Chilling Admissions

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Publisher : Harvard Education Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 154 pages
Book Rating : 4.A/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Chilling Admissions by : Gary Orfield

Download or read book Chilling Admissions written by Gary Orfield and published by Harvard Education Press. This book was released on 1998 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, produced by the Harvard Civil Rights Project, focuses on the consequences for student body diversity of eliminating race and ethnicity as factors in university admissions. The more specific focus is on what would happen if college admissions relied entirely on traditional quantitative measures of academic achievement and promise, such as test scores and grade point average. This collection does not address in detail fixing the K-12 pipeline, which civil rights conservatives argue is an adequate substitute for affirmative action in university admissions. The heart of the case for diversity-based affirmative action in admissions (and employment) is that while the attempt to repair the pipeline continues, institutions cannot be allowed to undermine their educational and social missions by excluding capable under-represented minorities. The papers are: (1) "Campus Resegregation and Its Alternatives" (Gary Orfield); (2) "Misconceptions in the Debate Over Affirmative Action in College Admissions" (Thomas J. Kane); (3) "No Alternative: The Effects of Color-Blind Admissions in California" (Jerome Karabel); (4) "Hopwood in Texas: The Untimely End of Affirmative Action" (Jorge Chapa and Vincent A. Lazaro); (5) "The Hopwood Chill: How the Court Derailed Diversity Efforts at Texas A&M" (Susanna Finnell); (6) "Notes from the Field: Higher Education Desegregation in Mississippi" (Robert A. Kronley and Claire V. Handley); (7) "Race and Testing in College Admissions" (Michael T. Nettles, Laura W. Perna, and Catherine M. Millett); (8) "Testing a New Approach to Admissions: The Irvine Experience" (Susan A. Wilbur and Marguerite Bonous-Hammarth); and (9) "An Admissions Process for a Multiethnic Society" (Greg Tanaka, Marguerite Bonous-Hammarth, and Alexander W. Astin). Each paper contains references. (Contains 25 tables and 6 figures.) (SLD)

Who Gets In?

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Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674977661
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (749 download)

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Book Synopsis Who Gets In? by : Rebecca Zwick

Download or read book Who Gets In? written by Rebecca Zwick and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2017-05-15 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When it comes to the hotly disputed topic of college admissions, the one thing everyone agrees about is that it’s unfair. But there is little agreement on what a fair process would be. Rebecca Zwick takes a hard look at the high-stakes competition of U.S. college admissions today. Illustrating her points using analyses of survey data from applicants to the nation’s top colleges and universities, she assesses the goals of different admissions systems and the fairness of criteria—from high school grades and standardized test scores to race, socioeconomic status, and students’ academic aspirations. The demographic makeup of the class and the educational outcomes of its students can vary substantially, depending upon how an institution approaches its task. Who Gets In? considers the merits and flaws of competing approaches and demonstrates that admissions policies can sometimes fail to produce the desired results. For example, some nontraditional selection methods can hurt more than help the students they are intended to benefit. As Zwick shows, there is no objective way to evaluate admissions systems—no universal definition of student merit or blanket entitlement to attend college. Some schools may hope to attract well-rounded students, while others will focus on specific academic strengths. What matters most is that a school’s admissions policy reflects its particular educational philosophy. Colleges should be free to include socioeconomic and racial preferences among their admissions criteria, Zwick contends, but they should strive for transparency about the factors they use to evaluate applicants.

You Decide

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Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 9780742538054
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis You Decide by : Edward R. Drachman

Download or read book You Decide written by Edward R. Drachman and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2008 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is a unique and innovative assembly of 14 originally written cases on controversial topics in American government and politics. It is intended to engage students in active learning through discussion, debate and participation in the introductory American Government course.

Affirmative Action and Racial Equity

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317664663
Total Pages : 253 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)

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Book Synopsis Affirmative Action and Racial Equity by : Uma M. Jayakumar

Download or read book Affirmative Action and Racial Equity written by Uma M. Jayakumar and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-03-12 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The highly anticipated U.S. Supreme Court decision in Fisher v. University of Texas placed a greater onus on higher education institutions to provide evidence supporting the need for affirmative action policies on their respective campuses. It is now more critical than ever that institutional leaders and scholars understand the evidence in support of race consideration in admissions as well as the challenges of the post-Fisher landscape. This important volume shares information documented for the Fisher case and provides empirical evidence to help inform scholarly conversation and institutions’ decisions regarding race-conscious practices in higher education. With contributions from scholars and experts involved in the Fisher case, this edited volume documents and shares lessons learned from the collaborative efforts of the social science, educational, and legal communities. Affirmative Action and Racial Equity is a critical resource for higher education scholars and administrators to understand the nuances of the affirmative action legal debate and to identify the challenges and potential strategies toward racial equity and inclusion moving forward.

Landmark Briefs and Arguments of the Supreme Court of the United States

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1402 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

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Book Synopsis Landmark Briefs and Arguments of the Supreme Court of the United States by : United States. Supreme Court

Download or read book Landmark Briefs and Arguments of the Supreme Court of the United States written by United States. Supreme Court and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 1402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Controversies in Affirmative Action

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Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1440800839
Total Pages : 1117 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (48 download)

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Book Synopsis Controversies in Affirmative Action by : James A. Beckman

Download or read book Controversies in Affirmative Action written by James A. Beckman and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2014-07-23 with total page 1117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An engaging and eclectic collection of essays from leading scholars on the subject, which looks at affirmative action past and present, analyzes its efficacy, its legacy, and its role in the future of the United States. This comprehensive, three-volume set explores the ways the United States has interpreted affirmative action and probes the effects of the policy from the perspectives of economics, law, philosophy, psychology, sociology, political science, and race relations. Expert contributors tackle a host of knotty issues, ranging from the history of affirmative action to the theories underpinning it. They show how affirmative action has been implemented over the years, discuss its legality and constitutionality, and speculate about its future. Volume one traces the origin and evolution of affirmative action. Volume two discusses modern applications and debates, and volume three delves into such areas as international practices and critical race theory. Standalone essays link cause and effect and past and present as they tackle intriguing—and important—questions. When does "affirmative action" become "reverse discrimination"? How many decades are too many for a "temporary" policy to remain in existence? Does race- or gender-based affirmative action violate the equal protection of law guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment? In raising such issues, the work encourages readers to come to their own conclusions about the policy and its future application.

Scientific Evidence and Equal Protection of the Law

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Publisher : Rutgers University Press
ISBN 13 : 0813539315
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (135 download)

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Book Synopsis Scientific Evidence and Equal Protection of the Law by : Angelo N Ancheta

Download or read book Scientific Evidence and Equal Protection of the Law written by Angelo N Ancheta and published by Rutgers University Press. This book was released on 2006-02-02 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scientific and social scientific evidence has informed judicial decisions and the making of constitutional law for decades, but for much of U.S. history it has also served as a rhetorical device to justify inequality. It is only in recent years that scientific and statistical research has helped redress discrimination—but not without controversy. Scientific Evidence and Equal Protection of the Law provides unique insights into the judicial process and scientific inquiry by examining major decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court, civil rights advocacy, and the nature of science itself. Angelo Ancheta discusses leading equal protection cases such as Brown v. Board of Education and recent litigation involving race-related affirmative action, gender inequality, and discrimination based on sexual orientation. He also examines less prominent, but equally compelling cases, including McCleskey v. Kemp, which involved statistical evidence that a state’s death penalty was disproportionately used when victims were white and defendants were black, and Castaneda v. Partida, which established key standards of evidence in addressing the exclusion of Latinos from grand jury service. For each case, Ancheta explores the tensions between scientific findings and constitutional values.

Ever the Leader

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Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400888921
Total Pages : 365 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Ever the Leader by : William G. Bowen

Download or read book Ever the Leader written by William G. Bowen and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2017-10-31 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ever the Leader gathers together selected speeches and writings from one of the great scholars and commentators of higher education. William G. Bowen’s career at Princeton University—from economics professor to provost to a sixteen-year tenure as president—was marked by extraordinary accomplishments during times of great change, both at the university and in the country. But it was in Bowen’s second act, as president of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and founding chairman of ITHAKA, that he took the lessons he learned as a highly productive leader of one of the nation’s most esteemed universities and applied them to a broader set of problems in higher education. This volume of work from Bowen’s later career captures this expansion of his thought and influence. Comprising remarks and articles on the subjects of university values, educational opportunity, college sports, technology, and colleagues and peers in higher education leadership, Ever the Leader is more than just a concise distillation of Bowen’s research and thinking on some of the most urgent issues of the day—it is a portrait of leadership in action. The selected papers, talks, and articles exemplify Bowen’s commitment and singular ability to communicate strong, persuasive arguments for change, and to motivate others to engage with the truly hard questions facing higher education leaders. Filled with formidable insights, Ever the Leader will be required reading for university presidents, policymakers, and all those who carry on the struggle for equity and excellence in higher education.

Common Law Judging

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Publisher : University of Michigan Press
ISBN 13 : 0472902342
Total Pages : 281 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (729 download)

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Book Synopsis Common Law Judging by : Douglas E. Edlin

Download or read book Common Law Judging written by Douglas E. Edlin and published by University of Michigan Press. This book was released on 2020-03-06 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Are judges supposed to be objective? Citizens, scholars, and legal professionals commonly assume that subjectivity and objectivity are opposites, with the corollary that subjectivity is a vice and objectivity is a virtue. These assumptions underlie passionate debates over adherence to original intent and judicial activism. In Common Law Judging, Douglas Edlin challenges these widely held assumptions by reorienting the entire discussion. Rather than analyze judging in terms of objectivity and truth, he argues that we should instead approach the role of a judge’s individual perspective in terms of intersubjectivity and validity. Drawing upon Kantian aesthetic theory as well as case law, legal theory, and constitutional theory, Edlin develops a new conceptual framework for the respective roles of the individual judge and of the judiciary as an institution, as well as the relationship between them, as integral parts of the broader legal and political community. Specifically, Edlin situates a judge’s subjective responses within a form of legal reasoning and reflective judgment that must be communicated to different audiences. Edlin concludes that the individual values and perspectives of judges are indispensable both to their judgments in specific cases and to the independence of the courts. According to the common law tradition, judicial subjectivity is a virtue, not a vice.

Schools and Society

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Publisher : Pine Forge Press
ISBN 13 : 141295052X
Total Pages : 577 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (129 download)

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Book Synopsis Schools and Society by : Jeanne H. Ballantine

Download or read book Schools and Society written by Jeanne H. Ballantine and published by Pine Forge Press. This book was released on 2008 with total page 577 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents the most recent theories, research, terms, concepts, ideas, and histories on educational leadership and school administration as taught in preparation programs and practiced in schools and colleges today.

Achieving Equity for Latino Students

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Publisher : Teachers College Press
ISBN 13 : 080777152X
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (77 download)

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Book Synopsis Achieving Equity for Latino Students by : Frances E. Contreras

Download or read book Achieving Equity for Latino Students written by Frances E. Contreras and published by Teachers College Press. This book was released on 2015-04-24 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite their numbers, Latinos continue to lack full and equal participation in all facets of American life, including education. This book provides a critical discussion of the role that select K–12 educational policies have and continue to play in failing Latino students. The author draws upon institutional, national, and statewide data sets, as well as interviews among students, teachers, and college administrators, to explore the role that public policies play in educating Latino students. The book concludes with specific recommendations that aim to raise achievement, college transition rates, and success among Latino students across the preschool through college continuum. Frances Contrerasis an Associate Professor of Higher Education in the area of Leadership and Policy Studies in the College of Education, University of Washington in Seattle “Prof. Frances Contreras is one of the nation’s leading authorities on Latino educational problems and on policies that will effectively address these. This book presents a unique and incisive analysis of the Latino educational achievement gap and its connections to concomitant gap in educational opportunities for Latinos. This very readable book combines rigorous scholarship with clearly stated policy recommendations. It should be read by all who are interested in understanding and addressing one of the most serious problems of our times.” —Jorge Chapa,University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign “Rich in data and social context, Contreras presents a compelling and comprehensive picture for the collective need to invest fully in the education of our Latino youth. As important, she delineates a bold public policy pathway for Latino student success that encompasses K–12 and higher education.” —James M. Montoya,Vice President, Higher Education, The College Board “This book offers valuable insights and productive recommendations for addressing a critically important topic: how to improve educational equity for Latinos, one of our nation’s fastest-growing but most-underserved populations.” —Laura Perna, Professor, Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania

The Right Thing to Do, The Smart Thing to Do

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309076145
Total Pages : 377 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis The Right Thing to Do, The Smart Thing to Do by : Association of Academic Health Centers

Download or read book The Right Thing to Do, The Smart Thing to Do written by Association of Academic Health Centers and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-09-29 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Symposium on Diversity in the Health Professions in Honor of Herbert W. Nickens, M.D., was convened in March 2001 to provide a forum for health policymakers, health professions educators, education policymakers, researchers, and others to address three significant and contradictory challenges: the continued under-representation of African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans in health professions; the growth of these populations in the United States and subsequent pressure to address their health care needs; and the recent policy, legislative, and legal challenges to affirmative action that may limit access for underrepresented minority students to health professions training. The symposium summary along with a collection of papers presented are to help stimulate further discussion and action toward addressing these challenges. The Right Thing to Do, The Smart Thing to Do: Enhancing Diversity in Health Professions illustrates how the health care industry and health care professions are fighting to retain the public's confidence so that the U.S. health care system can continue to be the world's best.

Retaining African Americans in Higher Education

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Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000980308
Total Pages : 277 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Retaining African Americans in Higher Education by : Lee Jones

Download or read book Retaining African Americans in Higher Education written by Lee Jones and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-07-21 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Retention of African Americans on campus is a burning issue for the black community, and a moral and financial one for predominantly white institutions of higher education. This book offers fresh insights and new strategies developed by fifteen scholars concerned by the new climate in which affirmative action is being challenged and eliminated.This is the first book devoted specifically to retention of African Americans in higher education, and is unique in addressing the distinct but inter-related concerns of all three affected constituencies: students, faculty and administrators. Each is considered in a separate section.The student section shifts attention from, to paraphrase McNairy, "fixing the student" to focussing on higher education's need to examine and, where appropriate, revise policies, curriculum, support services and campus climate. Responding to the new agenda shaped by the opponents of affirmative action, but rejecting the defensive "x percent solutions" espoused by its proponents, this book puts forward new solutions that will provoke debate. Section II begins with a survey of the literature on African American administrators, and presents a Delphi study of twelve administrators to provide an understanding of pathways and barriers to success. The contributors then consider the importance of developing community support and creating alliances, the role of mentoring, and the setting of clear expectations between the individual and the institution.Starting with the recognition that African Americans represent less than five percent of full-time faculty, the chapters in the final section examine the effects of the dismantling of affirmative action, the consequences of faculty salaries trailing more lucrative non-academic employment, the declining enrollment of students of color, the politics of promotion and tenure, and issues of identity and culture. The book concludes by stressing the roles that parents, faculty and administrators must play to empower African American students to take responsibility for their own academic performance.This is a compelling, controversial and constructive contribution to an issue of national importance.

Controversies on Campus

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Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1440852200
Total Pages : 397 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (48 download)

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Book Synopsis Controversies on Campus by : Joy Blanchard

Download or read book Controversies on Campus written by Joy Blanchard and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2018-01-12 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Providing a comprehensive review of pressing issues roiling American college campuses today, this book is a valuable resource for students and scholars alike. People often refer to America's colleges and universities as "Ivory Towers," a term that implies that campuses are innocent places of study largely insulated from wider societal concerns. In actuality, our nation's universities are hotbeds of controversy. Some of these sources of heated debate relate directly to access to the college experience, such as the rising cost of tuition and admission policies related to student diversity. Others reflect wider societal schisms, such as divisions over sexual assault (both causes and responses) and "political correctness." Controversies on Campus: Debating the Issues Confronting American Universities in the 21st Century examines the myriad controversies regarding today's college campuses and student bodies, such as tuition costs, campus rape, academic freedom/free speech, gun policies, binge drinking, "hook-up" culture, corporatization of academic research, poverty-level wages of adjunct faculty, and student-athletes in the era of big-money amateur sports. The book objectively examines these issues and others, taking care to not only present up-to-date quantifiable data to help readers understand the controversy but also to provide a fair and impartial summary of perspectives on the issue in question. It is a one-stop resource for learning about a wide range of issues and controversies confronting American colleges and universities and the people—students, professors, and administrators—who comprise those communities.

Affirmative Action at a Crossroads: Fisher and Forward

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119124921
Total Pages : 144 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis Affirmative Action at a Crossroads: Fisher and Forward by : Edna Chun

Download or read book Affirmative Action at a Crossroads: Fisher and Forward written by Edna Chun and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-06-02 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The urgency of developing workable race-neutral admissions strategies that maximize the benefits of student diversity has increased. This practical guide offers: concrete recommendations and strategies for the creation of a campus ecosystem that maximizes the structural, curricular, and interactional benefits of diversity, extensive empirical findings and a rich research literature, opportunities for campuses to craft programs, processes, and intervention that maximize student learning outcomes related to diversity, and alternative strategies for addressing disadvantage, including the use of socioeconomic status and state-based percent plans. This book provides a comprehensive overview of key issues and strategic approaches that will assist institutions of higher education in fostering demographic diversity and building inclusive and welcoming campus environments. This is the fourth issue of the 41st volume of the Jossey-Bass series ASHE Higher Education Report. Each monograph is the definitive analysis of a tough higher education issue, based on thorough research of pertinent literature and institutional experiences. Topics are identified by a national survey. Noted practitioners and scholars are then commissioned to write the reports, with experts providing critical reviews of each manuscript before publication.

Defending Diversity

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Publisher : University of Michigan Press
ISBN 13 : 0472026496
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (72 download)

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Book Synopsis Defending Diversity by : Patricia Gurin

Download or read book Defending Diversity written by Patricia Gurin and published by University of Michigan Press. This book was released on 2010-04-23 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Even as lawsuits challenging its admissions policies made their way through the courts, the University of Michigan carried the torch for affirmative action in higher education. In June 2003, the Supreme Court vindicated UM's position on affirmative action when it ruled that race may be used as a factor for universities in their admissions programs, thus confirming what the UM had argued all along: diversity in the classroom translates to a beneficial and wide-ranging social value. With the green light given to the law school's admissions policies, Defending Diversity validates the positive benefits gained by students in a diverse educational setting. Written by prominent University of Michigan faculty, Defending Diversity is a timely response to the court's ruling. Providing factual background, historical setting, and the psychosocial implications of affirmative action, the book illuminates the many benefits of a diverse higher educational setting -- including preparing students to be full participants in a pluralistic democracy -- and demonstrates why affirmative action is necessary to achieve that diversity. Defending Diversity is a significant contribution to the ongoing discussion on affirmative action in higher education. Perhaps more important, it is a valuable record of the history, events, arguments, and issues surrounding the original lawsuits and the Supreme Court's subsequent ruling, and helps reclaim the debate from those forces opposed to affirmative action. Patricia Gurin is Professor Emerita, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan. Jeffrey S. Lehman, former Dean of the University of Michigan Law School, is President of Cornell University. Earl Lewis is Dean of Rackham Graduate School, University of Michigan.

Global Perspectives on Gender and Work

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Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1461636809
Total Pages : 618 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (616 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Perspectives on Gender and Work by : Jacqueline Goodman

Download or read book Global Perspectives on Gender and Work written by Jacqueline Goodman and published by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. This book was released on 2000-04-16 with total page 618 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Central to all our lives, work affects our status in the state, the family, and the economy. This comprehensive reader examines the myriad ways in which work—whether it is well-paid, unpaid, or underpaid—profoundly influences our roles in both the public and private spheres. Jacqueline Goodman has selected a key set of essays that examine influential arguments on such central themes as (1) the origins of the gendered division of labor; (2) historical trends and economic transformations that affect and are affected by women's position in market and non-market work; (3) the effects of occupational and job segregation by sex on status, pay, and promotion; (4) the ways in which formal and informal organizational culture shape and in turn are shaped by gender in professional and managerial positions; (5) class consciousness among wage-earning men and women; (6) the different forms of gender discrimination that women and men face in the workplace; (7) the problems working parents face and the ways in which different societies, subcultures, and genders cope; and (8) alternative approaches to improving the lives of working women and their families in the global economy. With its rich interdisciplinary perspective, this text is ideal for courses in sociology, political science, anthropology, and women's and gender studies. Contributions by: Amel Adib, Kevin Bales, Dorothy Sue Cobble, Sharon M. Collins, Ruth Schwartz Cowan, Susan Eisenberg, Ashley English, Yen Le Espiritu, Anne Fausto-Sterling, Nancy Folbre, Carla Freeman, Michele Ruth Gamburd, Jacqueline Goodman, Janet C. Gornick, Yvonne Guerrier, Luigi Guiso, Shannon Harper, Heidi Hartmann, Ariane Hegewisch, Arlie Russell Hochschild, Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, Jacqueline Jones, Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Ivy Kennelly, Alice Kessler-Harris, Michael Kimmel, Eleanor Leacock, Judith Lorber, Susan E. Martin, Marcia K.Meyers, Ferdinando Monte, Martha C. Nussbaum, Jennifer Pierce, Pun Ngai, Barbara Reskin, Tracey Reynolds, Leslie Salzinger, Paola Sapienza, Joan W. Scott, Tyson Smith, Margaret Talbot, Louise A. Tilly, Christine L. Williams, Muhammad Yunus, and Luigi Zingales. , , ,