in industries & business organizations to increase overall efficiency and reduce risks to humans (consumers and industrial workers) and the environment from the hazardous chemicals and materials used in the production process. Cleaner production requires applying know-how, improving technology and changing attitudes. Since 1950, there has been a tremendous increase in the production of diverse chemicals to satisfy our demands for consumer goods. According to the UNEP, worldwide nearly 80,000 chemicals are used every day and about 1500 new chemicals are added every year. A green chemistry movement is going on to develop environmentally benign chemicals and chemical processes to be applied in chemical industries and industries depending on chemicals such as paper, plastic, textile, dyeing, printing, photography, agriculture, and electronics. Clean air, water and food are the basis of life on earth. Combustion of fossil fuels in industries, for power generation and in automobiles is the major source (90-95 %) of chemical air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions. Promotion of solar, wind, and hydrogen fuel technology will completely eliminate them. Chemically grown foods by agrochemicals are badly affecting human health. Some 25 million farmers are poisoned by pesticides, and some 10 to 20 thousand die every year from this. US scientists predict up to 20,000 Americans may die of cancer every year, due to low levels of residual pesticides in chemically grown foods. Hence, producing chemical-free foods by organic farming using biofertilizers and biopesticides is the only hope for civilization. Earthworms (Charles Darwins friends of farmers) & its vermicompost (produced from Organic wastes) promote high crop growth and also protect from pests and diseases. Earthworms can also clean (detoxify and disinfect) polluted lands and wastewater. Potable water is a vanishing resource on Earth. Since 1950, global water use has more than tripled. Out of total water available on Earth, 97.5 % is saline. Nearly 2 % is frozen in polar icecaps & mountains. Only less than 1 % of groundwater and surface water is usable as potable water. Desalination technology to clean seawater into drinkable water is the only hope for civilization. Eco-efficiency in use of raw materials, water and energy resources is also important because the natural resources of Earth are finite, and their demand is getting infinite with an increasing population and growing consumerism all over world. Eco-efficiency will also reduce waste and pollution, and GHG emissions with economic gains for the industries. UNEP has pioneered the promotion of cleaner production philosophy. It called for all national governments for a long-term action plan to incorporate environmental concerns and problems, focusing on cleaner production into their educational curricula, especially in engineering and business management courses. Additionally, it called for the incorporation of developmental policies enacted for industries and business organizations. A joint Indo-Australian bilateral meeting on a clean development mechanism was organized in New Delhi in 2001.

Cleaner Production

Author : Lennart Nilsson
Publisher : Baltic University Press
ISBN 13 : 9197552615
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (975 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Cleaner Production by : Lennart Nilsson

Download or read book Cleaner Production written by Lennart Nilsson and published by Baltic University Press. This book was released on 2007 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Cleaner Production and Industrial Ecology

Author : Leenard Willem Baas
Publisher : Eburon Uitgeverij B.V.
ISBN 13 : 9059720830
Total Pages : 419 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (597 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Cleaner Production and Industrial Ecology by : Leenard Willem Baas

Download or read book Cleaner Production and Industrial Ecology written by Leenard Willem Baas and published by Eburon Uitgeverij B.V.. This book was released on 2005 with total page 419 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Cleaner Technologies and Cleaner Products for Sustainable Development

Author : Harry M. Freeman
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642796729
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (427 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Cleaner Technologies and Cleaner Products for Sustainable Development by : Harry M. Freeman

Download or read book Cleaner Technologies and Cleaner Products for Sustainable Development written by Harry M. Freeman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contributors from twenty-two nations address various projects in their native countries to either develop, demonstrate, or facilitate the adoption of cleaner technologies and cleaner products. Reviewing the environmental situation in their respective countries and discussing the development and adoption of pollution prevention technologies, the authors provide thought-provoking and incisive treatments of the subject. An extremely comprehensive index enables the reader to retrieve focus on the information of interest quickly and efficiently.

Government Strategies and Policies for Cleaner Production

Author : Nicholas Askounes Ashford
Publisher : Incumbent
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 40 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (243 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Government Strategies and Policies for Cleaner Production by : Nicholas Askounes Ashford

Download or read book Government Strategies and Policies for Cleaner Production written by Nicholas Askounes Ashford and published by Incumbent. This book was released on 1994 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Sustainable Living

Author : Sustainable Stevie
Publisher : Sustainable Stevie
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Sustainable Living by : Sustainable Stevie

Download or read book Sustainable Living written by Sustainable Stevie and published by Sustainable Stevie. This book was released on 2013-12-29 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Eclectic Collection of Chapters in this book include: Chapter 1 - eCycling - Your Contribution to a Green Environment Chapter 2 - Green Cleaning 101 - DIY Natural Cleaning Solutions with Vinegar and Other Frugal Resources That You Already Have Chapter 3 - Organic Gardening 101 - "How To" Essentials and Tips for Starting an Outdoor or Indoor Organic Vegetable Garden Chapter 4 - Green Feminine Hygiene - Sustainable Female Alternatives Chapter 5 - Natural Baby Products - Green Surroundings for Your Baby Chapter 6 - What is "Greenwashing"? (No Relation to Laundry) - Are You Being Greenwashed? Chapter 7 - Reusable Shopping Bags - An Eco-Friendly Alternative Chapter 8 - Organic Cosmetics - A Rising Preference Chapter 9 - Solar Power for Sustainable Living - What to Consider Before Going the Do It Yourself Solar Route Chapter 10 - Hybrid Electric Vehicles - What You Should Know About Them! Chapter 11 - Magnetic Electricity for Sustainable Living _______________________________________ There is more interest in self-sufficiency during this 21st century than ever before. That blatantly tells you that people are feeling the effects of the environment around them. We're not talking about "good" effects either. We're talking about chemicals in the food we eat, pollution of land, water and the air we breathe. This also includes finite natural resources that's becoming scarce thus driving the cost up as demand for it continues, etc. In general, health issues have been on the rise due to a combination of all these things which drives the desire to make certain changes in one's lifestyle. This is why "Sustainable Living - Practical Eco-Friendly Tips for Green Living and Self-Sufficiency in the 21st Century - [Special Edition Collection]" had to be written. Sustainable living or some like to call it green living allows for a natural and as much as possible eco-friendly lifestyle. But this involves being educated on what it all means and finding out as much as possible about how to actually do it and make it a way of life. This Special Edition Collection covers a wide variety of subject matters to get you on the path to a healthier and eco-friendly environment. It's kept basic enough so that it's educational, interesting and easy to understand; including pictures and illustrations. There are things mentioned that you probably weren't aware of which I think makes it a fun read. That's why I suggest reading every chapter; even the ones that you don't think you have an interest in because you're going to be surprised and learn something that can be shared with someone else you know. It inspires you to try doing some of the things mentioned. There are many references and sources to help you do that. From there you can take it to the next level. So, if you're not sure where to begin or just want to get more insight into sustainable living for you, your family and the environment overall, "Sustainable Living - Practical Eco-Friendly Tips for Green Living and Self-Sufficiency in the 21st Century - [Special Edition Collection]" is exactly what you need as a good reference guide!

Abundant Earth

Author : Eileen Crist
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022659680X
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (265 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Abundant Earth by : Eileen Crist

Download or read book Abundant Earth written by Eileen Crist and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2019-01-17 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Abundant Earth, Eileen Crist not only documents the rising tide of biodiversity loss, but also lays out the drivers of this wholesale destruction and how we can push past them. Looking beyond the familiar litany of causes—a large and growing human population, rising livestock numbers, expanding economies and international trade, and spreading infrastructures and incursions upon wildlands—she asks the key question: if we know human expansionism is to blame for this ecological crisis, why are we not taking the needed steps to halt our expansionism? Crist argues that to do so would require a two-pronged approach. Scaling down calls upon us to lower the global human population while working within a human-rights framework, to deindustrialize food production, and to localize economies and contract global trade. Pulling back calls upon us to free, restore, reconnect, and rewild vast terrestrial and marine ecosystems. However, the pervasive worldview of human supremacy—the conviction that humans are superior to all other life-forms and entitled to use these life-forms and their habitats—normalizes and promotes humanity’s ongoing expansion, undermining our ability to enact these linked strategies and preempt the mounting suffering and dislocation of both humans and nonhumans. Abundant Earth urges us to confront the reality that humanity will not advance by entrenching its domination over the biosphere. On the contrary, we will stagnate in the identity of nature-colonizer and decline into conflict as we vie for natural resources. Instead, we must chart another course, choosing to live in fellowship within the vibrant ecologies of our wild and domestic cohorts, and enfolding human inhabitation within the rich expanse of a biodiverse, living planet.

Sustainable Environmental Clean-up

Author : Virendra Kumar Mishra
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128238283
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Sustainable Environmental Clean-up by : Virendra Kumar Mishra

Download or read book Sustainable Environmental Clean-up written by Virendra Kumar Mishra and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-05-18 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable Environmental Clean-up: Green Remediation includes some natural, clean, and eco-sustainable technologies that have undergone the process of gradual development in past few decades. These technologies include a range of innovative natural and viable materials and offer a clean solution of environmental pollution. It includes case studies of phytoremediation, bioremediation (microbial removal of pollutant), constructed wetlands, natural media filtration for the sustainable environmental cleanup. Sustainable Environmental Clean-up: Green Remediation includes coverage of: Recent trends in eco-sustainable green remediation, Role of constructed wetlands in green remediation, Factor responsible for biodegradation of organic pollutants, Remediation through natural media (Sand, gravel, stope-chips), Microbes and their role in green remediation. Presents recent trends in eco-sustainable green remediation Covers the role of constructed wetlands in green remediation Outlines the factors responsible for biodegradation of organic pollutants Discusses remediation through natural media (Sand, gravel, stope-chips) Explains microbes and their role in green remediation Includes the role of endophytic microbes in organic contamination management

Advances in Cleaner Production. Volume 2

Author : Biagio F. Giannetti
Publisher : Nova Science Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781634638487
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (384 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Advances in Cleaner Production. Volume 2 by : Biagio F. Giannetti

Download or read book Advances in Cleaner Production. Volume 2 written by Biagio F. Giannetti and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2015-02 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cleaner Production is an emerging field of research that comprises concepts and methodologies from different disciplines in a problem-oriented manner. Research efforts are often concentrated in a variety of sectoral domains; and, for understanding the global change which embraces a variety of processes on several scales, a variety of environmental and sustainability aspects can be addressed. This book brings contributions from researchers that participated in editions of the International Workshop Advances in Cleaner Production (www.advancesincleanerproduction.net) held in São Paulo, Brazil. The book includes contributions from researchers from various countries for the development of Cleaner Production. Divided into three sections, the book addresses national experiences for the implementation of CP programs, research related to the metrics used to assess the effects of CP initiatives in the production sector and discussions that emerge before and after the implementation of these programs. Methodological approaches presented can be useful in the design and management of production systems, for policy development, environmental risk reduction, and prevention/mitigation strategies.

Cleaner Production in Industry

Author : Ian Christie
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Cleaner Production in Industry by : Ian Christie

Download or read book Cleaner Production in Industry written by Ian Christie and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Paving the Way for Sustainable Consumption and Production: The Marrakech Process Progress Report

Author :
Publisher : UNEP/Earthprint
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 108 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Paving the Way for Sustainable Consumption and Production: The Marrakech Process Progress Report by :

Download or read book Paving the Way for Sustainable Consumption and Production: The Marrakech Process Progress Report written by and published by UNEP/Earthprint. This book was released on with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Fundamentals of Sustainable Living Series

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (118 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Sustainable Living Series by :

Download or read book Fundamentals of Sustainable Living Series written by and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If you bring your own reusable grocery bag to the supermarket, or buy “green” products, you're already engaging in sustainable living practices. But you might not be aware of the other steps you could be taking, both small and large, to make an impact and save money wherever you live, whether it's on acres of land or in a small city apartment. Every aspect of life can be reconsidered in terms of sustainability, from your choice of home and mode of transportation, to city design and the provenance of your produce--and you'll learn about them all in Fundamentals of Sustainable Living.. Across 12 inspiring yet practical half-hour lectures, you'll gain concrete strategies for providing for yourself and reducing your cost of living, without compromising the resources of future generations. Your guide is an award-winning professor and pioneer of the discipline who is living proof of sustainability's real-world applications--he hasn't had to pay an electric bill in more than two decades. You'll learn how sustainable living practices can help you do more with less, potentially allowing you to reduce your home's energy consumption by 75 percent or more; heat your home without fossil fuels and produce enough clean energy to contribute back to the grid (or leave it altogether); reduce or eliminate your water bill; grow your own pesticide-free produce year round; and make safe, effective cleaning products at home.. Why do organics cost more? What style of washing machine uses half the energy and one-third less water? Which wild-growing plants are safe to eat? You'll get answers to these and other practical questions throughout, as well as a big-picture view of sustainability and its underlying science, which cuts across a diverse swath of disciplines, including engineering, physics, biology, chemistry, agriculture, and economics.

Green Living

Author : Green Matters
Publisher : Rock Point
ISBN 13 : 0760368392
Total Pages : 163 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (63 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Green Living by : Green Matters

Download or read book Green Living written by Green Matters and published by Rock Point. This book was released on 2022-03-01 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Do you aspire to live a green or zero-waste life, but just don’t know where to begin? Green Living is here to guide you to an eco-friendly lifestyle through approachable, easy-to-implement strategies. Authored by the successful GreenMatters.com website, which is dedicated to making news and topics across sustainability and innovation accessible to everyone, this indispensable resource is packed with suggestions and ideas to implement sustainable living in all areas of your life and home. You’ll be inspired to dive deeper into green living and feel empowered by your choice to help the environment and create a healthier household. Learn not just the “why” of going green, but the “how,” with quick-and-easy tips to substitute unsustainable and unhealthy products with greener options. Each chapter has Seed, Sprout, and Tree steps to help meet you where you’re at and develop your green practices in a way that works with your lifestyle. With additional micro-actions and tips throughout as well as definitions for commonly used green terminology, this book is for people just getting started or those looking to learn more eco-friendly hacks. Save money (and the planet) with easy steps like switching to single-use alternatives like reusable straws and cloth shopping totes. Also, find resources to help you get creative and reuse materials you already have for a new purpose, from DIY pet toys to home decor, minimizing what you buy and preventing materials from going into the landfill. Other topics covered: Recycling and composting Eco-friendly cleaning Minimalist organizing Green beauty Sustainable fashion This comprehensive guide to green will take a permanent place on your bookshelf as you return to it again and again on your journey to sustainability.

The Shooting Star

Author : Shivya Nath
Publisher : Penguin Random House India Private Limited
ISBN 13 : 9353052653
Total Pages : 182 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (53 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Shooting Star by : Shivya Nath

Download or read book The Shooting Star written by Shivya Nath and published by Penguin Random House India Private Limited. This book was released on 2018-09-14 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shivya Nath quit her corporate job at age twenty-three to travel the world. She gave up her home and the need for a permanent address, sold most of her possessions and embarked on a nomadic journey that has taken her everywhere from remote Himalayan villages to the Amazon rainforests of Ecuador. Along the way, she lived with an indigenous Mayan community in Guatemala, hiked alone in the Ecuadorian Andes, got mugged in Costa Rica, swam across the border from Costa Rica to Panama, slept under a meteor shower in the cracked salt desert of Gujarat and learnt to conquer her deepest fears. With its vivid descriptions, cinematic landscapes, moving encounters and uplifting adventures, The Shooting Star is a travel memoir that maps not just the world but the human spirit.

Cleaner Production

Author :
Publisher : UNEP/Earthprint
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 52 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Cleaner Production by :

Download or read book Cleaner Production written by and published by UNEP/Earthprint. This book was released on 1998 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cleaner production has been acknowledged as the preferred strategy to achieve efficient use of natural resources & to prevent pollution. However, obtaining information on cleaner production can be a challenging task. This publication presents information sources that can be of assistance in obtaining further information about cleaner production. Among the sources listed are: national centres, publications, databases, audio visuals, as well as cleaner production courses & available training curricula that exist worldwide.

Feasible Planet - A Guide to More Sustainable Living

Author : Ken Kroes
Publisher : 1779671 Alberta Inc.
ISBN 13 : 0995847053
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (958 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Feasible Planet - A Guide to More Sustainable Living by : Ken Kroes

Download or read book Feasible Planet - A Guide to More Sustainable Living written by Ken Kroes and published by 1779671 Alberta Inc.. This book was released on 2017-11-05 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Are you concerned about the state of our planet and hope that governments and corporations will find a sustainable way for us to live? If you do not think about it too hard, that may work, but will it? Left on their own, with drivers of popularity and profits, I am not too convinced that it will. The missing part of this equation is you and me. Individuals who believe that corporations and governments can do better. Individuals who believe that through action, we can buy a bit more time to develop and implement solutions to our critical issues. Did I hear a groan out there when you read the word ‘actions’? Do not worry! Most of the actions that I am referring to will not only help save the planet, but will benefit you right away through saving money, time, better health, and having a happier life in general. Sustainability goes beyond controlling our consumption and pollution. There are key social, political, and economic areas that need to be addressed as well, and there are several steps that individuals can take to help in these areas. For those of you who feel we could do more, this book is for you and is loaded with actionable activities, the reasons for doing them, and explores why we are not doing them already. Every journey starts with a first step. Hopefully this book will lead to those first sustainable steps and that will change the world.