Cenozoic Mammals of Africa

Download Cenozoic Mammals of Africa PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520257219
Total Pages : 1008 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (22 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cenozoic Mammals of Africa by : Lars Werdelin

Download or read book Cenozoic Mammals of Africa written by Lars Werdelin and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2010-07-20 with total page 1008 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This impressively comprehensive volume is a long-awaited and worthy successor to the now outdated 1978 classic, Evolution of African Mammals. A must-have reference work for everyone interested in mammalian evolution." David Pilbeam, Harvard University and the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology --

History of Cenozoic Mammals from South America

Download History of Cenozoic Mammals from South America PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031562666
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (315 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis History of Cenozoic Mammals from South America by : Federico Agnolin

Download or read book History of Cenozoic Mammals from South America written by Federico Agnolin and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Mammals of Africa

Download Mammals of Africa PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : A&C Black
ISBN 13 : 1408189968
Total Pages : 3500 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (81 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mammals of Africa by : Jonathan Kingdon

Download or read book Mammals of Africa written by Jonathan Kingdon and published by A&C Black. This book was released on 2013-05-23 with total page 3500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mammals of Africa (MoA) is a series of six volumes which describes, in detail, every currently recognized species of African land mammal. This is the first time that such extensive coverage has ever been attempted, and the volumes incorporate the very latest information and detailed discussion of the morphology, distribution, biology and evolution (including reference to fossil and molecular data) of Africa's mammals. With 1,160 species and 16 orders, Africa has the greatest diversity and abundance of mammals in the world. The reasons for this and the mechanisms behind their evolution are given special attention in the series. Each volume follows the same format, with detailed profiles of every species and higher taxa. The series includes some 660 colour illustrations by Jonathan Kingdon and his many drawings highlight details of morphology and behaviour of the species concerned. Diagrams, schematic details and line drawings of skulls and jaws are by Jonathan Kingdon and Meredith Happold. Every species also includes a detailed distribution map. Extensive references alert readers to more detailed information. Volume I: Introductory Chapters and Afrotheria (352 pages) Volume II: Primates (560 pages) Volume III: Rodents, Hares and Rabbits (784 pages) Volume IV: Hedgehogs, Shrews and Bats (800 pages) Volume V: Carnivores, Pangolins, Equids and Rhinoceroses (560 pages) Volume VI: Pigs, Hippopotamuses, Chevrotain, Giraffes, Deer and Bovids (704 pages)

Evolution of African Mammals

Download Evolution of African Mammals PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 664 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Evolution of African Mammals by : Vincent J. Maglio

Download or read book Evolution of African Mammals written by Vincent J. Maglio and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 664 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Mammals of Africa: Volume I

Download Mammals of Africa: Volume I PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : A&C Black
ISBN 13 : 1408189909
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (81 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mammals of Africa: Volume I by : Jonathan Kingdon

Download or read book Mammals of Africa: Volume I written by Jonathan Kingdon and published by A&C Black. This book was released on 2014-11-20 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mammals of Africa (MoA) is a series of six volumes which describes, in detail, every currently recognized species of African land mammal. This is the first time that such extensive coverage has ever been attempted, and the volumes incorporate the very latest information and detailed discussion of the morphology, distribution, biology and evolution (including reference to fossil and molecular data) of Africa's mammals. With more than 1,160 species and 16-18 orders, Africa has the greatest diversity and abundance of mammals in the world. The reasons for this and the mechanisms behind their evolution are given special attention in the series. Each volume follows the same format, with detailed profiles of every species and higher taxa. The series includes hundreds of colour illustrations and pencil drawings by Jonathan Kingdon highlighting the morphology and behaviour of the species concerned, as well as line drawings of skulls and jaws by Jonathan Kingdon and Meredith Happold. Every species also includes a detailed distribution map. Edited by Jonathan Kingdon, David Happold, Tom Butynski, Mike Hoffmann, Meredith Happold and Jan Kalina, and written by more than 350 authors, all experts in their fields, Mammals of Africa is as comprehensive a compendium of current knowledge as is possible. Extensive references alert readers to more detailed information. This first volume in the series comprises eight introductory chapters covering topics such as evolution, geography and geology, biotic zones, classification, behaviour and morphology. The rest of the book is devoted to the Afrotheria, a grouping that comprises six orders and 49 species; these are the hyraxes, elephants, manatees, otter-shrews, golden-moles, sengis (elephant-shrews) and Aardvark.

A Fossil History of Southern African Land Mammals

Download A Fossil History of Southern African Land Mammals PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108480888
Total Pages : 325 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Fossil History of Southern African Land Mammals by : D. Margaret Avery

Download or read book A Fossil History of Southern African Land Mammals written by D. Margaret Avery and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-04-11 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive reference on the taxonomy and distribution in time and space of all currently recognized southern African fossil mammals. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

East African Mammals

Download East African Mammals PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 9780226437224
Total Pages : 454 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (372 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis East African Mammals by : Jonathan Kingdon

Download or read book East African Mammals written by Jonathan Kingdon and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 1988-12-29 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Acclaimed and coveted by both naturalists and lovers of wildlife illustration, Jonathan Kingdon's seven-volume East African Mammals has become a classic of modern natural history. This paperback edition makes Kingdon's remarkable artistic and scientific achievement—his hundreds of drawings and perceptive study of all the mammals in East Africa's species-rich fauna—available to the wide audience it deserves. Volume IIIB celebrates the large mammals for which the African plains are so famous—elephants, rhinos, zebras, bushpigs, and warthogs, hippopotamuses, camels, chevrotains, giraffes. Kingdon brings his artist's eye to such puzzles as the zebra's stripes and the giraffe's spots, making original observations throughout the seven volumes about the evolutionary and functional significance of coat color, facial expressions, and curious forms and markings. The beauty of the animals, so vivid in these incomparable drawings, is made more poignant by the acknowledgment of their increasingly endangered status. Kingdon discusses the inevitable problems posed by large mammal communities in a developing continent and includes numerous maps indicating their declining ranges and populations.

Mammals of Africa: Volume VI

Download Mammals of Africa: Volume VI PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : A&C Black
ISBN 13 : 140818995X
Total Pages : 705 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (81 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mammals of Africa: Volume VI by : Jonathan Kingdon

Download or read book Mammals of Africa: Volume VI written by Jonathan Kingdon and published by A&C Black. This book was released on 2014-11-20 with total page 705 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mammals of Africa (MoA) is a series of six volumes which describes, in detail, every currently recognized species of African land mammal. This is the first time that such extensive coverage has ever been attempted, and the volumes incorporate the very latest information and detailed discussion of the morphology, distribution, biology and evolution (including reference to fossil and molecular data) of Africa's mammals. With more than 1,160 species and 16-18 orders, Africa has the greatest diversity and abundance of mammals in the world. The reasons for this and the mechanisms behind their evolution are given special attention in the series. Each volume follows the same format, with detailed profiles of every species and higher taxa. The series includes hundreds of colour illustrations and pencil drawings by Jonathan Kingdon highlighting the morphology and behaviour of the species concerned, as well as line drawings of skulls and jaws by Jonathan Kingdon and Meredith Happold. Every species also includes a detailed distribution map. Edited by Jonathan Kingdon, David Happold, Tom Butynski, Mike Hoffmann, Meredith Happold and Jan Kalina, and written by more than 350 authors, all experts in their fields, Mammals of Africa is as comprehensive a compendium of current knowledge as is possible. Extensive references alert readers to more detailed information. Volume VI, edited by Jonathan Kingdon and Michael Hoffmann, comprises a single order, currently subdivided into three suborders, containing the hippopotamuses, pigs, chevrotains, deer, Giraffe, Okapi, buffalos, spiral-horned antelopes, dwarf antelopes, duikers, grysboks, Beira, dik-diks, gazelles, Klipspringer, Oribi, reduncines, Impala, alcelaphines, horse-like antelopes, sheep and goats; the volume contains 98 species profiles.

Mammals of Africa: Volume V

Download Mammals of Africa: Volume V PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : A&C Black
ISBN 13 : 1408189941
Total Pages : 561 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (81 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mammals of Africa: Volume V by : Jonathan Kingdon

Download or read book Mammals of Africa: Volume V written by Jonathan Kingdon and published by A&C Black. This book was released on 2014-11-20 with total page 561 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mammals of Africa (MoA) is a series of six volumes which describes, in detail, every currently recognized species of African land mammal. This is the first time that such extensive coverage has ever been attempted, and the volumes incorporate the very latest information and detailed discussion of the morphology, distribution, biology and evolution (including reference to fossil and molecular data) of Africa's mammals. With more than 1,160 species and 16-18 orders, Africa has the greatest diversity and abundance of mammals in the world. The reasons for this and the mechanisms behind their evolution are given special attention in the series. Each volume follows the same format, with detailed profiles of every species and higher taxa. The series includes hundreds of colour illustrations and pencil drawings by Jonathan Kingdon highlighting the morphology and behaviour of the species concerned, as well as line drawings of skulls and jaws by Jonathan Kingdon and Meredith Happold. Every species also includes a detailed distribution map. Edited by Jonathan Kingdon, David Happold, Tom Butynski, Mike Hoffmann, Meredith Happold and Jan Kalina, and written by more than 350 authors, all experts in their fields, Mammals of Africa is as comprehensive a compendium of current knowledge as is possible. Extensive references alert readers to more detailed information. Volume V, edited by Jonathan Kingdon and Michael Hoffmann, comprises 83 species of carnivores, and includes jackals, wolves, dogs, foxes, weasels, polecats, striped weasels, Zorilla, otters, Ratel, fur seals, monk seals, Palm Civet, cats, genets, linsangs, African Civet, hyaenas, Aardwolf and mongooses. The volume is completed with profiles of four pangolins, four zebras and two rhinoceroses.

Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea

Download Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1482254778
Total Pages : 371 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (822 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea by : William J. Sanders

Download or read book Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea written by William J. Sanders and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-09-15 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book details the long, diverse, and complex phylogenetic history of elephants and their fossil relatives (the Proboscidea), whose origin is deeply embedded some 60 million years ago in Africa. Most of the major evolutionary events of proboscideans occurred in Africa, and these are examined in their geological, paleoecological, geographic, and faunal contexts. Updated information about feeding adaptations, taxonomy and systematics, genetics, and site occurrences is included and summarized in tables, figures, and charts. This is the first comprehensive review of African proboscideans and illustrates the need to more actively protect elephants and ensure their survival in modern ecosystems. Key Features: Provides a comprehensive systematic review of the African proboscidean fossil record Includes a summary of taxonomy, geochronology, biogeography and morphology Documents major faunal events including those associated with hominin origins Synthesizes new data from genomic, isotopic, and microware analyses Emphasizes the role of elephants in ecosystems and the importance of conservation

Palaeoecology and Palaeoenvironments of Late Cenozoic Mammals

Download Palaeoecology and Palaeoenvironments of Late Cenozoic Mammals PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780802007285
Total Pages : 675 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (72 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Palaeoecology and Palaeoenvironments of Late Cenozoic Mammals by : C. S. Churcher

Download or read book Palaeoecology and Palaeoenvironments of Late Cenozoic Mammals written by C. S. Churcher and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 675 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique volume of thirty essays, by fifty-three internationally known scholars, honours C.S. (Rufus) Churcher, the distinguished Canadian palaeontologist. The papers focus on late Cenozoic mammals in North America and Africa and provide both site-specific descriptions of faunas and their associated geological contexts, and more general syntheses of regional palaeoenvironments and biogeography. The volume provides a much-needed overview of current research. The stature of the researchers who have contributed to the volume, and the breadth of the material presented, is a reflection of Churcher s diverse research interests. The first section contains eleven papers on the palaeoenvironment and palaeoecology of Quaternary mammals in North America; the second section has 9 contributions describing faunas and morphological analyses of North American Quaternary mammals; and the final section contains nine papers on the palaeoecology and palaeoenvironments of late Cenozoic mammals of Africa. In this final section, Alan Gentry pays tribute to Churcher by naming a species after him: Budorcas churcheri. The volume contains individual discussions of North American fossil prairie dogs, mastodons, zebras, short-faced bears, sabre cats, lions, giant armadillos, elk-moose, caribou and muskrats, as well as African hyaenas, zebras, hipparion horses, antelopes, rodents, and giraffes. "

Mammals of Africa

Download Mammals of Africa PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781472926920
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (269 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mammals of Africa by : Jonathan Kingdon

Download or read book Mammals of Africa written by Jonathan Kingdon and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Mammals of Africa (MoA) is a series of six volumes which describes, in detail, every currently recognized species of African land mammal. This is the first time that such extensive coverage has ever been attempted, and the volumes incorporate the very latest information and detailed discussion of the morphology, distribution, biology and evolution (including reference to fossil and molecular data) of Africa's mammals. With 1,160 species and 16 orders, Africa has the greatest diversity and abundance of mammals in the world. The reasons for this and the mechanisms behind their evolution are given special attention in the series. Each volume follows the same format, with detailed profiles of every species and higher taxa. The series includes some 660 colour illustrations by Jonathan Kingdon and his many drawings highlight details of morphology and behaviour of the species concerned. Diagrams, schematic details and line drawings of skulls and jaws are by Jonathan Kingdon and Meredith Happold. Every species also includes a detailed distribution map. Extensive references alert readers to more detailed information. Volume II: Primates."--Bloomsbury Publishing...

Evolution of Cenozoic Land Mammal Faunas and Ecosystems

Download Evolution of Cenozoic Land Mammal Faunas and Ecosystems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031174917
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (311 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Evolution of Cenozoic Land Mammal Faunas and Ecosystems by : Isaac Casanovas-Vilar

Download or read book Evolution of Cenozoic Land Mammal Faunas and Ecosystems written by Isaac Casanovas-Vilar and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-09-09 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents an array of different case studies which take as primary material data sourced from the NOW (‘New and Old Worlds’) database of fossil mammals. The NOW database was one of the very first large paleobiological databases, and since 1996 it has been expanded from including mainly Neogene European land mammals to cover the entire Cenozoic at a global scale. In the last two decades the number of works that are based in the use of huge databases to explore ecological and evolutionary questions has increased exponentially, and even though the importance of big data in paleobiological research has been outlined in selected chapters of general works, no volume has appeared before this one which solely focuses on the databases as a primary source in reconstructing the past. The purpose of this book is to provide an illustrative volume showing the importance of big data in paleobiological research, and presenting a broad array of unpublished examples and case studies. The book is mainly aimed to professional palaeobiologists working with Cenozoic land mammals, but the scope of the book is broad enough to fit the interest for evolutionary biologists, paleoclimatologists and paleoecologists. The volume is divided in four parts. The first part includes two chapters on the development of large paleobiological databases, providing a first-hand account on the logic and the functioning of these databases. This is a much-needed perspective which is ignored by most researchers and users of such databases and, even if centered in the NOW database, the lessons that can be learned from this part can be extended to other examples. After this introductory part, the body of the book follows and is divided into three parts: patterns in regional faunas; large scale patterns and processes; and ecological, biogeographical and evolutionary patterns of key taxa. Each chapter is written by well-known specialists in the field, with some participation of members of the NOW advisory board. The array of selected mammal taxa ranges from carnivores, equids, ruminants and rodents to the genus Homo. The topics studied also include the diversification and radiation of major clades, large-scale paleobiogeographical patterns, the evolution of ecomorphological patterns and paleobiological problems such as evolution of body size or species longevity. In most cases the results are discussed in relation to protracted environmental or paleogeographic changes.

The Cenozoic Era

Download The Cenozoic Era PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Britannica Educational Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1615301941
Total Pages : 243 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (153 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Cenozoic Era by : Britannica Educational Publishing

Download or read book The Cenozoic Era written by Britannica Educational Publishing and published by Britannica Educational Publishing. This book was released on 2010-04-01 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Its constant evolution over the millennia since its inception has made the Earth a dynamic entity, subject to numerous climactic and environmental forces that are forever changing this planet. In its most recent stage, the planet has seen an incredible diversification in plant and animal life, with the most prominent development of the Cenozoic era being the emergence of mammals. This book examines our most immediate ancestors and the geologic, geographic, and environmental factors that helped make their primacy inevitable.

Mammals of Africa: Introductory chapters and Afrotheria

Download Mammals of Africa: Introductory chapters and Afrotheria PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : A&C Black
ISBN 13 : 9781408122518
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (225 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mammals of Africa: Introductory chapters and Afrotheria by : Jonathan Kingdon

Download or read book Mammals of Africa: Introductory chapters and Afrotheria written by Jonathan Kingdon and published by A&C Black. This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mammals of Africa (MoA) is a series of six volumes which describes, in detail, every currently recognized species of African land mammal. This is the first time that such extensive coverage has ever been attempted, and the volumes incorporate the very latest information and detailed discussion of the morphology, distribution, biology and evolution (including reference to fossil and molecular data) of Africa's mammals. With more than 1,160 species and 16-18 orders, Africa has the greatest diversity and abundance of mammals in the world. The reasons for this and the mechanisms behind their evolution are given special attention in the series.Each volume follows the same format, with detailed profiles of every species and higher taxa. The series includes hundreds of colour illustrations and pencil drawings by Jonathan Kingdon highlighting the morphology and behaviour of the species concerned, as well as line drawings of skulls and jaws by Jonathan Kingdon and Meredith Happold. Every species also includes a detailed distribution map.Edited by Jonathan Kingdon, David Happold, Tom Butynski, Mike Hoffmann, Meredith Happold and Jan Kalina, and written by more than 350 authors, all experts in their fields, Mammals of Africa is as comprehensive a compendium of current knowledge as is possible. Extensive references alert readers to more detailed information.This first volume in the series comprises eight introductory chapters covering topics such as evolution, geography and geology, biotic zones, classification, behaviour and morphology. The rest of the book is devoted to the Afrotheria, a grouping that comprises six orders and 49 species; these are the hyraxes, elephants, manatees, otter-shrews, golden-moles, sengis (elephant-shrews) and Aardvark.

Only in Africa

Download Only in Africa PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108963188
Total Pages : 379 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (89 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Only in Africa by : Norman Owen-Smith

Download or read book Only in Africa written by Norman Owen-Smith and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-10-07 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: That humans originated from Africa is well-known. However, this is widely regarded as a chance outcome, dependant simply on where our common ancestor shared the land with where the great apes lived. This volume builds on from the 'Out of Africa' theory, and takes the view that it is only in Africa that the evolutionary transitions from a forest-inhabiting frugivore to savanna-dwelling meat-eater could have occurred. This book argues that the ecological circumstances that shaped these transitions are exclusive to Africa. It describes distinctive features of the ecology of Africa, with emphasis on savanna grasslands, and relates them to the evolutionary transitions linking early ape-men to modern humans. It shows how physical features of the continent, especially those derived from plate tectonics, set the foundations. This volume adequately conveys that we are here because of the distinctive features of the ecology of Africa.

Early Cenozoic Mammalian Faunas, Fauym Province, Egypt

Download Early Cenozoic Mammalian Faunas, Fauym Province, Egypt PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780265882498
Total Pages : 116 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (824 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Early Cenozoic Mammalian Faunas, Fauym Province, Egypt by : Elwyn L. Simons

Download or read book Early Cenozoic Mammalian Faunas, Fauym Province, Egypt written by Elwyn L. Simons and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-10-28 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Early Cenozoic Mammalian Faunas, Fauym Province, Egypt: Part I, African Oligocene Mammals; Introduction, History of Study and Faunal Succession; Part II, the African Oligocene Rodentia The vertebrate microfaunas described in this paper have been recovered as a result of six seasons of paleontological exploration in the upper Eocene and Oligocene badlands exposures of the Fayum Province, a project initiated and directed by E. L. Simons. The seasonal expeditions took place annually from the winter of 1961 - 62 up to the present This field research has been Supported to date by grants G-18102, P433, and gp-3547 in Geology, National Science Foundation; by Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program grants 5 and 23 by Higgins and Sheffield scientific funds from Yale University; the John T. Doneghy Fund, Peabody Museum, Yale University; the Boise Fund of Oxford University; and the Wenner - Gren Foundation of New York. This Bulletin has been published with the aid of a National Science Foundation Publication Grant, No. Gn-528. Our expeditions have been greatly facilitated by personnel and equipment provided by the Ministry of Industry, (department of Geological and Mineralogical Research, and through the Geological Museum, Cairo), and by the Department of Geology, Cairo University. Other field equip ment and assistance has also been provided on occasion by the Pan American u.a.r. Oil Company, Cairo, u.a.r. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.