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Carbon Stocks And Accumulation Rates In Salt Marshes Of The Pacific Coast Of Canada
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Book Synopsis Carbon Stocks and Accumulation Rates in Salt Marshes of the Pacific Coast of Canada by : Stephen Chastain
Download or read book Carbon Stocks and Accumulation Rates in Salt Marshes of the Pacific Coast of Canada written by Stephen Chastain and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We estimated carbon stocks and carbon accumulation rates using 34 sediment cores collected from seven salt marshes within the Clayoquot Sound UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and Pacific Rim National Park Reserve of Canada (49.2° N, 125.80° W). Carbon stocks averaged 80.6 ± 43.8 Mg C ha-1 between the seven salt marshes, and carbon accumulation rates averaged 146 ± 102 g C m-2 yr -1. These rates are comparable to those found in salt marshes further south along the Pacific coast of North America (32.5-38.2° N) and at similar latitudes in Eastern Canada and Northern Europe (43.6-55.5° N). The seven Clayoquot Sound salt marshes currently accumulate carbon at a rate of 54.28 Mg C yr-1 over an area of 46.94 ha, 87 % of which occurs in the high marsh zone. On a per-hectare basis, Clayoquot Sound salt marsh soils accumulate carbon at least one order of magnitude more quickly than the average of global boreal forest soils. This carbon accumulation capacity provides a climate mitigation co-benefit when conserving for other salt marsh ecosystem services.
Book Synopsis Quantifying Blue Carbon for the Largest Salt Marsh in Southern British Columbia by : Maija Gailis
Download or read book Quantifying Blue Carbon for the Largest Salt Marsh in Southern British Columbia written by Maija Gailis and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Salt marshes are highly valuable ecosystems that have recently been recognized for the climate change mitigation potential of their soil carbon sequestration. This 'blue carbon' is sequestered annually and can be stored for more than a century, but their storage potential has not been well studied on the Pacific coast of North America. This study collected sediment cores from high and low marsh zones in the western portion of Boundary Bay, Delta, British Columbia (BC), to assess carbon storage and carbon accumulation rates (CARs). Carbon stocks in the high marsh were significantly higher compared to low marsh, averaging 84.2 ± 30.9 Mg C/ha and 39.3 ± 24.2 Mg C/ha, respectively. CARs ranged from 19.5 to 454 g C/m2yr, with an average of 137 ± 162 g C/m2yr and a median of 70.1 g C/m2yr. Our CARs indicate that the marsh exhibits substantial variability. Both carbon stocks and accumulation rates were at least 45% lower than global estimates but were similar to other studies on the Pacific coast of North America. By controlling for marsh environment and dating method, we provide a new 210Pb estimate of CAR of 88 ± 20 g C/m2yr for the Pacific coast of North America. Our low carbon stock and accumulation rates in comparison to global estimates are likely due to the shallow depth of the marsh and the dominant type of vegetation. Despite historical modifications and disturbances to the marsh, our study suggests that the western portion of Boundary Bay marsh has been growing in areal extent since at least 1930. Current legislation in the province of BC does not adequately protect salt marshes. This study provides the first quantification of carbon stocks and CARs, which is an important step towards leveraging the co-benefit of salt marshes for improved management, restoration, and preservation for these ecologically and culturally important ecosystems. This study outlines subsequent steps and research needed for Boundary Bay marsh, or other salt marshes in BC, to be included in a voluntary carbon market in British Columbia.
Book Synopsis Blue Carbon Storage and Accumulation of a Back-barrier Salt Marsh in the Gulf Islands National Park Reserve, Sidney Island, British Columbia by : Rebecca Dodge
Download or read book Blue Carbon Storage and Accumulation of a Back-barrier Salt Marsh in the Gulf Islands National Park Reserve, Sidney Island, British Columbia written by Rebecca Dodge and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Salt marshes are coastal vegetated ecosystems that store and accumulate "blue carbon" and may be important for climate change mitigation strategies. However, data limitations have prevented the robust evaluation of the global rates and mechanisms driving organic carbon (C) storage and accumulation. Salt marshes on Canada's Pacific Coast are vastly understudied and underrepresented in global carbon estimates. Furthermore, there is a lack of geomorphic representation in regional and national blue C accounting, which may lead to under or overestimation of C values. This study aimed to examine the blue carbon capacity of a back-barrier salt marsh in the Gulf Islands National Park Reserve on Sidney Island, British Columbia. Sediment cores were examined alongside vegetation, depth profiles, and porewater salinity to evaluate soil characteristics and C content. Organic C was calculated using loss-on-ignition methods and elemental analysis. The results indicate that this back-barrier salt marsh stores substantially less C than regional, national, and global averages but accumulates carbon at a rate comparable to regional averages but still lower than global ones. It is hypothesized that the overall lower C concentration is attributable to the marsh's unique geomorphic context, vegetation influence, and soil properties. This finding shows that greater representation and information about environmental metrics are necessary for blue carbon work to accurately account for blue carbon in a climate change mitigation context.
Book Synopsis An Evidence-based Approach to Understanding Blue Carbon Dynamics and Distribution on the Pacific Coast of Canada by : Hasini Basnayake
Download or read book An Evidence-based Approach to Understanding Blue Carbon Dynamics and Distribution on the Pacific Coast of Canada written by Hasini Basnayake and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Salt marshes are considered effective "blue carbon" sinks and potential NCSs. However, using blue carbon ecosystems in climate change mitigation requires reliable quantification of area and carbon dynamics. Here I examine sediment cores, vegetation, depth profiles, and porewater salinities to characterize carbon dynamics in the 222-ha Boundary Bay marsh, the largest salt marsh in British Columbia. The marsh exhibits substantial variability in carbon processes depending on marsh location, with marsh expansion and increased carbon storage in western Boundary Bay and marsh loss and erosion in the east. I also map and compare detailed areal estimates for three tidal salt marshes in southern British Columbia with regional and global datasets to test their reliability in estimating marsh extent for blue carbon calculations. My results indicate that existing salt marsh distribution datasets largely overestimate marsh distribution, leading to overestimations in blue carbon storage and accumulation.
Book Synopsis Blue Carbon: Beyond the Inventory by : William Edward Newns Austin
Download or read book Blue Carbon: Beyond the Inventory written by William Edward Newns Austin and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-02-20 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Research Topic will coincide with an international Blue Carbon Conference at the Royal Society of Edinburgh in November 2021, during the UNFCCC COP26 climate negotiations; we seek to showcase Blue Carbon as a Nature-based Solution for Climate Change, People and Biodiversity. The conference theme identifies the growing climate mitigation opportunities presented by Blue Carbon, yet also seeks to highlight the emergent research that points to the wider climate mitigation services of carbon in the marine environment - what we are calling "beyond the inventory". We welcome contributions that address the science and policy dimensions of Blue Carbon, particularly where these highlight opportunities and mechanisms for the protection, restoration and creation of Blue Carbon habitats. We also welcome case-study examples that highlight successful partnerships in a wide range of international settings and would particularly encourage contributions that show-case legal, policy or investment opportunities.
Book Synopsis Quantifying Soil Carbon Storage and Losses in Natural and Agriculturally Converted Salt Marsh by : Lee Van Ardenne
Download or read book Quantifying Soil Carbon Storage and Losses in Natural and Agriculturally Converted Salt Marsh written by Lee Van Ardenne and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Coastal vegetated ecosystems, such as salt marshes, actively sequester large amounts of carbon from the atmosphere and can store this carbon in their soils for millennia. These ecosystems have been badly degraded from anthropogenic activity over time, with evidence suggesting that their stores of carbon can be released to the atmosphere as a result. There is a general lack of studies which report on the carbon storage in salt marshes over the full depth of the soil deposit, and it is not well established just how much carbon is stored in these systems. Correspondingly, 1 m is often used as a default in estimates. Thus it is largely unknown what geomorphic or environmental parameters drive differences in carbon storage between marshes. How much carbon is lost when drained for agriculture or other land use change has a similar paucity in studies, and those which do exist are geographically biased to warm temperate climates. This thesis reports on two projects which seek to address these gaps in research.The chapter two study sought to estimate the total carbon stock of four salt marshes along the coasts of New Brunswick, Canada, and Maine, USA using GIS interpolation and identify any spatial trends or relations to general climate and geomorphic conditions. The spatial distribution of soil in the marshes was similar to developmental models of developed for similar marsh types in literature, with soil depth the greatest in the center of the marsh and declining towards the upland and seaward margins. The average carbon storage and carbon densities of the marshes were lower than current global averages. Average carbon density with depth was very stable except a single notable decrease which occurred at a breakpoint at 50 cm depth - likely due to carbon losses from the rapid decay of labile carbon in the rooting zone. Thus a very strong linear relationship between soil depth and carbon storage was found, which would allow for estimations of carbon storage using just soil depth in marshes of similar characteristics. This also indicates that assuming a soil depth (such as 1 m) is not an acceptable method when estimating carbon stocks. Comparing interpolation results to simple averages of the cores indicated that a single transect of cores could acceptably estimate soil depth (thus carbon storage) in marshes with simple morphology, and that one transect per axis of soil depth variation may work in more complex marsh systems.The chapter three study measured carbon stocks and calculated losses for a series of drained marshes and paired undrained marsh along the Kamouraska region of the St. Lawrence River, Quebec, Canada. The estimated rate of loss averaged 459 g C m-2 yr-1, with overall losses varying between 15% and 39% of the original amount since drainage. The rate is lower than the IPCC default emission factor and most current rates reported in literature, which are from warm temperate climates, and suggests that rates of carbon loss may vary in different climates. Using the average rate of loss for the St. Lawrence region, the total estimated carbon loss in the region since 1987 (further dyking was banned after this date) is 1,673,055 t C." --
Book Synopsis World Atlas of Seagrasses by : Frederick T. Short
Download or read book World Atlas of Seagrasses written by Frederick T. Short and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2003 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seagrasses are a vital and widespread but often overlooked coastal marine habitat. This volume provides a global survey of their distribution and conservation status.
Book Synopsis Carbon Accumulation in Salt Marsh Soils by : Viktoria R. Unger
Download or read book Carbon Accumulation in Salt Marsh Soils written by Viktoria R. Unger and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon accumulation in salt marsh soils is a beneficial ecosystem service that occurs as a result of in-situ macrophyte production, slow decomposition, and deposition of allochthonous sediments. Variation in rates of carbon accumulation within and among salt marshes may be influenced by factors including tidal flooding dynamics and sediment availability (Chmura et al. 2003, Mudd et al. 2009, DeLaune and White 2011). In this study, carbon accumulation and biomass dynamics were compared in two distinct estuary types with large differences in sediment availability and tide range. Nine soil cores approximately 60 cm long were collected in Spartina alterniflora-dominated marshes in a coastal plain estuary, Delaware Bay, and a coastal lagoon, Barnegat Bay. Accretion and mass-based accumulation of inorganic matter (sediment), and organic carbon were determined using 137Cs dating. Sediment accumulation rates were seven times greater whereas accretion, organic matter and organic carbon accumulation was two times greater in Delaware Bay than in Barnegat Bay. Accretion and accumulation processes were significantly different between the two estuaries. Inorganic sediment and organic matter in both estuaries contributed to vertical accretion and carbon accumulation. Our data suggest that the high sediment accumulation rates in Delaware Bay increase carbon accumulation rates to some degree, but that the degree to which it enhances carbon accumulation is influenced by some other factor(s). Coarse and fine root morphology in the soil cores was determined and related to sediment, organic matter and organic carbon content at analogous depth sections, as well as accretion and accumulation rates since 1963. Aboveground live and dead biomass was also measured at each core location. In Delaware Bay, the live:dead ratio of aboveground biomass was greater than that of Barnegat Bay. Live aboveground biomass was significantly greater in Delaware Bay, while dead aboveground biomass was slightly greater in Barnegat Bay. In Barnegat Bay there was little to no aboveground biomass at Island Beach and Reedy Creek, and little belowground biomass at Reedy Creek. Aboveground biomass dynamics such as stem density, stem height, and root:shoot ratios did not correlate with carbon accumulation processes at any sites. There were no significant differences in coarse, fine or total root material between the estuaries, however total belowground biomass contributed significantly to the soil carbon inventory in Barnegat Bay but not in Delaware Bay. Comparison of the biomass dynamics with soil characteristics and accretion and accumulation rates further emphasizes that factors other than sediment accumulation may be responsible for some of the differences in carbon accumulation within and among marshes in the two estuaries. The data suggest that belowground biomass may provide structural support to the soil column that is crucial for maintaining accretion and carbon accumulation processes, and more research should be conducted on the role of belowground biomass with respect to carbon accumulation.
Book Synopsis The Management of Natural Coastal Carbon Sinks by : Dan Laffoley
Download or read book The Management of Natural Coastal Carbon Sinks written by Dan Laffoley and published by IUCN. This book was released on 2009 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Climate Resilient Innovative Livelihoods in Indian Sundarban Delta by : Abhijit Mitra
Download or read book Climate Resilient Innovative Livelihoods in Indian Sundarban Delta written by Abhijit Mitra and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-09-26 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers several innovative alternative livelihoods based on mangrove floral resources with their respective SWOT analysis. True mangrove flora and their associates in Indian Sundarbans are noted for their wide spectrum of ecosystem services in which livelihoods of the region are one of the most important components. Many alternative mangrove-centric livelihoods are in the pipeline of startup. However, due to difficulty in marketing and lack of clarity over ownership of natural resources, the values of the mangrove-based products have not been fully realized. Natural resources of several categories in Indian Sundarbans like oysters, seaweeds, medicinal mangrove flora, vitamin-rich mangrove fruits, etc. are still lying untapped. These untapped resources have been spun with the livelihood sectors of the Sundarban people backed up with sound business models to make the venture sustainable. The carbon foot prints associated with each of these livelihoods have been studied in details and steps have been suggested for net zero carbon livelihood programmes along with their sustainability. The book provides the readers about several mangrove-based cutting-edge researches and technologies in the domain of climate resilient livelihood, which if implemented can lead to food and economic security of the region.
Book Synopsis Quantification of Salt Marsh Carbon Stocks by : Ranjani W. Kulawardhana
Download or read book Quantification of Salt Marsh Carbon Stocks written by Ranjani W. Kulawardhana and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent climatic change projections have increased scientific and public attention on the issues relating to carbon cycling patterns, its controls, and the importance of ecosystems in the cycling and sequestration process. Global carbon studies, however, primarily have focused on dry land ecosystems that extend over large areas and have not accounted for the relatively small and scattered, though highly carbon rich, ecosystems such as mangrove swamps and salt marshes. Using data from a Spartina alterniflora dominated salt marsh in Galveston, Texas this study integrates remote sensing data (multispectral and Light Detection and Ranging - lidar) with field measurements for the quantification of carbon pools in salt marsh ecosystems. Findings in this study show the capability of remote sensing data for the characterization of salt marsh terrain and vegetation heights and the estimation of above-ground biomass quantities. The best biomass prediction models using lidar heights reported considerably low errors, i.e. the percent root square errors (% RSEs) are close to 20%, which is the recommended error threshold for remote sensing based forest biomass prediction models. Our findings also demonstrate that lidar as compared to spectral data can provide better estimates of above-ground biomass and carbon, even in the herbaceous and low-relief context of a salt marsh. A clear zonation of terrain, vegetation characteristics and the distribution of biomass quantities within the marsh extent was also observed. Distribution of biomass quantities revealed linkages with the elevation. Variations in soil properties (i.e. carbon and bulk density) in the soil profile were linked to the temporal changes in soil carbon accumulations on the marsh surface, relative sea level history and resulting vegetation transitions as corroborated by historical aerial images. In general, the amounts of soil carbon stored in recently established Spartina alterniflora intertidal marshes were significantly lower than those that have remained in situ for a longer period of time. These findings indicate that, even though salt marshes can respond to relative sea level rise by migrating landward, their status as a carbon sink varies as a function of both space and time. Thus, in order to predict carbon in a wetland, researchers need to know not only the elevation, the relative sea level rise rate, and the accretion rate - but also the history of land cover change and vegetation transition. Findings of this study contribute to carbon quantification efforts in these vulnerable ecosystems. Further, these findings will also contribute to the increased understanding of the capabilities of remote sensing datasets and techniques for the quantification of these important carbon stocks. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/151840
Book Synopsis Coastal Wetlands by : Gerardo M.E. Perillo
Download or read book Coastal Wetlands written by Gerardo M.E. Perillo and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2009-01-18 with total page 975 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coastal wetlands are under a great deal of pressure from the dual forces of rising sea level and the intervention of human populations both along the estuary and in the river catchment. Direct impacts include the destruction or degradation of wetlands from land reclamation and infrastructures. Indirect impacts derive from the discharge of pollutants, changes in river flows and sediment supplies, land clearing, and dam operations. As sea level rises, coastal wetlands in most areas of the world migrate landward to occupy former uplands. The competition of these lands from human development is intensifying, making the landward migration impossible in many cases. This book provides an understanding of the functioning of coastal ecosystems and the ecological services that they provide, and suggestions for their management. In this book a CD is included containing color figures of wetlands and estuaries in different parts of the world. Includes a CD containing color figures of wetlands and estuaries in different parts of the world.
Book Synopsis Biogeochemistry of Wetlands by : K. Ramesh Reddy
Download or read book Biogeochemistry of Wetlands written by K. Ramesh Reddy and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-09-10 with total page 926 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The globally important nature of wetland ecosystems has led to their increased protection and restoration as well as their use in engineered systems. Underpinning the beneficial functions of wetlands are a unique suite of physical, chemical, and biological processes that regulate elemental cycling in soils and the water column. This book provides an in-depth coverage of these wetland biogeochemical processes related to the cycling of macroelements including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, secondary and trace elements, and toxic organic compounds. In this synthesis, the authors combine more than 100 years of experience studying wetlands and biogeochemistry to look inside the black box of elemental transformations in wetland ecosystems. This new edition is updated throughout to include more topics and provide an integrated view of the coupled nature of biogeochemical cycles in wetland systems. The influence of the elemental cycles is discussed at a range of scales in the context of environmental change including climate, sea level rise, and water quality. Frequent examples of key methods and major case studies are also included to help the reader extend the basic theories for application in their own system. Some of the major topics discussed are: Flooded soil and sediment characteristics Aerobic-anaerobic interfaces Redox chemistry in flooded soil and sediment systems Anaerobic microbial metabolism Plant adaptations to reducing conditions Regulators of organic matter decomposition and accretion Major nutrient sources and sinks Greenhouse gas production and emission Elemental flux processes Remediation of contaminated soils and sediments Coupled C-N-P-S processes Consequences of environmental change in wetlands# The book provides the foundation for a basic understanding of key biogeochemical processes and its applications to solve real world problems. It is detailed, but also assists the reader with box inserts, artfully designed diagrams, and summary tables all supported by numerous current references. This book is an excellent resource for senior undergraduates and graduate students studying ecosystem biogeochemistry with a focus in wetlands and aquatic systems.
Download or read book Blue Carbon written by C. Nellemann and published by UNEP/Earthprint. This book was released on 2009 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report explores the potential for mitigating the impacts of climate change by improved management and protection of marine ecosystems and especially the vegetated coastal habitat, or blue carbon sinks. The objective of this report is to highlight the critical role of the oceans and ocean ecosystems in maintaining our climate and in assisting policy makers to mainstream an oceans agenda into national and international climate change initiatives. While emissions' reductions are currently at the centre of the climate change discussions, the critical role of the oceans and ocean ecosystems has been vastly overlooked.
Download or read book Blue Carbon written by Daniel M. Alongi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-18 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work summarizes the science and management of a rapidly expanding topic in climate science, namely adaptation and mitigation. The term 'blue carbon' refers to the rates, pathways and volumes of greenhouse carbon sequestered in coastal estuarine and marine ecosystems such as salt marshes, mangroves and seagrass meadows. Blue carbon and its vital role in climate change mitigation are central to this book. Readers find summaries and analysis of both the basic scientific data and data from blue carbon field projects, and a practical guide on how to manage a successful blue carbon field project. There is a discussion on how to maximize the carbon sequestration and consideration of whether blue carbon projects make a difference. The work is not only of interest to scholars involved in climate science, but also those in the marine sciences, and those in ecosystem ecology, biogeochemistry; geochemistry; estuarine and marine plant ecology.
Author :Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Publisher :Cambridge University Press ISBN 13 :9781009157971 Total Pages :755 pages Book Rating :4.1/5 (579 download)
Book Synopsis The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate by : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Download or read book The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate written by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-04-30 with total page 755 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for assessing the science related to climate change. It provides policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of human-induced climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation. This IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate is the most comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the observed and projected changes to the ocean and cryosphere and their associated impacts and risks, with a focus on resilience, risk management response options, and adaptation measures, considering both their potential and limitations. It brings together knowledge on physical and biogeochemical changes, the interplay with ecosystem changes, and the implications for human communities. It serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with unbiased, up-to-date, policy-relevant information. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Book Synopsis The Energetics of Mangrove Forests by : Daniel Alongi
Download or read book The Energetics of Mangrove Forests written by Daniel Alongi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-01-18 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite their importance in sustaining livelihoods for many people living along some of the world’s most populous coastlines, tropical mangrove forests are disappearing at an alarming rate. Occupying a crucial place between land and sea, these tidal ecosystems provide a valuable ecological and economic resource as important nursery grounds and breeding sites for many organisms, and as a renewable source of wood and traditional foods and medicines. Perhaps most importantly, they are accumulation sites for sediment, contaminants, carbon and nutrients, and offer significant protection against coastal erosion. This book presents a functional overview of mangrove forest ecosystems; how they live and grow at the edge of tropical seas, how they play a critical role along most of the world’s tropical coasts, and how their future might look in a world affected by climate change. Such a process-oriented approach is necessary in order to further understand the role of these dynamic forests in ecosystem function, and as a first step towards developing adequate strategies for their conservation and sustainable use and management. The book will provide a valuable resource for researchers in mangrove ecology as well as reference for resource managers.
