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Cigarette Taxes And Illicit Trade In Europe
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Book Synopsis Cigarette Taxes and Illicit Trade in Europe by : James E. Prieger
Download or read book Cigarette Taxes and Illicit Trade in Europe written by James E. Prieger and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cigarettes are highly taxed in Europe, but at higher prices some consumers substitute more toward illicit cigarettes. The illicit retail trade in cigarettes (IRTC) includes counterfeit, untaxed, and smuggled cigarettes. Some existing literature includes claims that taxes are not an important determinant of IRTC. Using data from the European Union, we find the opposite: raising prices leads to substantial increases in IRTC. A €1 increase in tax/pack is expected to increase illicit market share by 5 to 12 percentage points and increase illicit cigarette sales by 29% to 95%. The results are robust to alternative specifications and data.
Book Synopsis Understanding the U.S. Illicit Tobacco Market by : National Research Council
Download or read book Understanding the U.S. Illicit Tobacco Market written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-04-30 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tobacco use has declined because of measures such as high taxes on tobacco products and bans on advertising, but worldwide there are still more than one billion people who regularly use tobacco, including many who purchase products illicitly. By contrast to many other commodities, taxes comprise a substantial portion of the retail price of cigarettes in the United States and most other nations. Large tax differentials between jurisdictions increase incentives for participation in existing illicit tobacco markets. In the United States, the illicit tobacco market consists mostly of bootlegging from low-tax states to high-tax states and is less affected by large-scale smuggling or illegal production as in other countries. In the future, nonprice regulation of cigarettes - such as product design, formulation, and packaging - could in principle, contribute to the development of new types of illicit tobacco markets. Understanding the U.S. Illicit Tobacco Market reviews the nature of illicit tobacco markets, evidence for policy effects, and variations among different countries with a focus on implications for the United States. This report estimates the portion of the total U.S. tobacco market represented by illicit sales has grown in recent years and is now between 8.5 percent and 21 percent. This represents between 1.24 to 2.91 billion packs of cigarettes annually and between $2.95 billion and $6.92 billion in lost gross state and local tax revenues. Understanding the U.S. Illicit Tobacco Market describes the complex system associated with illicit tobacco use by exploring some of the key features of that market - the cigarette supply chain, illicit procurement schemes, the major actors in the illicit trade, and the characteristics of users of illicit tobacco. This report draws on domestic and international experiences with the illicit tobacco trade to identify a range of possible policy and enforcement interventions by the U.S. federal government and/or states and localities.
Book Synopsis Brexit and the Control of Tobacco Illicit Trade by : Marina Foltea
Download or read book Brexit and the Control of Tobacco Illicit Trade written by Marina Foltea and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-01-01 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book assesses the consequences of Brexit for the control of illicit trade in tobacco products in the UK and EU. Based on the currently applicable legal framework, it examines the significance of a possible non-application of the acquis communautaire in the UK in matters relating to anti-illicit trade in tobacco legislation. It also analyses the modes of future cooperation between the UK and the EU in this area, as well as possible regulatory scenarios and their consequences. The book comprises six main sections. After the introduction (Section 1), Section 2 discusses the state of play of Brexit and possible outcomes of Article 50 of the Treaty of European Union procedure. Section 3 illustrates the data and trends of illicit tobacco trade in the UK. Section 4 describes the relevant legal (e.g. trade and fiscal measures) and enforcement frameworks in the UK and suggests possible post-Brexit scenarios in control of tobacco illicit trade. Section 5 focuses on the relevance of arrangements between governments and the tobacco industry in the control of illicit trade. Section 6 then analyses the relevance of key EU and global anti-illicit trade initiatives. Lastly, Section 7 the book offers some recommendations and conclusions on how the UK could control illicit trade in tobacco after Brexit.
Book Synopsis Combatting Illicit Trade on the EU Border by : Celina Nowak
Download or read book Combatting Illicit Trade on the EU Border written by Celina Nowak and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book provides the first-ever comparative study on criminal policy concerning the illicit trade of tobacco, conducted among four comparatively new EU Member States (Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and Romania) and two "old" EU countries (Germany and Italy). The book addresses the national legal frameworks, current criminological situation regarding illicit trade of tobacco, and the practical challenges faced by national law enforcement authorities in the countries examined. It also considers the international framework, and concludes with a horizontal report. The objective of the book is to highlight legislative and practical challenges in the fight against illegal tobacco products at the national and transnational level, and to formulate recommendations for overcoming them more effectively in Europe.--
Book Synopsis Combatting Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products by : Stanisław Tosza
Download or read book Combatting Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products written by Stanisław Tosza and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-02-17 with total page 596 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the enforcement aspect of tobacco control policy, and argues that the intense regulation of the tobacco market will never be successful as long as it can be circumvented by the availability of illicit tobacco products. Yet, current efforts to combat illicit tobacco trade are insufficient, suffering from several flaws and gaps at the regulatory and operational levels. The aim of this book is to provide an analysis of the legal framework and practice of enforcement with regard to illicit tobacco products. Combining criminological and legal perspectives, it presents and critically analyses the phenomenon of illicit tobacco trade, as well as the policies, legal frameworks and practices in six EU countries with regard to combatting this phenomenon, assessing the strengths and weaknesses of their approaches. Furthermore, it studies the relationship between the EU and third countries (e.g. Ukraine) in terms of how the EU can influence policy and enforcement in these countries in order to counter illicit tobacco trafficking. Not exclusively focusing on the EU, the book also includes an analysis of enforcement against illicit tobacco products in the US. The EU Member States analysed in the book (Belgium, Germany, Italy, Latvia, the Netherlands and Poland) reflect the range of currently available approaches. Some of them have ratified the WHO Protocol against tobacco smuggling; others have not. They belong to different legal traditions and face different challenges due to their respective border situations. While Belgium and the Netherlands are key entry ports to the EU, Poland and Latvia represent the Eastern land border of the EU, with various regional challenges. Italy has a long maritime border, where trafficking is possible from Northern Africa and from the Middle East. It also has significant experience in fighting organised crime. Lastly, Germany is the largest market in Europe and situated in the middle of these trafficking routes.
Book Synopsis The Impact of E-Cigarette Regulation on the Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products in the European Union by : James E. Prieger
Download or read book The Impact of E-Cigarette Regulation on the Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products in the European Union written by James E. Prieger and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This appendices to this report can be found at: (https://ssrn.com/abstract=3435260). In regulating tobacco products, governments seek to promote public health by discouraging consumption. However, imposing regulatory costs and taxes on licit producers and consumers presents an economic opportunity to criminal actors to profit from skirting these laws. Illicit trade in tobacco products (ITTP) thus frustrates the goals of tobacco regulation. We estimate that a 10% increase in the price of licit cigarettes (which might result, for example, from a tax increase) leads to a 3.6 percentage-point increase in the illicit share of the market, which averages about 11% in the EU.However, e-cigarettes and their apparent health advantages over traditional tobacco products present regulators with an opportunity to increase taxes without swelling the flow of illicit goods: By allowing consumers a third choice as an alternative to either paying higher prices or buying illicit products, e-cigarettes could serve as a “safety-valve” allowing for higher taxes (and stricter regulations) on traditional tobacco products without encouraging the illicit market. This study tests and find support for that hypothesis and seeks to investigate the effects of law and policy on the extent of that substitution. We begin by analyzing the current policies of European Union Member States toward tobacco products and e-cigarettes and reviewing the literature on the factors that drive consumers to use illicit tobacco products and the evidence that e-cigarettes substitute for conventional cigarettes. We then assemble a dataset of volumes and prices for legally sold conventional cigarettes and e-cigarettes, and for illicit or smuggled products. An econometric analysis of those data generates a model relating the size of the ITTP market to e-cigarette policies and market penetration. The results show that higher taxes and prices for licit cigarettes are positively associated with higher ITTP shares and illicit-cigarette quantity. When the e-cigarette market is small, increases in cigarette prices have a positive and statistically significant effect on ITTP. The elasticity remains positive throughout the range of the data, although it decreases with the size of the e-cigarette market. However, the availability of e-cigarettes moderates the effect of conventional-cigarette prices on ITTP volumes: the more available e-cigarettes become, the less ITTP market share rises in response to tax-driven price increases for conventional cigarettes. In the presence of sufficiently robust e-cigarette markets, cigarette prices have no measured effect on ITTP volumes. Thus, as e-cigarettes become more available, the positive association between cigarette prices and taxes is attenuated. This suggests that e-cigarettes are substitutes for illicit cigarettes. Conversely, demand for e-cigarettes responds positively to cigarette prices while demand for conventional cigarettes responds positively to e-cigarette prices, thus indicating that the two goods are substitutes. However, while higher cigarette prices are strongly associated with larger e-cigarette markets, the same cannot be found for cigarette regulation here.Other important findings include that: • E-cigarette revenue responds positively to cigarette prices, negatively to product bans, and negatively to stricter regulation (although the evidence is mixed regarding the last point). • More stringent tobacco regulation, particularly health warnings on packaging, is associated with lower demand for cigarettes. • Demand for e-cigarettes responds negatively to its own price and to the stringency of regulation aimed at vaping. • No e-cigarette regulation at all is most conducive to e-cigarette sales; all the other regulatory coefficients are negative. • Strict limits on public use and pharma-only regimes are about equally detrimental to e-cigarette sales, and the apparent impacts are large. • The Tobacco Products Directive has been more favorable for e-cigarette sales than either of those regimes, but not as good as no regulation.Policy discussions and recommendations are presented. Optimal taxation would establish excise duties for combustible nicotine products at a rate that deters initiation and incentivizes switching to lower-risk products, while avoiding diversion to the black market. Non-combustible products should then be taxed at a low, zero, or even a negative level. Furthermore, the optimal tax on conventional cigarettes will be higher in the presence of low-priced reduced-risk substitutes than in their absence.
Book Synopsis Public Perception of Illicit Tobacco Trade by :
Download or read book Public Perception of Illicit Tobacco Trade written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The European Strategy "Stepping up the fight against cigarette smuggling and other forms of illicit trade in tobacco products" was set out in a Policy Communication issued by the European Commission in June 2013. Member States expressed their support via the Council Conclusions adopted in December 2013. The estimated loss to the EU and national budgets from cigarette smuggling and other forms of illicit trade in tobacco products, is EUR 10 billion per year. The effect of this illegal activity is both damaging to public health and proven to finance organised crime. The tobacco black market also targets vulnerable groups in society, undermining strategies to dissuade the consumption of tobacco products. The 2013 Strategy was accompanied by an Action Plan including a targeted action on awareness raising emphasising the links between cigarette smuggling and organised crime.^Against this backdrop, this report brings together the findings of the Eurobarometer Survey on the "Public perception of illicit tobacco trade", which was conducted in the 28 Member States of the EU. The aim of the survey was to uncover and explore the attitudes and opinions of Europeans in regard to the following topics: § Perceptions of the black market in cigarettes; § Thoughts on the key revenue sources of organised crime groups; § Opinions on the main reasons for smoking illicit cigarettes; This survey was carried out by TNS Opinion & Social network in the 28 Member States of the European Union between 28 November and 7 December 2015. Some 27,672 respondents from different social and demographic groups were interviewed face-to-face at home and in their mother tongue. The survey was commissioned by the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF).^The methodology used is that of Eurobarometer surveys as carried out by the Directorate-General for Communication ("Strategy, Corporate Communication Actions and Eurobarometer" Unit). The technical specifications related to the manner in which interviews were conducted by the institutes within the TNS Opinion & Social network and to the confidence intervals are annexed to this report. These annexes also include the questionnaire and the result tables.
Book Synopsis WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control by : World Health Organization
Download or read book WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2013 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains the guidelines adopted by the Conference of the Parties. These seven guidelines cover a wide range of provisions of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, such as: the protection of public health policies with respect to tobacco control from commercial and other vested interests of the tobacco industry; protection from exposure to tobacco smoke; packaging and labelling of tobacco products; and tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship; and demand reduction measures concerning tobacco dependence and cessation. These guidelines are intended to help Parties to meet their obligations under the respective provisions of the Convention. They reflect the consolidated views of Parties on different aspects of implementation, their experiences and achievements, and the challenges faced. The guidelines also aim to reflect and promote best practices and standards that governments would benefit from in the treaty-implementation process.
Book Synopsis International Crime and Justice by : Mangai Natarajan
Download or read book International Crime and Justice written by Mangai Natarajan and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-11-15 with total page 571 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: International crime and justice is an emerging field that covers international and transnational crimes that have not been the focus of mainstream criminology or criminal justice. This book examines the field from a global perspective. It provides an introduction to the nature of international and transnational crimes and the theoretical perspectives that assist in understanding the relationship between social change and the waxing and waning of the crime opportunities resulting from globalization, migration, and culture conflicts. Written by a team of world experts, it examines the central role of victim rights in the development of legal frameworks for the prevention and control of transnational and international crimes. It also discusses the challenges to delivering justice and obtaining international cooperation in efforts to deter, detect, and respond to these crimes.
Book Synopsis WHO Technical Manual on Tobacco Tax Administration by : World Health Organization
Download or read book WHO Technical Manual on Tobacco Tax Administration written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2010 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tobacco use is the single largest cause of preventable death globally, killing more than five million people each year. Tobacco use also creates considerable economic costs, from greater spending on health care to treat the diseases it brings on in users and those exposed to tobacco smoke to the lost productivity resulting from the premature deaths it causes. Of all the many interventions for reducing tobacco use, a significant increase in tobacco product taxes and prices has been demonstrated to be the single most effective and cost-effective intervention, particularly among the poor and the young. At the same time, because of the inelasticity of demand for tobacco products in most countries and the low share of tax in price in many, significant increases in tobacco taxes generate significant increases in the revenues generated by these taxes. This technical manual aims to help governments achieve both objectives by identifying a set of "best practices" for tobacco taxation. It documents governments' existing approaches to tobacco taxation, discusses barriers to using tobacco taxes to achieve health and revenue objectives, and provides case studies of effective tobacco tax administration. This manual is intended to be useful to tax administrators at the Ministry of Finance level by making them aware of the practices used and challenges faced by other countries. It will also be useful to officials in a country's Ministry of Health or similar organizations by providing them with a more thorough understanding of key issues in tax structure and administration.
Book Synopsis Curbing the Epidemic by : Prabhat Jha
Download or read book Curbing the Epidemic written by Prabhat Jha and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999-01-01 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annotation. Addresses important economic and social issues confronting policymakers when dealing with the issue of tobacco control and its impact on the social and economic resources of both developed and developing countries.
Book Synopsis How to Design and Enforce Tobacco Excises? by : Patrick Petit
Download or read book How to Design and Enforce Tobacco Excises? written by Patrick Petit and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2016-11-04 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Taxing tobacco can help raise much needed revenue and save lives, but it needs to be done well. This “How-to” note provides guidance on the basics of tobacco taxation. How high should tobacco taxes be? Should we use ad valorem or specific taxes? What are the key elements of an efficient tax administration that will secure the tax base and prevent illegal trade? These are important questions that need to be addressed and this note provide a sound first step towards solid policy decisions.
Author :IARC Working Group on the Effectiveness of Tax and Price Policies for Tobacco Control Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :380 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 ( download)
Book Synopsis Effectiveness of Tax and Price Policies for Tobacco Control by : IARC Working Group on the Effectiveness of Tax and Price Policies for Tobacco Control
Download or read book Effectiveness of Tax and Price Policies for Tobacco Control written by IARC Working Group on the Effectiveness of Tax and Price Policies for Tobacco Control and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new volume of the IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention in Tobacco Control presents a critical review and evaluation of the evidence by 25 international experts from twelve countries on the economics, epidemiology, public policy and tobacco control aspects of tax and price policies. The working group draws conclusions about the effectiveness of tax and price measures to control tobacco use in the population. The Handbook covers an overview of tobacco taxation; industry pricing strategies and other industry initiatives diluting the effects of taxes on consumption; tax, price and aggregated demand for tobacco, as well as demand at the individual level in adults, young people and the economically disadvantaged; tax avoidance and tax evasion and the economic and health impacts of tobacco taxation. This body of evidence and the consensus evaluation of 18 concluding statements on the impact of interventions to increase the price of tobacco products, can assist policy makers, government officials, evaluators and researchers working in tobacco control and disease prevention, to base their decisions on the latest scientific evidence.
Book Synopsis Tobacco Control Policy by : Joy De Beyer
Download or read book Tobacco Control Policy written by Joy De Beyer and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2003 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Currently, there are over 1.2 billion tobacco users in the world, most in developing countries. Tobacco use causes diseases and premature death, and threatens both social and economic development. This book contains case studies which detail a collection of diverse economic, social and political situations from six countries (Brazil, Bangladesh, Canada, Poland, South Africa and Thailand) which are in different stages of the tobacco epidemic and which have achieved notable success in implementing policies designed to reduce tobacco use.
Book Synopsis Tobacco Control in Developing Countries by : Prabhat Jha
Download or read book Tobacco Control in Developing Countries written by Prabhat Jha and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is no doubt that smoking is damaging global health on an unprecedented scale. However, there is continuing debate on the economics of tobacco control, including the costs and consequences of tobacco control policies. This book aims to fill the analytic gap around this debate. This book brings together a set of critical reviews of the current status of knowledge on tobacco control. While the focus is on the needs of low-income and middle-income countries, the analyses are relevant globally. The book examines tobacco use and its consequences including new analyses of welfare issues in tobacco consumption, poverty and tobacco, and the rationale for government involvement . It provides an evidence-based review of policies to reduce demand including taxation, information, and regulation. It critically reviews supply-side issues such as trade and industry and farming issues, including new analyses on smuggling. It also discusses the impact of tobacco control programs on economies, including issues such as employment, tax revenue and welfare losses. It provides new evidence on the effectivemess and international action, including future research directions. A statistica; annex will contain information on where the reader can find data on tobacco consumption, prices, trade, employment and other items. The book is directed at academic economists and epidemiologists as well as technical staff within governments and international agencies. Students of economics, epidemiology and public policy will find this an excellent comprehensive introduction to economics of tobacco control.
Download or read book Illicit Trade written by OECD and published by Org. for Economic Cooperation & Development. This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report assesses the magnitude, flows and drivers of illicit trade and the illegal economy including: narcotics, human trafficking, wildlife, sports betting, counterfeit medicines, alcohol and tobacco. The negative socio-economic impacts that these markets have in consumer countries are as worrisome as the goverance gaps that are exploited in source countries. This report examines each illicit sector in terms of the geographic sources, destinations and key trade routes, the current trend of infiltration by organized crime networks, and good practices or future policy solutions with which to combat illicit trade within the various sectors.
Book Synopsis Transportation, Smuggling and Organized Crime by :
Download or read book Transportation, Smuggling and Organized Crime written by and published by Csd. This book was released on 2004 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analyses the participation of transportation companies in smuggling practices, more specifically: (1) it examines and describes a range of companies and individuals involved in organized crime groups whose main business is the trafficking of consumer goods. (2) it also gives and overview of the criminal and semi-legal networks involved in smuggling Chinese and Turkish goods. (3) it presents new data on oil and oil products smuggling. (4) it examines the role of duty-free shops and their involvement in illicit cigarettes imports.
