Carbonic Anhydrases And Metabolism

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Carbonic Anhydrases and Metabolism

Author : Claudiu T. Supuran
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3038978000
Total Pages : 184 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (389 download)

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Book Synopsis Carbonic Anhydrases and Metabolism by : Claudiu T. Supuran

Download or read book Carbonic Anhydrases and Metabolism written by Claudiu T. Supuran and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-04-08 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbonic anhydrases (CAs; EC 4.2.1.1) are metalloenzymes present in all kingdoms of life, as they equilibrate the reaction between three simple but essential chemical species: CO2, bicarbonate, and protons. Discovered more than 80 years ago, in 1933, these enzymes have been extensively investigated due to the biomedical application of their inhibitors, but also because they are an extraordinary example of convergent evolution, with seven genetically distinct CA families that evolved independently in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. CAs are also among the most efficient enzymes known in nature, due to the fact that the uncatalyzed hydration of CO2 is a very slow process and the physiological demands for its conversion to ionic, soluble species is very high. Inhibition of the CAs has pharmacological applications in many fields, such as antiglaucoma, anticonvulsant, antiobesity, and anticancer agents/diagnostic tools, but is also emerging for designing anti-infectives, i.e., antifungal, antibacterial, and antiprotozoan agents with a novel mechanism of action. Mitochondrial CAs are implicated in de novo lipogenesis, and thus selective inhibitors of such enzymes may be useful for the development of new antiobesity drugs. As tumor metabolism is diverse compared to that of normal cells, ultimately, relevant contributions on the role of the tumor-associated isoforms CA IX and XII in these phenomena have been published and the two isoforms have been validated as novel antitumor/antimetastatic drug targets, with antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors in various stages of clinical development. CAs also play a crucial role in other metabolic processes connected with urea biosynthesis, gluconeogenesis, and so on, since many carboxylation reactions catalyzed by acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase or pyruvate carboxylase use bicarbonate, not CO2, as a substrate. In organisms other than mammals, e.g., plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, CAs are involved in photosynthesis, whereas in many parasites (fungi, protozoa), they are involved in the de novo synthesis of important metabolites (lipids, nucleic acids, etc.). The metabolic effects related to interference with CA activity, however, have been scarcely investigated. The present Special Issue of Metabolites aims to fill this gap by presenting the latest developments in the field of CAs and their role in metabolism.

Carbonic Anhydrases and Metabolism

Author : Claudiu T. Supuran
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783038978015
Total Pages : 184 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis Carbonic Anhydrases and Metabolism by : Claudiu T. Supuran

Download or read book Carbonic Anhydrases and Metabolism written by Claudiu T. Supuran and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbonic anhydrases (CAs; EC 4.2.1.1) are metalloenzymes present in all kingdoms of life, as they equilibrate the reaction between three simple but essential chemical species: CO2, bicarbonate, and protons. Discovered more than 80 years ago, in 1933, these enzymes have been extensively investigated due to the biomedical application of their inhibitors, but also because they are an extraordinary example of convergent evolution, with seven genetically distinct CA families that evolved independently in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. CAs are also among the most efficient enzymes known in nature, due to the fact that the uncatalyzed hydration of CO2 is a very slow process and the physiological demands for its conversion to ionic, soluble species is very high. Inhibition of the CAs has pharmacological applications in many fields, such as antiglaucoma, anticonvulsant, antiobesity, and anticancer agents/diagnostic tools, but is also emerging for designing anti-infectives, i.e., antifungal, antibacterial, and antiprotozoan agents with a novel mechanism of action. Mitochondrial CAs are implicated in de novo lipogenesis, and thus selective inhibitors of such enzymes may be useful for the development of new antiobesity drugs. As tumor metabolism is diverse compared to that of normal cells, ultimately, relevant contributions on the role of the tumor-associated isoforms CA IX and XII in these phenomena have been published and the two isoforms have been validated as novel antitumor/antimetastatic drug targets, with antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors in various stages of clinical development. CAs also play a crucial role in other metabolic processes connected with urea biosynthesis, gluconeogenesis, and so on, since many carboxylation reactions catalyzed by acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase or pyruvate carboxylase use bicarbonate, not CO2, as a substrate. In organisms other than mammals, e.g., plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, CAs are involved in photosynthesis, whereas in many parasites (fungi, protozoa), they are involved in the de novo synthesis of important metabolites (lipids, nucleic acids, etc.). The metabolic effects related to interference with CA activity, however, have been scarcely investigated. The present Special Issue of Metabolites aims to fill this gap by presenting the latest developments in the field of CAs and their role in metabolism.

The Carbonic Anhydrases

Author : W.R. Chegwidden
Publisher : Birkhäuser
ISBN 13 : 303488446X
Total Pages : 614 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (348 download)

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Book Synopsis The Carbonic Anhydrases by : W.R. Chegwidden

Download or read book The Carbonic Anhydrases written by W.R. Chegwidden and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 614 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a seemingly ubiquitous enzyme of profound physiological importance, which plays essential roles in respiration, acid-base homeostasis, bone resorption, calcification, photosynthesis, several biosynthetic pathways and a variety of processes involving ion, gas and fluid transfer. This enzyme, which is present in at least three gene families (a, ß, ?), has found favour as a model for the study of evolution of gene families and for site-directed mutagenesis in structure/function relationships, for protein folding and for transgenic and gene target studies. Since the early use of CA inhibitors as diuretics and in treating congestive heart failure, the enzyme has been target of considerable clinical attention. Much of this is now focused on endeavours to produce a new generation of such drugs for the effective treatment of glaucoma and other potential applications. Recent data, suggesting links between CA and various disease processes, including cancer, have stimulated further...

The Carbonic Anhydrases

Author : N.D. Carter
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1489907505
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (899 download)

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Book Synopsis The Carbonic Anhydrases by : N.D. Carter

Download or read book The Carbonic Anhydrases written by N.D. Carter and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As we approach the twenty-first century the problems of industrialization are evident: we find there is a greenhouse effect, the ozone layer is being depleted, the rain is acidified, and there is a terrible problem of increasing C0 concentrations in the atmo 2 sphere. The carbonic anhydrases are a unique family of enzymes that solve these problems in the human body: they are responsible for converting C0 (a gas) to 2 HC0-, which is the biggest intracellular buffer, with a concomitant decrease in a 3 hydroxyl ion. Globally, the functions of the carbonic anhydrases in photosynthesis in rain forests and in the algae and plankton that cover our oceans indicate that they are also of utmost importance in the maintenance of the acid-base balance on our planet. Although the whole field of C0 metabolism is enormous and still rapidly 2 expanding, because of the research interests of the editors this book is mainly concerned with mammalian carbonic anhydrases. However, if the interested reader intends to purify carbonic anhydrases from nonmammalian sources, Dr. Cheg widden has provided the necessary information in Chapter 7. The carbonic anhydrases were first discovered in 1933; until1976 there were thought to be only two isozymes. Since then CA ill, IY, V, VI, and Vll have been discovered and well characterized. There is, of course, no reason to believe that we have found them all.

Carbonic Anhydrase: Mechanism, Regulation, Links to Disease, and Industrial Applications

Author : Susan C. Frost
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400773595
Total Pages : 429 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Carbonic Anhydrase: Mechanism, Regulation, Links to Disease, and Industrial Applications by : Susan C. Frost

Download or read book Carbonic Anhydrase: Mechanism, Regulation, Links to Disease, and Industrial Applications written by Susan C. Frost and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of carbonic anhydrase has spanned multiple generations of scientists. Carbonic anhydrase was first discovered in 1932 by Meldrum and Roughton. Inhibition by sulfanilamide was shown in 1940 by Mann and Keilin. Even Hans Krebs contributed to early studies with a paper in 1948 showing the relationship of 25 different sulfonamides to CA inhibition. It was he who pointed out the importance of both the charged and uncharged character of these compounds for physiological experiments. The field of study that focuses on carbonic anhydrase (CA) has exploded in recent years with the identification of new families and isoforms. The CAs are metalloenzymes which are comprised of 5 structurally different families: the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta, and epsilon classes. The alpha class is found primarily in animals with several isoforms associated with human disease. The beta CAs are expressed primarily in plants and are the most divergent. The gamma CAs are the most ancient. These are structurally related to the beta CAs, but have a mechanism more similar to the alpha CAs. The delta CAs are found in marine algae and diflagellates. The epsilon class is found in prokaryotes in which it is part of the carboxysome shell perhaps supplying RuBisCO with CO2 for carbon fixation. With the excitement surrounding the discovery of disease-related CAs, scientists have redoubled their efforts to better understand structure-function relationships, to design high affinity, isotype-specific inhibitors, and to delineate signaling systems that play regulatory roles over expression and activity. We have designed the book to cover basic information of mechanism, structure, and function of the CA families. The authors included in this book bring to light the newest data with regard to the role of CA in physiology and pathology, across phylums, and in unique environmental niches.

Carbonic Anhydrase

Author : Claudiu T. Supuran
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1134400152
Total Pages : 588 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (344 download)

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Book Synopsis Carbonic Anhydrase by : Claudiu T. Supuran

Download or read book Carbonic Anhydrase written by Claudiu T. Supuran and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2004-05-27 with total page 588 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbonic Anhydrase: Its Inhibitors and Activators provides a state-of-the-art overview of the latest developments and challenges in carbonic anhydrase research. Authors describe the mechanisms of action of specific inhibitors in relation to physiological function, and present previously unpublished research on CA activators. Written by a team of in

Cyanobacteria Biotechnology

Author : Paul Hudson
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 352782491X
Total Pages : 560 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (278 download)

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Book Synopsis Cyanobacteria Biotechnology by : Paul Hudson

Download or read book Cyanobacteria Biotechnology written by Paul Hudson and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-04-20 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unites a biological and a biotechnological perspective on cyanobacteria, and includes the industrial aspects and applications of cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria Biotechnology offers a guide to the interesting and useful features of cyanobacteria metabolism that keeps true to a biotechnology vision. In one volume the book brings together both biology and biotechnology to illuminate the core acpects and principles of cyanobacteria metabolism. Designed to offer a practical approach to the metabolic engineering of cyanobacteria, the book contains relevant examples of how this metabolic "module" is currently being engineered and how it could be engineered in the future. The author includes information on the requirements and real-world experiences of the industrial applications of cyanobacteria. This important book: Brings together biology and biotechnology in order to gain insight into the industrial relevant topic of cyanobacteria Introduces the key aspects of the metabolism of cyanobacteria Presents a grounded, practical approach to the metabolic engineering of cyanobacteria Offers an analysis of the requirements and experiences for industrial cyanobacteria Provides a framework for readers to design their own processes Written for biotechnologists, microbiologists, biologists, biochemists, Cyanobacteria Biotechnology provides a systematic and clear volume that brings together the biological and biotechnological perspective on cyanobacteria.

Carbonic Anhydrases as Biocatalysts

Author : Claudiu T. Supuran
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0444632638
Total Pages : 398 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (446 download)

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Book Synopsis Carbonic Anhydrases as Biocatalysts by : Claudiu T. Supuran

Download or read book Carbonic Anhydrases as Biocatalysts written by Claudiu T. Supuran and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2015-01-14 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are ubiquitous metalloenzymes, present throughout most living organisms and encoded by five evolutionarily unrelated gene families. The Carbonic Anhydrases as Biocatalysts: From Theory to Medical and Industrial Applications presents information on the growing interest in the study of this enzyme family and their applications to both medicine and biotechnology. Offers comprehensive coverage of the carbonic anhydrases enzyme family and their properties as biocatalysts Includes current applications of carbonic anhydrases in biotechnology on the basis of their catalytic efficiency, including new technologies for CO2 capture processes Identifies new targets for drug design studies Provides a selectivity profile for the different carbonic anhydrases and their related biomedical applications

Photosynthesis in Algae

Author : Anthony W. D. Larkum
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400710380
Total Pages : 480 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Photosynthesis in Algae by : Anthony W. D. Larkum

Download or read book Photosynthesis in Algae written by Anthony W. D. Larkum and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces the reader to algal diversity as currently understood and then traces the photosynthetic structures and mechanisms that contribute so much to making the algae unique. Indeed the field is now so large that no one expert can hope to cover it all. The 19 articles are each written by experts in their area; ranging over all the essential aspects and making for a comprehensive coverage of the whole field. Important developments in molecular biology, especially transformation mutants in Chlamydomonas, are dealt with, as well as areas important to global climate change, carbon dioxide exchange, light harvesting, energy transduction, biotechnology and many others. The book is intended for use by graduate students and beginning researchers in the areas of molecular and cell biology, integrative biology, plant biology, biochemistry and biophysics, biotechnology, global ecology, and phycology.

Drug Design of Zinc-Enzyme Inhibitors

Author : Claudiu T. Supuran
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9780470508152
Total Pages : 1040 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis Drug Design of Zinc-Enzyme Inhibitors by : Claudiu T. Supuran

Download or read book Drug Design of Zinc-Enzyme Inhibitors written by Claudiu T. Supuran and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-10-22 with total page 1040 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brings together functional and structural informationrelevant to the design of drugs targeting zinc enzymes The second most abundant transition element in living organisms, zinc spans all areas of metabolism, with zinc-containing proteins offering both established and potential drug targets. Drug Design of Zinc-Enzyme Inhibitors brings together functional and structural information relevant to these zinc-containing targets. With up-to-date overviews of the latest developments field, this unique and comprehensive text enables readers to understand zinc enzymes and evaluate them in a drug design context. With contributions from the leaders of today's research, Drug Design of Zinc-Enzyme Inhibitors covers such key topics as: Major drug targets like carbonic anhydrases, matrix metalloproteinases, bacterial proteases, angiotensin-converting enzyme, histone deacetylase, and APOBEC3G Roles of recently discovered zinc-containing isozymes in cancer, obesity, epilepsy, pain management, malaria, and other conditions Cross reactivity of zinc-enzyme inhibitors and activators The extensive use of X-ray crystallography and QSAR studies for understanding zinc-containing proteins Clinical applications An essential resource for the discovery and development of new drug molecules, Drug Design of Zinc-Enzyme Inhibitors gives researchers, professionals, students, and academics the foundation to understand and work with zinc enzyme inhibitors and activators.

Hepatotoxicity

Author : Hyman J. Zimmerman
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 9780781719520
Total Pages : 848 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Hepatotoxicity by : Hyman J. Zimmerman

Download or read book Hepatotoxicity written by Hyman J. Zimmerman and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 1999 with total page 848 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by the foremost authority in the field, this volume is a comprehensive review of the multifaceted phenomenon of hepatotoxicity. Dr. Zimmerman examines the interface between chemicals and the liver; the latest research in experimental hepatotoxicology; the hepatotoxic risks of household, industrial, and environmental chemicals; and the adverse effects of drugs on the liver. This thoroughly revised, updated Second Edition features a greatly expanded section on the wide variety of drugs that can cause liver injury. For quick reference, an appendix lists these medications and their associated hepatic injuries. Also included are in-depth discussions of drug metabolism and factors affecting susceptibility to liver injury.

Research Methods of Environmental Physiology in Aquatic Sciences

Author : Kunshan Gao
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811553548
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

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Book Synopsis Research Methods of Environmental Physiology in Aquatic Sciences by : Kunshan Gao

Download or read book Research Methods of Environmental Physiology in Aquatic Sciences written by Kunshan Gao and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-12-21 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents methods for investigating the effects of aquatic environmental changes on organisms and the mechanisms involved. It focuses mainly on photosynthetic organisms, but also provides methods for virus, zooplankton and other animal studies. Also including a comprehensive overview of the current methods in the fields of aquatic physiology, ecology, biochemistry and molecular approaches, including the advantages and disadvantages of each method, the book is a valuable guide for young researchers in marine or aquatic sciences studying the physiological processes associated with chemical and physical environmental changes.

Plant Mitochondria

Author : Axel Brennicke
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 456 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Plant Mitochondria by : Axel Brennicke

Download or read book Plant Mitochondria written by Axel Brennicke and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Carbonic Anhydrase as Drug Target

Author : Daumantas Matulis
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 303012780X
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Carbonic Anhydrase as Drug Target by : Daumantas Matulis

Download or read book Carbonic Anhydrase as Drug Target written by Daumantas Matulis and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-05-21 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers deep insights into the thermodynamics and molecular structures of the twelve catalytically active isoforms of human carbonic anhydrase (CA) with a particular focus on inhibitor binding for drug design. X-ray crystallographic structures in combination with enzyme kinetic testing provide information on the interaction of CAs and their inhibitors, knowledge which is crucial for rational drug design. CAs are zinc carrying enzymes that catalyse the reversible interconversion of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate and are involved in numerous cellular processes. They are therefore a common target for drugs. The suppression of CA activities through inhibitory compounds has found application for example in diuretics and in glaucoma therapy. In this book methods used to determine binding thermodynamics of inhibitory compounds (Isothermal titration calorimetry, Fluorescent thermal shift assay/differential scanning fluorimetry and others) will be compared in detail. Also types and chemical synthesis of CA inhibitors, the use of antibodies against CAs as well as inhibitor application in animals are discussed.

PH and Brain Function

Author : Kai Kaila
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9780471118381
Total Pages : 694 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (183 download)

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Book Synopsis PH and Brain Function by : Kai Kaila

Download or read book PH and Brain Function written by Kai Kaila and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1998-09-15 with total page 694 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "PH and Brain Function offers thorough coverage of this increasingly important area of research, beginning with the fundamental concepts, which include methodological and theoretical issues such as the measurement of pH and the concept of pH in neurobiology. It explores aspects of regulation and modulation of intracellular pH in brain cells, surveys the changes in pH that occur with neural activity and how these changes affect neural activity, and discusses the role of pH in the pathophysiology of neurological diseases." "pH and Brain Function is an important resource for researchers in all areas of neuroscience as well as cell biology and physiology." --Book Jacket.

The Carbonic Anhydrases: Current and Emerging Therapeutic Targets

Author : W. Richard Chegwidden
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783030795122
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (951 download)

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Book Synopsis The Carbonic Anhydrases: Current and Emerging Therapeutic Targets by : W. Richard Chegwidden

Download or read book The Carbonic Anhydrases: Current and Emerging Therapeutic Targets written by W. Richard Chegwidden and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume assembles and integrates the wealth of diverse information that is now accumulating in this burgeoning field. The existing and potential therapeutic applications of targeting CA cover a remarkably wide-range of diseases and disorders and have generated increasing and extensive interest in recent years. Its inter-disciplinary approach embraces both the most up-to-date therapeutic application of CA-targeting and the latest research data that will provide a platform for the development of novel applications. The interested audience comprises scientists and clinicians from many relevant disciplines within science and medicine.

Archaea

Author : Haitham Sghaier
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 9535135694
Total Pages : 112 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis Archaea by : Haitham Sghaier

Download or read book Archaea written by Haitham Sghaier and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2017-10-11 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Besides the Introductory Chapter that gives a brief overview of archaeal applications, the present book contains four chapters. The first chapter, by Castro-Fernandez et al., provides an interesting depiction of the phylum Euryarchaeota and its biotechnological applications. The second chapter, by Ben Hania and coauthors, focuses on the promotion of the idea that some specific Archaea are potential next-generation probiotics. The third chapter, by Torregrosa-Crespo et al., emphasizes the main characteristics of biocompounds from haloarchaea and their potential uses in biomedicine, pharmacy, and industry. The concluding chapter, by Mizuno et al., proposes a plasmid curing approach for improving the potential of thermophiles in various biotechnological applications and opens new perspectives on industrial valorization.