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Author : Kenneth Young Chay
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 66 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)
Download or read book Changes in Relative Wages in the 1980s written by Kenneth Young Chay and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : John Bound
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 76 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)
Download or read book Changes in the Structure of Wages During the 1980's written by John Bound and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Between 1979 and 1987 there were three significant changes in the wage structure in the United States. the pecuniary returns to schooling increased by about a third; the wages of older relative to younger workers with relatively low education increased to some extent; and the wages of women relative to men rose by almost ten percent. It is important for policy purposes to know why these changes occurred and whether they are temporary or permanent. The paper investigates several alternative explanations of these wage structure phenomena, including the most popular ones that their principal causes were shifts in the structure of product demand, skilled-labor saving technological change, and changes in the incidence and level of rents received by lower skilled workers. our reading of the evidence suggests that the major cause of the dramatic movements in the wage structure during the 1980's may have been some combination of changes in both production technology and the average relative nonobserved quality of different labor groups.
Author : McKinley L. Blackburn
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 24 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (251 download)
Download or read book Changes in Earnings Differentials in the 1980s written by McKinley L. Blackburn and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper analyzes changes in U.S. earnings differentials in the 1980s between race, gender, age, and schooling groups. There are four main sets of results to report. First, the economic position of less-educated workers declined relative to the more-educated among almost all demographic groups. Education-earnings differentials clearly rose for whites, but less clearly for blacks, while employment rate differences associated with education increased more for blacks than for whites. Second, much of the change in education-earnings differentials for specific groups is attributable to measurable economic factors: to changes in the occupational or industrial structure of employment; to changes in average wages within industries; to the fall in the real value of the minimum wage and the tall in union density; and to changes in the relative growth rate of more-educated workers. Third, the earnings and employment position of white females, and to a lesser extent of black females, converged to that of white males in the 1980s, across education groups. At the same time, the economic position of more-educated black males appears to have worsened relative to their white-male counterparts. Fourth, there has been a sizable college-enrollment response to the rising relative wages of college graduates. This response suggests that education-earnings differentials may stop increasing, or even start to decline, in the near future.
Author : Marvin H. Kosters
Publisher : American Enterprise Institute Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)
Download or read book Workers and Their Wages written by Marvin H. Kosters and published by American Enterprise Institute Press. This book was released on 1991 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprises essays which describe and analyse the major changes in wage relationships between 1963 and the 1980s. Notes the increase in wage differentials for workers with different levels of schooling as the most pervasive change.
Author : McKinley L. Blackburn
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 52 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (129 download)
Download or read book Changes in Earnings Differentials in the 1980s written by McKinley L. Blackburn and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper analyzes changes in U.S. earnings differentials in the 1980s between race, gender, age, and schooling groups. There are four main sets of results to report.First, the economic position of less-educated workers declined relative to the more-educated among almost all demographic groups. Education-earnings differentials clearly rose for whites, but less clearly for blacks, while employment rate differences associated with education increased more for blacks than for whites.Second, much of the change in education-earnings differentials for specific groups is attributable to measurable economic factors: to changes in the occupational or industrial structure of employment; to changes in average wages within industries; to the fall in the real value of the minimum wage and the fall in union density; and to changes in the relative growth rate of more-educated workers.Third, the earnings and employment position of white females, and to a lesser extent of black females, converged to that of white males in the 1980s, across education groups. At the same time, the economic position of more-educated black males appears to have worsened relative to their white-male counterparts.Fourth, there has been a sizable college-enrollment response to the rising relative wages of college graduates. This response suggests that education-earnings differentials may stop increasing, or even start to decline, in the near future.
Author : Paul J. Devereux
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)
Download or read book Changes in Male Labor Supply and Wages written by Paul J. Devereux and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the 1980s, both wages and labor supply of poorly educated men fell substantially relative to those of educated men. Some observers have interpreted this positive association between changes in wages and labor supply as reflecting movement along stable labor supply curves. The author casts doubt on this interpretation by showing that the wage elasticity necessary to account, by itself, for the observed labor supply decline would greatly exceed elasticity levels typically found in prior studies. Analysis of Census data shows little relationship between changes in relative wages at the state level and changes in male labor supply. Also, panel data analysis shows no strong correlation between long-run changes in individual hours and wages. The small implied labor supply elasticities suggest that very little of the labor supply changes of men during the 1980s can be related to changes in relative wages.
Author : Mr.Alun H. Thomas
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1451851103
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (518 download)
Download or read book Wage Dispersion in the 1980's written by Mr.Alun H. Thomas and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 1995-09-01 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper finds that changes in durable manufacturing employment and investment in computer equipment can explain rising wage dispersion in the United States, measured in terms of the education premium. Reduced employment opportunities in durables production drive down the average wage for workers with only a high school education, thereby increasing the wage premium for college education. An innovation in this paper is the inclusion of investment in equipment as a proxy for skill-biased technical change. The rise in the technical skill premium could alone explain all of the rise in the college premium since 1979 were there no offsetting effects. This is a Paper on Policy Analysis and Assessment and the author(s) would welcome any comments on the present text Citations should refer to a Paper on Policy Analysis and Assessment of the International Monetary Fund, mentioning the author(s) and the date of issuance. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the Fund.
Author : John Bound
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 60 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)
Download or read book Demand Shifts, Population Adjustments, and Labor Market Outcomes During the 1980s written by John Bound and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this paper we explore the effects of labor demand shifts and population adjustments across metropolitan areas on the employment and earnings of various demographic groups during the 1980s. Results show that, although earnings and employment deteriorated for less-education and black males in most areas in the 1980s, there was a good deal of geographic variation in the magnitudes of these changes. Shifts in labor demand across local areas contributed to this variation, and had greater relative impacts on the earnings and employment of these demographic groups. We also find that popu- lation shifts across areas, presumably due to migation, at least partially offset the effects of these demand shifts. But less-education workers showed substantially lower population adjustments in response to these demand shifts. These limited supply responses apparently contributed importantly to relatively greater deterioration of employment and earnings of these groups in declining areas during the 1980s.
Author : Steven J. Davis
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 31 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (221 download)
Download or read book Cross-country Patterns of Change in Relative Wages written by Steven J. Davis and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper investigates movements in relative wages and wage inequality across thirteen of the world's major economies. Focusing on wages received by full-time male workers, the investigation uncovers several empirical regularities: (1) Most advanced industrialized economies show increases, often large. in wage inequality during the 19805; none show declining wage inequality. In contrast. three of four middle income countries considered here show sharply declining wage inequality during the 1980s. (2) Since the early to late 19705, the advanced economies show large and persistent increases in the wages of prime age men relative to the wages of less experienced men. (3) Following a period of sharply declining education differentials in the 1970s, the advanced economies show rising or flat education differentials after 1980. Education differentials fell moderately to sharply in the middle income countries during the 1980s. (4) Wage inequality among observationally similar workers rose sharply during the 1980s in most advanced economies. (5) After 1915, the structure of relative industry wages in the manufacturing sector became increasingly dissimilar across the advanced economies. However. controlling for common time effects, increases in international trade as a fraction of GOP are associated with a partial convergence of relative industry wage structures across countries. The paper discusses several alternative interpretations of wage structure developments in the United States and other countries in the light of these empirical regularities.
Author : Chinhui Juhn
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 56 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)
Download or read book Wage Inequality and Industrial Change written by Chinhui Juhn and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using data from the 1940-1980 Decennial Census and the 1988-1992 March Current Population Surveys, this paper examines the impact of industrial change on male wage inequality over a period of five decades (1940-1990). Alternative measures of skill such as the wage percentile, education and occupation indicate that wage inequality between more and less skilled male workers fell substantially during the 1940s and increased most dramatically during the 1980s. Examination of industrial change over this longer time period shows that the demand for the most highly educated and skilled male workers relative to the least skilled male workers increased no faster during the 1970s and the 1980s than during the earlier decades. In contrast, the demand for men in the middle skill categories (such as those in basic manufacturing) expanded during the 1940s and the 1950s and contracted severely during the 1970s and 1980s. This suggests that the growth of jobs in the middle skill categories may be closely related to overall wage inequality. Cross sectional regressions based on state level data also show some empirical support for the hypothesis that a decline in demand for medium skilled groups increases overall wage inequality.
Author : Claudia Goldin
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674037731
Total Pages : 497 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (74 download)
Download or read book The Race between Education and Technology written by Claudia Goldin and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2009-07-01 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a careful historical analysis of the co-evolution of educational attainment and the wage structure in the United States through the twentieth century. The authors propose that the twentieth century was not only the American Century but also the Human Capital Century. That is, the American educational system is what made America the richest nation in the world. Its educational system had always been less elite than that of most European nations. By 1900 the U.S. had begun to educate its masses at the secondary level, not just in the primary schools that had remarkable success in the nineteenth century. The book argues that technological change, education, and inequality have been involved in a kind of race. During the first eight decades of the twentieth century, the increase of educated workers was higher than the demand for them. This had the effect of boosting income for most people and lowering inequality. However, the reverse has been true since about 1980. This educational slowdown was accompanied by rising inequality. The authors discuss the complex reasons for this, and what might be done to ameliorate it.
Author : Robert E. Baldwin
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 80 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)
Download or read book Shifts in U.S. Relative Wages written by Robert E. Baldwin and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper investigates three hypotheses to account for the observed shifts in U.S. relative wages of less educated compared to more educated workers between 1967 and 1992: increased import competition, changes in the relative supplies of labor of different education levels and changes in technology. Our analysis relies on a basic relation of the standard general equilibrium trade model that relates changes in product prices to factor price changes and factor shares, and information about changes in the composition of output, trade, within-industry factor use and factor supplies. We conclude that the relative increase in the supply of well educated labor from 1967-1973 was the dominant force that narrowed the wage gap among workers of different education levels. The gap continued to narrow during the rest of the 1970s, but our results are not clear-cut enough to conclude that the continued increase in the rela- tive supply of more educated workers was the main factor shaping relative From 1980-1993, the wage gap between these workers widened sharply despite the continued relative increase in the supply of more educated workers. Increased import competition cannot account for the rise in wage inequality among these groups but it could have contributed to the decline in wages for the least educated. Instead, support is found for technical progress that is saving of less educated labor and more rapid in some manufacturing sectors using highly educated labor as the main force in widening the wage gaps these groups. Last, we use the Deardorff-Staiger model which allows changes in the factor content of trade to reveal the effects of trade on relative factor prices. Our tests show increased import competition from 1977 to 1987 was not the dominant force in widening the wage gap between more educated and less educated labor between those years.
Author : Thomas Hyclak
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 184 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book Rising Wage Inequality written by Thomas Hyclak and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on data from the Area Wage Survey for 20 urban labour markets for the period 1974-1991, examines changes in wage inequality in local labour markets during the 1980s.
Author : Lawrence F. Katz
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 38 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (251 download)
Download or read book Changes in Relative Wages, 1963-1987 written by Lawrence F. Katz and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A simple supply and demand framework is used to analyze changes in the U.S. wage structure from 1963 to 1987. Rapid secular growth in the demand for more-educated workers, 'more-skilled' workers, and females appears to be the driving force behind observed changes in the wage structure. Measured changes in the allocation of labor between industries and occupations strongly favored college graduates and females throughout the period. Movements in the college wage premium over this period appear to be strongly related to fluctuations in the rate of growth of the supply of college graduates.
Author : Monica Galizzi
Publisher : FrancoAngeli
ISBN 13 : 9788846469427
Total Pages : 132 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (694 download)
Download or read book Mobility, Relative Wages and Wage Growth written by Monica Galizzi and published by FrancoAngeli. This book was released on 2005 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Pierre-Richard Agénor
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1451853408
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (518 download)
Download or read book Technological Change, Relative Wages, and Unemployment written by Pierre-Richard Agénor and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 1994-09-01 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines the effect of skill-biased technological change on the structure of wages, the composition of employment and the level of unemployment in a two-sector economy with a heterogenous work force. Efficiency wage considerations and minimum wage legislation lead to labor market segmentation. A technological shock that reduces the demand for unskilled labor and raises the demand for skilled labor in the primary, high-wage sector is shown to increase the relative wage of skilled workers and reduce aggregate employment as well as the employment level of unskilled workers in that sector. The net effect of the shock on the employment level of skilled workers is mitigated by the existence of efficiency factors.
Author : David Edward Card
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 35 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (245 download)
Download or read book Changes in the Relative Structure of Wages and Employment written by David Edward Card and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Standard models suggest that adverse labor demand shocks will lead to bigger employment losses if institutional factors like minimum wages and trade unions prevent downward wage adjustments. Some economists have argued that this insight explains the contrast between the United States, where real wages fell over the 1980s and aggregate employment expanded vigorously, and Europe, where real wages were (roughly) constant and employment was stagnant. We test this hypothesis by comparing changes in wages and employment rates over the 1980s for different age and education groups in the United States, Canada, and France. We argue that the same forces that led to falling real wages for less-skilled workers in the U.S. affected similar workers in Canada and France. Consistent with the view that labor market institutions are more rigid in France, and more flexible in the U.S., we find that relative wages of less-skilled workers fell the most in the U.S., fell somewhat less in Canada, and did not fall at all in France. Contrary to expectations, however, we find little evidence that wage inflexibilities generated divergent patterns of relative employment growth across the three countries
