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Author : Tadeusz Kasperek
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9788373222793
Total Pages : 121 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (227 download)
Download or read book Chemical weapons dumped in the Baltic Sea written by Tadeusz Kasperek and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Egbert Klaas Duursma
Publisher : CreateSpace
ISBN 13 : 9781496077240
Total Pages : 70 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (772 download)
Download or read book Dumped Chemical Weapons in the Sea; Options written by Egbert Klaas Duursma and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-02-24 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Baltic Sea *Although leaked chemical warfare (CW) gases rapidly hydrolyse in sea water, potential risks of serious contamination will exist for many decades for sailors, fishermen and coastal visitors of the Baltic Sea, in particular concerning contact with lumps of mustard gas. *Since 72% of the CW agents is contained in aircraft bombs, which are already in various stages of corrosion and 63% of all CW agents is S-mustard gas, the loss by lumps of mustard, spread over the seabed in the neighbourhood of dump sites, represents the greatest danger. *There remain sites at risk outside the Allied Forces dump sites, since during the disposal procedures before 1948, ammunition was thrown overboard between the discharge ports of Wolfgast and Peenemunde and the dump sites east of Bornholm and south of Gotland. *Blue prints of emergency plans should be available in order to confine, bury or destroy ammunition at risk. Skagerak *Most dumped CW ammunition is contained in deliberately sunken vessels. *Implosion of the chemical weapon's cargo in these vessels, due to its own weight, may increase loss of CW agents, in particular from corroded aircraft bombs. *Several wrecked ships have been located outside the dump site as indicated on the nautical charts. *Steps should be taken to sarcophage the wrecked ships in order to avoid an eventual contamination of the eastern North Sea and coastal waters of Norway, Sweden and Denmark. General *Although the Helsinki Commission, through its ad hoc Working Group HELCOM CHEMU has correctly evaluated the present risks of the dumped CW ammunition, it is obvious that the authorities of the Baltic States and Norway should be prepared to act jointly in emergency situations.
Author : Jacek Bełdowski
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9402411534
Total Pages : 251 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (24 download)
Download or read book Towards the Monitoring of Dumped Munitions Threat (MODUM) written by Jacek Bełdowski and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-09-18 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the creation of a monitoring network, which can provide information about the exact locations and the environmental threats posed by chemical weapons (CW) dumpsites in the Baltic Sea region, using autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs), and utilising the existing research vessels of NATO partner institutions as launching platforms. The dumping operations occurred shortly after World War II and included captured German munitions. Operations with munitions from the Soviet occupation zone were performed by the Soviet Navy, operations with munitions from British and American occupation zones were performed in areas outside of the Baltic Sea (Skagerrak Strait); the fate of munitions from the French occupation zone was never reported. Due to difficult legal status of these munitions, and high costs of remediation and retrieval, removal of these weapons from the bottom of the Baltic Sea seems unlikely in the foreseeable future. These dumped chemical weapons pose an actual environmental and security hazard in the Baltic Sea Region. Nowadays, with more and more industrial activities being performed in the Baltic Sea Area, the threat level is rising. The AUV survey is based on the IVER2 platform by OceanServer, equipped with Klein 3500 side-scan sonar. The identification phase utilises several ROVs, equipped with targeting sonars, acoustic cameras capable of penetrating turbid bottom waters up to 20m, and visual HD cameras. A novel sediment sampling system, based on a camera and sonar equipped cassette sampler, has been developed to obtain surface sediments. The test phase described consists of a survey phase, which will locate the actual objects concerned, and a monitoring phase, which will concentrate on the collection of environmental data close to the objects concerned.
Author : A.V. Kaffka
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401587132
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (15 download)
Download or read book Sea-Dumped Chemical Weapons: Aspects, Problems and Solutions written by A.V. Kaffka and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume summarises the materials presented at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Sea-Dumped Chemical Munitions, held in Kaliningrad (Moscow Region), Russia, in January 1995. The conference was sponsored by the NATO Division of Scientific and Environmental Affairs in the framework of its outreach programme to develop co-operation between NATO member countries and the Cooperation Partner countries in the area of disarmament technologies. The problem of the ecological threat posed by chemical weapons (CW) dumped in the seas after the Second World War deserves considerable international attention: the amount of these weapons, many of them having been captured from the German Army, is assessed at more than three times as much as the total chemical arsenals reported by the United States and Russia. They were disposed of in the shallow depths of North European seas - areas of active fishing - in close proximity to densely populated coastlines, with no consideration of the long-term consequences. The highly toxic material have time and again showed up, for instance when retrieved occasionally in the fishing nets, attracting local media coverage only. Nevertheless, this issue has not yet been given adequate and comprehensive scientific analysis, the sea-disposed munitions are not covered by either the Chemical Weapons Convention or other arms control treaties. In fact, the problem has been neglected for a long time on the international level. Only recently were official data made available by the countries which admitted conducting dumping operations.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 12 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (123 download)
Download or read book An Introduction to the Political and Technical Challenges Posed by Sea-dumped Chemical and Conventional Weapons written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Potential environmental and human health effects resulting from the dumping of World War I and World War II-era conventional and chemical weapons in the Baltic Sea are of continuing concern. It is not possible to identify, and safely recover or otherwise 'remediate' all of the munitions that have been dumped. Some munitions will continue to be uncovered inadvertently. Therefore, procedures for the identification and reporting of recovered munitions should be maintained and, where possible, strengthened. Estimating an overall cost for the recovery and remediation of all dumped munitions is problematic. A standard operating procedure for the disposal of such weapons is to detonate individual munitions that are judged to pose a clear and present threat. Techniques for locating and handling munitions at varying depths and databases of geographic, environmental and other information continue to be developed. The paper recommends that any policy approach to the recovery and remediation of dumped munitions should be reasoned and balanced. Any decision to recover or remediate dumped munitions should be informed by technical and scientific requirements, and any policy process should be guided by these principles. Further efforts should be carried out to achieve common understanding on risk (quantitative and qualitative) and the implementation of appropriate risk management strategies.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 54 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (17 download)
Download or read book Environmental Risk Assessment of Dumped Chemical Weapons in the Baltic Sea written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Thomas Stock
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book The Challenge of Old Chemical Munitions and Toxic Armament Wastes written by Thomas Stock and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In October 1993, eighteen experts from ten countries met in Munster, Germany to discuss various aspects of the problem of old chemical munitions and toxic armaments wastes. This comprehensive study discusses the characteristics of chemical warfare agents and toxic armament wastes, past chemical weapons production activities, chemical weapons disposal and destruction, sea dumping of chemical weapons, and legal issues related to old chemical munitions and toxic armament wastes.
Author : Grant Dawson
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192868233
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (928 download)
Download or read book International Law and Sea-Dumped Chemical Weapons written by Grant Dawson and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2023-04-18 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following the two world wars of the twentieth century, governments decided to dispose of unwanted chemical weapons in the world's oceans. The deleterious consequences of this decision for the earth's precious marine environment are now becoming clear. As the issue of sea-dumped chemical weapons cannot be contained by borders, we will all have to deal with the adverse effects on our fragile planetary ecosystem. While states have made some efforts to address the situation, unresolved international legal issues remain. International Law and Sea-Dumped Chemical Weapons contains a systematic conceptual analysis of the international legal frameworks governing the remediation of sea-dumped chemical weapons. Where deficiencies are found in the law, legal solutions are offered. In addition, practical approaches to the problem are explored. Furthermore, the book argues that solutions to this environmental hazard rely on a holistic awareness-and acceptance-of how humanity's past actions have damaged our ecosystem. Aiming to bring about the necessary will to overcome this challenge, this volume identifies and analyses the problem, offers guidance, and provides hope to the current and succeeding generations so that we can solve the problem of sea-dumped chemical weapons and restore balance to our ecosystem.
Author : Egbert K. Duursma
Publisher : CreateSpace
ISBN 13 : 9781497535800
Total Pages : 70 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (358 download)
Download or read book Dumped Chemical Munitions in the Baltic and Skagerag; written by Egbert K. Duursma and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-04-02 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although leaked chemical warfare (CW) gases rapidly hydrolyse in sea water, potential risks of serious contamination will exist for many decades for sailors, fishermen and coastal visitors of the Baltic Sea and Skagerak, in particular concerning contact with lumps of mustard gas. Blue prints of emergency plans should be available in order to confine, bury or destroy ammunition at risk. For that reason bottom current maps should be available to predict the transport of lumps over the sea bottom. Test should be made in hydraulic laboratories about the correlation water current and lump transport. Modelling may predict the hotspots in the future. This is an updated document.
Download or read book Dumped chemical weapons in the sea written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : H. Lindsey Arison III
Publisher : H. Lindsey Arison III
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 420 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)
Download or read book European Disposal Operations written by H. Lindsey Arison III and published by H. Lindsey Arison III. This book was released on 2014-03-07 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ticking Time Bomb. Between 1946 and 1990, on the order of 754,975 tons (over 1.5 billion pounds or 684 million kilograms) of chemical weapons were disposed in European waters. At least 21 European Nations are now potentially at risk because of the expected toxic effect on marine life and the food chain. Critical research revealed in over 400 print pages contains 111 images including 23 declassified TOP SECRET, SECRET, CONFIDENTIAL, and RESTRICTED documents, 40 photographs, and 17 maps. Principal Chapters: - Evolution of Plans for the Disposition of Captured Chemical Weapons - Accounting of All Captured Chemical Weapons - Accounting of All Sea-Disposed Chemical Weapons - Locations of the Scuttled Ships - Estimated Total Chemical Warfare Agents Disposed in European Waters - Legal Responsibilities of States - Conclusion and The Imperative for an International Strategy “Bottom Line”: The environmental and public health problems facing European nations incident to the anticipated release of potentially massive amounts of slowly hydrolyzing nerve and blister agents into the marine environment are more critical and urgent than generally supposed. Increased incidents of human and marine injury in recent years have convinced many the threat of chemical poisons leaking from the deteriorating shells, canisters, and containers on the ocean floor is an imminent and insoluble problem. The fundamental premise of this study is that when the these sea disposals occurred, dumping of toxic CW into the ocean was the preferred disposal method and was not an act of malevolence or ill will. Such dumping was not prohibited and the effect on the environment was simply not considered important at that time. It is therefore not the intent of this book to affix blame or culpability. Rather, a detailed analysis of principal findings underscores the imperative for an international strategy and a proposal for international collaboration and cooperation in addressing the potential problem is advanced.
Author : Susan L. Smith
Publisher : Rutgers University Press
ISBN 13 : 0813586119
Total Pages : 259 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (135 download)
Download or read book Toxic Exposures written by Susan L. Smith and published by Rutgers University Press. This book was released on 2017-01-17 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mustard gas is typically associated with the horrors of World War I battlefields and trenches, where chemical weapons were responsible for tens of thousands of deaths. Few realize, however, that mustard gas had a resurgence during the Second World War, when its uses and effects were widespread and insidious. Toxic Exposures tells the shocking story of how the United States and its allies intentionally subjected thousands of their own servicemen to poison gas as part of their preparation for chemical warfare. In addition, it reveals the racialized dimension of these mustard gas experiments, as scientists tested whether the effects of toxic exposure might vary between Asian, Hispanic, black, and white Americans. Drawing from once-classified American and Canadian government records, military reports, scientists’ papers, and veterans’ testimony, historian Susan L. Smith explores not only the human cost of this research, but also the environmental degradation caused by ocean dumping of unwanted mustard gas. As she assesses the poisonous legacy of these chemical warfare experiments, Smith also considers their surprising impact on the origins of chemotherapy as cancer treatment and the development of veterans’ rights movements. Toxic Exposures thus traces the scars left when the interests of national security and scientific curiosity battled with medical ethics and human rights.
Author : Ad Hoc Working Group on Dumped Chemical Munition (HELCOM CHEMU).
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 43 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (111 download)
Download or read book Report on Chemical Munitions Dumped in the Baltic Sea written by Ad Hoc Working Group on Dumped Chemical Munition (HELCOM CHEMU). and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Helsinki Commission
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 38 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (256 download)
Download or read book Report on Chemical Munitions Dumped in the Baltic Sea written by Helsinki Commission and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Boris Trofimovich Surikov
Publisher : Environment
ISBN 13 : 9789090127170
Total Pages : 60 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (271 download)
Download or read book Dumped Chemical Weapons in the Sea written by Boris Trofimovich Surikov and published by Environment. This book was released on 1999-01-01 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Markus Salomon
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319601563
Total Pages : 1001 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)
Download or read book Handbook on Marine Environment Protection written by Markus Salomon and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-01-31 with total page 1001 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook is the first of its kind to provide a clear, accessible, and comprehensive introduction to the most important scientific and management topics in marine environmental protection. Leading experts discuss the latest perspectives and best practices in the field with a particular focus on the functioning of marine ecosystems, natural processes, and anthropogenic pressures. The book familiarizes readers with the intricacies and challenges of managing coasts and oceans more sustainably, and guides them through the maze of concepts and strategies, laws and policies, and the various actors that define our ability to manage marine activities. Providing valuable thematic insights into marine management to inspire thoughtful application and further study, it is essential reading for marine environmental scientists, policy-makers, lawyers, practitioners and anyone interested in the field.
Author : Adam Stewart Cumming
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527344837
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)
Download or read book Energetic Materials and Munitions written by Adam Stewart Cumming and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-05-13 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a hands-on approach to demilitarization and environmental aspects of energetic materials and munitions This book gives an overview of the environmental impact of the production, use, and cleanup of energetic materials and munitions. It provides scientists, engineers, environmental specialists, and users with the understanding of environmental issues for munitions and of the ways to improve design and manage potential risks. It covers the various aspects of how chemical properties influence fate, transport, and toxicity of new formulations and prescribes tools for reducing or alleviating environmental risks. In addition, it discusses pyrotechnics and the problem of dealing with munitions underwater. Chapters in Energetic Materials and Munitions: Life Cycle Management, Environmental Impact and Demilitarization look at demilitarization in general, as well as in the future. Topics covered include logistics, costs, and management; life cycle analysis and management; and greener munitions. Another introduces readers to the "One Health" approach in the design of sustainable munition compounds. Following that, readers are taught about land assessment for munitions-related contamination in military live-fire training. The book also examines the development and integration of environmental, safety, and occupational health information. -Brings together in one source expertise and in-depth information on the current and future state of how we handle the production, use, and demilitarization of explosives and weaponry -A handy reference for experienced practitioners, as well as for training young professionals in the field -Every chapter contains real-life examples and proposes future directions for the field Energetic Materials and Munitions: Life Cycle Management, Environmental Impact and Demilitarization is an important book for explosives specialists, pyrotechnicians, materials scientists, military authorities, safety officers, health officers, and chemical engineers.
