Citizenship on the Edge

Download Citizenship on the Edge PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 0812298284
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (122 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Citizenship on the Edge by : Nancy J. Hirschmann

Download or read book Citizenship on the Edge written by Nancy J. Hirschmann and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2022-01-04 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What does it mean to claim, two decades into the twenty-first century, that citizenship is on the edge? The questions that animate this volume focus attention on the relationships between liberal conceptions of citizenship and democracy on one hand, and sex, race, and gender on the other. Who "counts" as a citizen in today's world, and what are the mechanisms through which the rights, benefits, and protections of liberal citizenship are differentially bestowed upon diverse groups? What are the relationships between global economic processes and political and legal empowerment? What forms of violence emerge in order to defend and define these rights, benefits, and protections, and how do these forms of violence reflect long histories? How might we recognize and account for the various avenues through which people attempt to make themselves as political subjects? Citizenship on the Edge approaches these questions from multiple disciplines, including Africana Studies, anthropology, disability studies, film studies, gender studies, history, law, political science, and sociology. Contributors explore the ways in which compounding social inequalities redound to the conditions and expressions of citizenship in the U.S. and throughout the world. They give a sense of the breathtaking range of the ways that citizenship is controlled, repressed, undercut, and denied at the same time as they outline people's attempts to claim citizenship in ways that are meaningful to them. From university speech policies, to labor and immigration policies, to a rethinking of the security theatre, to women's empowerment in the family and economy and a rethinking of marriage and the family, we see slivers of possibility for a more inclusive and less hostile world, in which citizenship is no longer so in doubt, so on the edge, for so many. As a whole, the volume argues that citizenship cannot be conceptualized as a transcendent good but must instead always be contextualized within specific places and times, and in relation to dynamic struggle. Contributors: Erez Aloni, Ange-Marie Hancock Alfaro, Nancy J. Hirschmann, Samantha Majic, Valentine M. Moghadam, Michael Rembis, Tracy Robinson, Ellen Samuels, Kimberly Theidon, Deborah A. Thomas.

Lived Citizenship on the Edge of Society

Download Lived Citizenship on the Edge of Society PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319550683
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lived Citizenship on the Edge of Society by : Hanne Warming

Download or read book Lived Citizenship on the Edge of Society written by Hanne Warming and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-07-12 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited collection presents the concept of lived citizenship as a fruitful avenue for exploring the role played by social work practices in the lives of people in vulnerable positions. The book centres on the everyday experiences through which people practice, negotiate, understand and feel their citizenship. The authors offer both empirical analyses of how social work influences the rights, obligations, identities and belongings of children, homeless people, migrants, ethnic minorities, and young people with mental disabilities; and a theoretical framework for analysing the complexities of social work. Drawing on the notion of intimate citizenship and an understanding of citizenship as socio-spatial, the theoretical framework addresses the challenges of enhancing the agency of social work clients and of promoting inclusive citizenship, and how these challenges are shaped by emotions, affect, rationality, materiality, power relations, policies and managerial strategies. Lived Citizenship on the Edge of Society will be of interest to students and scholars across a range of disciplines including social policy and social work.

EU Citizenship at the Edges of Freedom of Movement

Download EU Citizenship at the Edges of Freedom of Movement PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1509937269
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (99 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis EU Citizenship at the Edges of Freedom of Movement by : Katarina Hyltén-Cavallius

Download or read book EU Citizenship at the Edges of Freedom of Movement written by Katarina Hyltén-Cavallius and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2020-11-26 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book critically analyses the case law on EU citizenship in relation to its personal free movement rights, its status on the primary law level, and EU fundamental rights protection. The book exposes the legal space where EU citizenship variably loses or gains legal relevance, and questions how this space can be overcome. Through a thorough analysis of the core personal free movement rights of residence, family reunification, equal treatment and equal political participation, the book demonstrates how the development of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union has generated a two-tiered legal concept of EU citizenship. Depending on the nature of the legal claim at hand, EU citizenship may appear as a poor legal personhood for exercising free movement rights; sometimes pushing the individual who is in a factual cross-border situation out of the scope of Union law. Contrastingly, in other strands of the jurisprudence, we see EU citizenship and its primary law levelled-rights stretch the jurisdictional scope of Union law, triggering the EU's Charter of Fundamental Rights for review of the individual case. The book enhances the understanding of the legal concept of EU citizenship in Union law and contributes to the debate on the future development of EU citizenship, its relationship to the Charter, and the strength of its legal position for the person who exercises freedom of movement.

The Digital Citizen(ship)

Download The Digital Citizen(ship) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 180037660X
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Digital Citizen(ship) by : Luigi Ceccarini

Download or read book The Digital Citizen(ship) written by Luigi Ceccarini and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2021-02-26 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This cutting-edge book explores the diverse and contested meanings of ‘citizenship’ in the 21st century, as representative democracy faces a mounting crisis in the wake of the digital age. Luigi Ceccarini enriches and updates the common notion of citizenship, answering the question of how it is possible to fully live as a citizen in a post-modern political community.

Within and Beyond Citizenship

Download Within and Beyond Citizenship PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351977466
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (519 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Within and Beyond Citizenship by : Roberto G. Gonzales

Download or read book Within and Beyond Citizenship written by Roberto G. Gonzales and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-06 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Within and Beyond Citizenship brings together cutting-edge research in sociology and social anthropology on the relationship between immigration status, rights and belonging in contemporary societies of immigration. It offers new insights into the ways in which political membership is experienced, spatially and bureaucratically constructed, and actively negotiated and contested in the everyday lives of citizens and non-citizens. Themes, concepts and ideas covered include: The shifting position of the non-citizen in contemporary immigration societies; The intersection of human mobility, immigration control and articulations of citizenship; Activism and everyday practices of membership and belonging; Tension in policy and practice between coexisting traditions and regimes of rights; Mixed status families, belonging and citizenship; The ways in which immigration status (or its absence) intersects with social cleavages such as age, class, gender and ‘race’ to shape social relations. This book will appeal to academics and practitioners working in the disciplines of Social and Political Anthropology, Sociology, Social Policy, Human Geography, Political Sciences, Citizenship Studies and Migration Studies.

Keeping the Republic

Download Keeping the Republic PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CQ Press
ISBN 13 : 1506362168
Total Pages : 1880 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (63 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Keeping the Republic by : Christine Barbour

Download or read book Keeping the Republic written by Christine Barbour and published by CQ Press. This book was released on 2016-11-19 with total page 1880 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This refreshed and dynamic Eighth Edition of Keeping the Republic revitalizes the twin themes of power and citizenship by adding to the imperative for students to navigate competing political narratives about who should get what, and how they should get it. The exploding possibilities of the digital age make this task all the more urgent and complex. Christine Barbour and Gerald Wright, the authors of this bestseller, continue to meet students where they are in order to give them a sophisticated understanding of American politics and teach them the skills to think critically about it. The entire book has been refocused to look not just at power and citizenship but at the role that control of information and its savvy consumption play in keeping the republic.

The Migrant's Paradox

Download The Migrant's Paradox PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : U of Minnesota Press
ISBN 13 : 1452965005
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (529 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Migrant's Paradox by : Suzanne M. Hall

Download or read book The Migrant's Paradox written by Suzanne M. Hall and published by U of Minnesota Press. This book was released on 2021-03-16 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Connects global migration with urban marginalization, exploring how “race” maps onto place across the globe, state, and street In this richly observed account of migrant shopkeepers in five cities in the United Kingdom, Suzanne Hall examines the brutal contradictions of sovereignty and capitalism in the formation of street livelihoods in the urban margins. Hall locates The Migrant’s Paradox on streets in the far-flung parts of de-industrialized peripheries, where jobs are hard to come by and the impacts of historic state underinvestment are deeply felt. Drawing on hundreds of in-person interviews on streets in Birmingham, Bristol, Leicester, London, and Manchester, Hall brings together histories of colonization with current forms of coloniality. Her six-year project spans the combined impacts of the 2008 financial crisis, austerity governance, punitive immigration laws and the Brexit Referendum, and processes of state-sanctioned regeneration. She incorporates the spaces of shops, conference halls, and planning offices to capture how official border talk overlaps with everyday formations of work and belonging on the street. Original and ambitious, Hall’s work complicates understandings of migrants, demonstrating how migrant journeys and claims to space illuminate the relations between global displacement and urban emplacement. In articulating “a citizenship of the edge” as an adaptive and audacious mode of belonging, she shows how sovereignty and inequality are maintained and refuted.

Borderline Citizens

Download Borderline Citizens PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 1501716158
Total Pages : 395 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Borderline Citizens by : Robert C. McGreevey

Download or read book Borderline Citizens written by Robert C. McGreevey and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2018-09-15 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Borderline Citizens explores the intersection of U.S. colonial power and Puerto Rican migration. Robert C. McGreevey examines a series of confrontations in the early decades of the twentieth century between colonial migrants seeking work and citizenship in the metropole and various groups—employers, colonial officials, court officers, and labor leaders—policing the borders of the U.S. economy and polity. Borderline Citizens deftly shows the dynamic and contested meaning of American citizenship. At a time when colonial officials sought to limit citizenship through the definition of Puerto Rico as a U.S. territory, Puerto Ricans tested the boundaries of colonial law when they migrated to California, Arizona, New York, and other states on the mainland. The conflicts and legal challenges created when Puerto Ricans migrated to the U.S. mainland thus serve, McGreevey argues, as essential, if overlooked, evidence crucial to understanding U.S. empire and citizenship. McGreevey demonstrates the value of an imperial approach to the history of migration. Drawing attention to the legal claims migrants made on the mainland, he highlights the agency of Puerto Rican migrants and the efficacy of their efforts to find an economic, political, and legal home in the United States. At the same time, Borderline Citizens demonstrates how colonial institutions shaped migration streams through a series of changing colonial legal categories that tracked alongside corporate and government demands for labor mobility. McGreevey describes a history shaped as much by the force of U.S. power overseas as by the claims of colonial migrants within the United States.

Restless Cities on the Edge

Download Restless Cities on the Edge PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030913236
Total Pages : 259 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (39 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Restless Cities on the Edge by : Antimo Luigi Farro

Download or read book Restless Cities on the Edge written by Antimo Luigi Farro and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-01-03 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a sociological description and analysis of urban collective actions, protests, resistance, and riots that started in the 1990s and continue in different forms to this date in Rome, Italy. Through participant observation, ethnographic study, and in-depth qualitative interviews—often occurring during times of protest or even violent action—this book studies a variety of urban realities: grassroots movements, anti-migrant district riots, and the daily lives of the fluid and fluctuating multi-ethnic groups in the city. Ultimately, this book gives voice to some of the protagonists involved, proposing interpretations to each reality described, but also making cross-connections with politics and migration when pertinent. It offers a new understanding of urban collective actions cognizant of the 'common goods', but also of the emergence of new right-wing populism.

At the Edges of Citizenship

Download At the Edges of Citizenship PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317177606
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (171 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis At the Edges of Citizenship by : Kate Hepworth

Download or read book At the Edges of Citizenship written by Kate Hepworth and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-04-22 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proposing a new, dynamic conception of citizenship, this book argues against understandings of citizenship as a collection of rights that can be either possessed or endowed, and demonstrates it is an emergent condition that has temporal and spatial dimensions. Furthermore, citizenship is shown to be continually and contingently reconstituted through the struggles between those considered insiders and outsiders. Significantly, these struggles do not result in a clear division between citizens and non-citizens, but in a multiplicity of states that are at once included within and excluded from the political community. These liminal states of citizenship are elaborated in relation to three specific forms of non-citizenship: the ’respectable illegal, the ’intimate foreigner’ and the ’abject citizen’. Each of these modalities of citizenship corresponds to either the figure of the clandestino/a or the nomad as invoked in the 2008 Italian Security Package and a second set of laws, commonly referred to as the ’Nomad Emergency Decree’. Exploring how this legislation affected and was negotiated by individuals and groups who were constituted as ’objects of security’, author Kate Hepworth focuses on the first-hand experience of individuals deemed threats to the nation. Situated within the field of human geography, the book draws on literature from citizenship studies, critical security studies and migration studies to show how processes of securitisation and irregularisation work to delimit between citizens and non-citizens, as well as between legitimate and illegitimate outsiders.

At the Edges of Citizenship

Download At the Edges of Citizenship PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317177614
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (171 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis At the Edges of Citizenship by : Kate Hepworth

Download or read book At the Edges of Citizenship written by Kate Hepworth and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-04-22 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proposing a new, dynamic conception of citizenship, this book argues against understandings of citizenship as a collection of rights that can be either possessed or endowed, and demonstrates it is an emergent condition that has temporal and spatial dimensions. Furthermore, citizenship is shown to be continually and contingently reconstituted through the struggles between those considered insiders and outsiders. Significantly, these struggles do not result in a clear division between citizens and non-citizens, but in a multiplicity of states that are at once included within and excluded from the political community. These liminal states of citizenship are elaborated in relation to three specific forms of non-citizenship: the ’respectable illegal, the ’intimate foreigner’ and the ’abject citizen’. Each of these modalities of citizenship corresponds to either the figure of the clandestino/a or the nomad as invoked in the 2008 Italian Security Package and a second set of laws, commonly referred to as the ’Nomad Emergency Decree’. Exploring how this legislation affected and was negotiated by individuals and groups who were constituted as ’objects of security’, author Kate Hepworth focuses on the first-hand experience of individuals deemed threats to the nation. Situated within the field of human geography, the book draws on literature from citizenship studies, critical security studies and migration studies to show how processes of securitisation and irregularisation work to delimit between citizens and non-citizens, as well as between legitimate and illegitimate outsiders.

The Anthropology of Citizenship

Download The Anthropology of Citizenship PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118412915
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (184 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Anthropology of Citizenship by : Sian Lazar

Download or read book The Anthropology of Citizenship written by Sian Lazar and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Anthropology of Citizenship introduces the theoretical foundations of and cutting edge approaches to citizenship in the contemporary world, in local, national and global contexts. Key readings provide a cross-cultural perspective on citizenship practices, and an individual citizen’s relationship with the state. Introduces a range of exciting and cutting edge approaches to citizenship in the contemporary world Provides key readings for students and researchers who wish to gain an understanding of citizenship practices, and an individual’s relationship with the state in a global context Offers an anthropological perspective on citizenship, the self and political agency, with a focus on encounters between citizens and the state in education, law, development, and immigration policy Provides students with an understanding of the theoretical foundations of citizenship, as characterized by liberal and civic republican ideas of political belonging and exclusion Explores how citizenship is constructed at different scales and in different spaces Twenty-five key writings identify what is a new and vibrant subfield within politics and anthropological research

Transnational Perspectives on Democracy, Citizenship, Human Rights and Peace Education

Download Transnational Perspectives on Democracy, Citizenship, Human Rights and Peace Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350052353
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Transnational Perspectives on Democracy, Citizenship, Human Rights and Peace Education by : Mary Drinkwater

Download or read book Transnational Perspectives on Democracy, Citizenship, Human Rights and Peace Education written by Mary Drinkwater and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2019-02-21 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transnational Perspectives on Democracy, Citizenship, Human Rights, and Peace Education considers ways in which national systems of education could work together, across borders, to determine the meaning and significance of the principles of democracy, human rights and peace education, in ways that are comparative and relational. The contributors and editors (Mary Drinkwater, Fazal Rizvi and Karen Edge) argue that in an era of globalization, collaborative investigations are crucial for developing an understanding of rights, democracy and peace that is transnationally inflected, and through which national systems of education hold each other accountable. The chapters address issues such as citizenship, identity, language, conflict and peace-building, global educational policy, and democratic approaches to policy and education issues of democracy, human rights and peace education through analyses of case studies, research findings and policy initiatives drawn from countries in the global north and south.

Immigration and Citizenship

Download Immigration and Citizenship PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : West Academic Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9780314143983
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (439 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Immigration and Citizenship by : Thomas Alexander Aleinikoff

Download or read book Immigration and Citizenship written by Thomas Alexander Aleinikoff and published by West Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2003 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With a theme of membership and belonging reflected throughout, Immigration and Citizenship: Process and Policy presents exceptionally broad coverage of immigration and citizenship and their unalienable rights. The book discusses constitutional protections, deportation, and judicial review and removal procedures. The authors define immigration and citizenship to include not only the traditional questions of who is admitted and who is allowed to stay in the United States, but also the complex areas of discrimination between citizens and non-citizens, unauthorized migration, federalism, and the close interaction of constitutional law with statutes and regulations. The fifth edition integrates important developments, including many changes to the immigration statutes as part of the Patriot Act; anti-terrorism enforcement; and splitting up the Immigration and Naturalization Service into various parts of the new Department of Homeland Security and other federal agencies. Other significant changes include deleting the chapter on the concept of entry, folding the deportation chapter's discussion of relief into a general chapter on the grounds of deportability, and creating a new chapter on undocumented immigration.

On Nationality

Download On Nationality PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198280475
Total Pages : 221 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (982 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis On Nationality by : David Miller

Download or read book On Nationality written by David Miller and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 1995 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nationalism is a dominating force in contemporary politics but political philosophers have been reluctant to discuss ideas of nationalism. In this book David Miller defends the principle of nationality.

Legal Identity, Race and Belonging in the Dominican Republic

Download Legal Identity, Race and Belonging in the Dominican Republic PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Anthem Press
ISBN 13 : 1785277669
Total Pages : 187 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (852 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Legal Identity, Race and Belonging in the Dominican Republic by : Eve Hayes de Kalaf

Download or read book Legal Identity, Race and Belonging in the Dominican Republic written by Eve Hayes de Kalaf and published by Anthem Press. This book was released on 2021-11-02 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a critical perspective into social policy architectures primarily in relation to questions of race, national identity and belonging in the Americas. It is the first to identify a connection between the role of international actors in promoting the universal provision of legal identity in the Dominican Republic with arbitrary measures to restrict access to citizenship paperwork from populations of (largely, but not exclusively) Haitian descent. The book highlights the current gap in global policy that overlooks the possible alienating effects of social inclusion measures promulgated by international organisations, particularly in countries that discriminate against migrant-descended populations. It also supports concerns regarding the dangers of identity management, noting that as administrative systems improve, new insecurities and uncertainties can develop. Crucially, the book provides a cautionary tale over the rapid expansion of identification practices, offering a timely critique of global policy measures which aim to provide all people everywhere with a legal identity in the run-up to the 2030 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Smart City Citizenship

Download Smart City Citizenship PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128153016
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Smart City Citizenship by : Igor Calzada

Download or read book Smart City Citizenship written by Igor Calzada and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-10-23 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Smart City Citizenship provides rigorous analysis for academics and policymakers on the experimental, data-driven, and participatory processes of smart cities to help integrate ICT-related social innovation into urban life. Unlike other smart city books that are often edited collections, this book focuses on the business domain, grassroots social innovation, and AI-driven algorithmic and techno-political disruptions, also examining the role of citizens and the democratic governance issues raised from an interdisciplinary perspective. As smart city research is a fast-growing topic of scientific inquiry and evolving rapidly, this book is an ideal reference for a much-needed discussion. The book drives the reader to a better conceptual and applied comprehension of smart city citizenship for democratised hyper-connected-virialised post-COVID-19 societies. In addition, it provides a whole practical roadmap to build smart city citizenship inclusive and multistakeholder interventions through intertwined chapters of the book. Users will find a book that fills the knowledge gap between the purely critical studies on smart cities and those further constructive and highly promising socially innovative interventions using case study fieldwork action research empirical evidence drawn from several cities that are advancing and innovating smart city practices from the citizenship perspective. Utilises ongoing, action research fieldwork, comparative case studies for examining current governance issues, and the role of citizens in smart cities Provides definitions of new key citizenship concepts, along with a techno-political framework and toolkit drawn from a community-oriented perspective Shows how to design smart city governance initiatives, projects and policies based on applied research from the social innovation perspective Highlights citizen’s perspective and social empowerment in the AI-driven and algorithmic disruptive post-COVID-19 context in both transitional and experimental frameworks