Chronotropics

Download Chronotropics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031321111
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (313 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Chronotropics by : Odile Ferly

Download or read book Chronotropics written by Odile Ferly and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2024-01-13 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book deconstructs androcentric approaches to spacetime inherited from western modernity through its theoretical frame of the chronotropics. It sheds light on the literary acts of archival disruption, radical remapping, and epistemic marronnage by twenty-first-century Caribbean women writers to restore a connection to spacetime, expanding it within and beyond the region. Arguing that the chronotropics points to a vocation for social justice and collective healing, this pan-Caribbean volume returns to autochthonous ontologies and epistemologies to propose a poetics and politics of the chronotropics that is anticolonial, gender inclusive, pluralistic, and non-anthropocentric. This is an open access book.

Anticholinergic Chronotropic Agents—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition

Download Anticholinergic Chronotropic Agents—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : ScholarlyEditions
ISBN 13 : 1481633856
Total Pages : 23 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (816 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Anticholinergic Chronotropic Agents—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition by :

Download or read book Anticholinergic Chronotropic Agents—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-12-26 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Anticholinergic Chronotropic Agents—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition is a ScholarlyPaper™ that delivers timely, authoritative, and intensively focused information about Anticholinergic Chronotropic Agents in a compact format. The editors have built Anticholinergic Chronotropic Agents—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Anticholinergic Chronotropic Agents in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Anticholinergic Chronotropic Agents—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Cardiac Pacing and ICDs

Download Cardiac Pacing and ICDs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119578353
Total Pages : 464 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (195 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cardiac Pacing and ICDs by : Kenneth A. Ellenbogen

Download or read book Cardiac Pacing and ICDs written by Kenneth A. Ellenbogen and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-05-14 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The consummate guide to cardiac pacing and defibrillator therapy in a clinical setting Designed to provide clinicians and fellows with a complete, up-to-date breakdown of current device therapies for pacing and defibrillation, Cardiac Pacing and ICDs reflects the latest developments in the device treatment of heart rhythm abnormalities. Topics ranging from essential principals to new and innovative techniques are explored in focused chapters, illustrated with full-color images, charts, and diagrams. Addressing every aspect of permanent and temporary pacing and defibrillation therapy, this invaluable resource covers patient indications, pacing mode selection, implantation and removal techniques, troubleshooting, and much more. The seventh edition has been expanded and revised to enable clear and practical understanding of the field as it exists today. Drawing upon real-world experience and cutting-edge research, it offers accessible, systematic guidance with a clinical focus, as well as a wealth of bitesize tips and tricks. Access to a new companion website provides insightful supplementary material, complete with downloadable images and video clips of key techniques. This essential book: Provides an intuitive, easy-to-navigate guide to cardiac pacing techniques and devices Explains pacing hemodynamics in practical, clinically relevant terms Features simple algorithms for mode selection and device programming Offers details of novel pacing systems and techniques, such as leadless pacemaker and His bundle pacing. Covers pacemaker timing cycles, special features, and evaluation and management of pacing system malfunctions Summarizes indications and details implantation techniques of ICDs, including transvenous and subcutaneous systems Includes best practices in MRI safety, patient consultation, and remote patient follow-up Cardiac Pacing and ICDs is an ideal resource for clinicians and fellows in cardiology and electrophysiology, those preparing for the IHRBE Examination in Devices, and any nurses, technicians, and other professionals caring for patients with implantable cardiac devices.

Nuclear Cardiac Imaging

Download Nuclear Cardiac Imaging PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199718628
Total Pages : 752 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (997 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nuclear Cardiac Imaging by : Ami E. Iskandrian

Download or read book Nuclear Cardiac Imaging written by Ami E. Iskandrian and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2008-09-25 with total page 752 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nuclear cardiac imaging refers to cardiac radiological diagnostic techniques performed with the aid of radiopharmaceuticals, which are perfused into the myocardium as markers. These imaging studies provide a wide range of information about the heart, including the contractility of the heart, the amount of blood supply to the heart and whether parts of the heart muscle are alive or dead. This is essential information for cardiologists, and nuclear imaging has become an increasingly important part of the cardiologist's armamentarium. Iskandrian's text has become a leading book in the field and the fourth edition will continue the tradition. The text is completely updated to reflect the many advances in the field, and, as a new feature, each chapter concludes with a Q&A session on important and difficult clinical issues.

The Nuts and Bolts of Cardiac Pacing

Download The Nuts and Bolts of Cardiac Pacing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119581117
Total Pages : 184 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (195 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Nuts and Bolts of Cardiac Pacing by : Tom Kenny

Download or read book The Nuts and Bolts of Cardiac Pacing written by Tom Kenny and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-12-11 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While there are many excellent pacing and defibrillation books, they are nearly all written by physicians for physicians. The second edition of the successful The Nuts and Bolts of Cardiac Pacing has been thoroughly updated, reflecting the new challenges, issues, and devices that clinicians deal with. Written specifically for non-cardiologists in a lively, intelligent and easy to follow style, it emphasizes real-life clinical practice and practical tips, including illustrations from actual clinical settings. Each chapter concludes with a checklist of key points from each subject ("Nuts and Bolts"). New features to the second edition include: updated terminology and images reflecting new software developments information on new innovations and advanced features, such as ventricular intrinsic preference and AF suppression new features on the automatic atrial capture test and follow-up features new chapter covering clinical studies on the possible dangers of excessive RV pacing Building layer by layer on the fundamental principles and concluding with advanced concepts, The Nuts and Bolts of Cardiac Pacing is intended for a novice to appreciate overall concepts and for a seasoned veteran to turn to answer a specific question. This book offers practical, reliable and objective information on cardiac devices – it's easy to pick up, find what you need, and put down.

Chronotropic Response of Cardiac Myocytes to Fluid Shear Stress

Download Chronotropic Response of Cardiac Myocytes to Fluid Shear Stress PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 168 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Chronotropic Response of Cardiac Myocytes to Fluid Shear Stress by : Jeffrey Jeh-min Tsai

Download or read book Chronotropic Response of Cardiac Myocytes to Fluid Shear Stress written by Jeffrey Jeh-min Tsai and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Advances In ME/CFS Research and Clinical Care

Download Advances In ME/CFS Research and Clinical Care PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889632067
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (896 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advances In ME/CFS Research and Clinical Care by : Kenneth J. Friedman

Download or read book Advances In ME/CFS Research and Clinical Care written by Kenneth J. Friedman and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-11-25 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2015, the Institute of Medicine (USA) issued a report critical of the research effort and clinical care for ME/CFS (Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome) formerly known as Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) and Chronic Fatigue Immune Deficiency Syndrome (CFIDS). While worldwide investigation into the cause and nature of ME/CFS remains disproportionately small, and treatment remains symptomatic and controversial, modest research continues in all aspects of this disease: epidemiology, possible infectious origins and other triggers, possible involvement of genetics, metabolism, and microbiome, influence of co-morbid conditions, and more. Treatment of patients consists of providing symptomatic relief. Guidance in doing so is provided for the clinician. School-age children require not only treatment but, as revealed in a 25-year retrospective study, continued engagement with peers and social activity. This e-book explores the breadth and depth of current ME/CFS research and clinical care. Its impact for other chronic, complex illnesses should not be overlooked.

Pharmacology and the Nursing Process7

Download Pharmacology and the Nursing Process7 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323087892
Total Pages : 1003 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (23 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Pharmacology and the Nursing Process7 by : Linda Lane Lilley

Download or read book Pharmacology and the Nursing Process7 written by Linda Lane Lilley and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2014-01-01 with total page 1003 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rev. ed. of: Pharmacology and the nursing process / Linda Lane Lilley ... [et al.]. 6th ed. c2011.

Cardiac Pacemaking in Health and Disease: From Genes to Function

Download Cardiac Pacemaking in Health and Disease: From Genes to Function PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889760251
Total Pages : 259 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (897 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cardiac Pacemaking in Health and Disease: From Genes to Function by : Pietro Mesirca

Download or read book Cardiac Pacemaking in Health and Disease: From Genes to Function written by Pietro Mesirca and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-04-28 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Children and Adolescents

Download Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Children and Adolescents PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Human Kinetics
ISBN 13 : 1492544477
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (925 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Children and Adolescents by : Rowland, Thomas

Download or read book Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Children and Adolescents written by Rowland, Thomas and published by Human Kinetics. This book was released on 2017-09-29 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Children and Adolescents compiles the latest evidence-based research on exercise stress testing to provide guidance for those testing young patients.

Reducing the Mortality Gap in People with Severe Mental Disorders: the Role of Lifestyle Psychosocial Interventions

Download Reducing the Mortality Gap in People with Severe Mental Disorders: the Role of Lifestyle Psychosocial Interventions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889631095
Total Pages : 170 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (896 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Reducing the Mortality Gap in People with Severe Mental Disorders: the Role of Lifestyle Psychosocial Interventions by : Andrea Fiorillo

Download or read book Reducing the Mortality Gap in People with Severe Mental Disorders: the Role of Lifestyle Psychosocial Interventions written by Andrea Fiorillo and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-10-15 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Patients with severe mental disorders (SMD), including major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and related spectrum disorders, have a reduced life expectancy of 10-25 year compared with the general population. This life expectancy gap is mainly due to the co-occurrence of many physical diseases, such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tuberculosis, hepatitis and HIV. Factors contributing to the reduced life expectancy can be grouped into three main categories: a) factors related to the patient; b) factors related to clinicians; and c) factors related to the health system. As regards the first group, patients with SMD often adopt unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, including heavy smoking, reduced physical activity, sedentary behaviors, poor diet and alcohol or drug abuse, and are reluctant to seek for physical care with GPs and other medical specialists. Increasing the levels of physical activity, improving the dietary patterns, and reducing the smoking habits of people with severe mental disorders represent a global health challenge and a public health priority. Until now, attempts made to reduce this mortality gap have acted at three different levels: health system level, physician level, and patient level. The third-level interventions include electronic alerts through smartphones and web-based platforms, intensive case management, promotion of healthy habits, complex psychosocial interventions. Several population-based studies have showed that lifestyle behaviors are amenable to change through the adoption of specific psychosocial interventions. However, most clinical guidelines, although emphasizing the importance of health monitoring and regular check-ups for patients with severe mental illnesses, do not make specific recommendations on the provision of lifestyle interventions. These lifestyle-oriented interventions, consisting of behavioral, educational, and psychological components, have been conducted mainly in research settings, and have shown a good impact on patients’ physical health. Despite this, their feasibility in routine settings has not been tested yet. It seems to be clinically and ethically relevant to develop, validate and carry out interventions to improve the lifestyle’s behaviors of patients with severe mental disorders, to reduce the presence of comorbidities and to improve their life expectancy. In this Research Topic we will summarize the available knowledge of the efficacy and effectiveness of psychosocial interventions aimed at improving healthy lifestyle behaviors and promoting the physical health of patients with severe mental disorders. Total number of articles: 19

The Human Body in Health and Illness - E-Book

Download The Human Body in Health and Illness - E-Book PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 032381123X
Total Pages : 586 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (238 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Human Body in Health and Illness - E-Book by : Barbara Herlihy

Download or read book The Human Body in Health and Illness - E-Book written by Barbara Herlihy and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2021-04-25 with total page 586 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Binder-Ready Edition: This loose-leaf copy of the full text is a convenient, accessible, and customizable alternative to the bound book. With this binder-ready edition, students can personalize the text to match their unique needs! Colorful cartoons, engaging learning aids, and an easy-to-read approach make it enjoyable to learn A&P! The Human Body in Health and Illness, 7th Edition introduces you to the anatomy and physiology concepts you’ll really use in healthcare practice. Organized by body systems, this text simplifies the often-intimidating subject of A&P with clear, step-by-step explanations, hundreds of full-color drawings, fascinating anecdotes, relevant clinical examples, and vivid online animations. It illustrates how each organ system is designed to function — and what happens when a system fails. Written by well-known educator Barbara Herlihy, this text is an ideal solution for students whose background in the sciences is limited. Colorful cartoons use humor to clarify and reinforce the content, making it more memorable, accessible, and easy to understand. Engaging learning and review features include Re-Think questions, Ramp It Up! and As You Age boxes, Sum It Up! boxes synthesizing key concepts, and Do You Know boxes with clinical scenarios and historical vignettes. Fascinating analogies, examples, and anecdotes make learning easier and bring science to life, even for students who have little or no background in biology, chemistry, or physics. Full-color illustrations simplify difficult concepts and complex processes, accurately depicting anatomy, physiology, and disease. Focus on medical terminology includes Medical Terminology and Disorders tables with pronunciations, derivations, and word parts, along with references to commonly used medical terminology. Evolve website enhances student understanding with animations, interactive learning activities, and review tools. Study guide offers fun and practical exercises as well as multiple-choice practice tests to help students review, understand, and remember basic A&P. Sold separately. Key terms and objectives are listed at the beginning of every chapter to set learning goals and expectations, with key terms including a page reference, pronunciation guide, and definition in a comprehensive glossary. NEW! Updated content throughout reflects the latest research on physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology, especially with regard to the immune system. NEW Work It boxes are highlighted with a special icon, and emphasize the importance of exercise and physical activity on body systems. NEW What If? questions (e.g., "What would happen if you were deficient in iron?") help students apply their knowledge to the practice setting, as part of a proven active learning strategy.

Laboratory Manual of Pharmacology II

Download Laboratory Manual of Pharmacology II PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Trinity Publishing House, Satara
ISBN 13 : 8195520073
Total Pages : 108 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (955 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Laboratory Manual of Pharmacology II by : Dr. Kuldeep U. Bansod

Download or read book Laboratory Manual of Pharmacology II written by Dr. Kuldeep U. Bansod and published by Trinity Publishing House, Satara. This book was released on 2023-09-28 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We are very pleased to put forth the first edition of 'Laboratory Manual of Pharmacology II'. We believe that this laboratory manual will fulfill the aspirations of pharmacology teachers and students too. This manual is prepared as per PCI Education Regulations, 2014 for Degree Course in Pharmacy. This manual is designed for 'outcome-based education' and each experiment is arranged in a uniform way such as practical significance, practical outcomes (PrOs) and its mapping with course outcomes, minimum theoretical background, resources used, procedure, precautions, observations, result, conclusion, references and related questions. In addition, the mapping of PrOs with blooms taxonomy level is provided to know the level of learning. Moreover, the readings/observations/recorded graphs are given for the easy and in depth understanding of students. The experiments given are as per the OECD guidelines. Teacher and students have to use suitable software to know the demonstration of the experiment. The tables are given to record the observations from the software. In addition, the questions are given at the end of experiments to increase the knowledge of students. This manual is a sincere effort to improve the critical thinking of students so that every student will understand the objective of each experiment and perform calculation smoothly. Theory of each experiment is given in all sixteen experiments making the manual more informative and interesting. We acknowledge the help and co-operation extended by various people in bringing out this manual. We are highly indebted to the authors of various books and articles mentioned in bibliography which became a major source of information for writing this manual. We also thank the publishers, designers and printers who graciously worked hard to publish this manual in time. We hope that this manual will assist students in understanding concepts, principles, and performing procedures. We wish you all the best!"

Psychopharmacology Bulletin

Download Psychopharmacology Bulletin PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Psychopharmacology Bulletin by :

Download or read book Psychopharmacology Bulletin written by and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Cardiac Pacing in Clinical Practice

Download Cardiac Pacing in Clinical Practice PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9783540635956
Total Pages : 482 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (359 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cardiac Pacing in Clinical Practice by : Wilhelm Fischer

Download or read book Cardiac Pacing in Clinical Practice written by Wilhelm Fischer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1998 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Look at the Birdie is a collection of fourteen previously unpublished short stories from one of the most original writers in all of American fiction. In this series of perfectly rendered vignettes, written just as he was starting to find his comic voice, Kurt Vonnegut paints a warm, wise, and often funny portrait of life in post—World War II America–a world where squabbling couples, high school geniuses, misfit office workers, and small-town lotharios struggle to adapt to changing technology, moral ambiguity, and unprecedented affluence. In “Shout About It from the Housetops,” an unassuming storm window salesman observes the effects of full disclosure firsthand when he drops in on the town’s freshly minted celebrity couple–a notorious ladies’ man and his novelist wife, author of a scandalous bestseller not-so-loosely based on her real marriage. “Shout About It from the Housetops” and the thirteen other never-before-published pieces that comprise Look at the Birdie serve as an unexpected gift for devoted readers who thought that Kurt Vonnegut’s unique voice had been stilled forever–and provide a terrific introduction to his short fiction for anyone who has yet to experience his genius.

Heart Diseases: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition

Download Heart Diseases: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : ScholarlyEditions
ISBN 13 : 1464921032
Total Pages : 760 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (649 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Heart Diseases: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition by :

Download or read book Heart Diseases: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-01-09 with total page 760 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Heart Diseases: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Heart Diseases. The editors have built Heart Diseases: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Heart Diseases in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Heart Diseases: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Abstracts

Download Abstracts PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1483152537
Total Pages : 696 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (831 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Abstracts by : Sam Stuart

Download or read book Abstracts written by Sam Stuart and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-09-11 with total page 696 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstracts of the Sixth International Congress of Pharmacology deals with papers submitted during the pharmacology congress held at Helsinki in 1975. This collection of papers deals with research and development in pharmacology and biotherapeutic drugs. The wide array of subjects deals with the therapeutic implications of controlled drug delivery and the methods of drug application, including pharmacological investigations on cell in a culture. The book also contains papers about the interactions of neurotransmitters and the hypothalamic releasing hormones and toxins as tools in receptor studies. Some papers also deal with behavioral pharmacology that covers drug dependence, narcotic analgesics, and anesthetics. The text explains the method seminar concerning animal models simulating pathological conditions. Other papers discuss the pharmacology of emotive behavior with some volunteer papers dealing with subjects of toxicology, neurochemistry, and clinical psychopharmacology. The book also contains papers on cancer chemotherapy, hypertension, neurochemistry, and hematology. One paper evaluates the effects of cardiovascular drugs in humans. This book is suitable for pharmacologists, drug researchers, micro-chemists, oncologists, and specialists in many fields of medicine.