Carbon Nanotube Based VLSI Interconnects

Download Carbon Nanotube Based VLSI Interconnects PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 8132220471
Total Pages : 86 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (322 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Carbon Nanotube Based VLSI Interconnects by : Brajesh Kumar Kaushik

Download or read book Carbon Nanotube Based VLSI Interconnects written by Brajesh Kumar Kaushik and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-01 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The brief primarily focuses on the performance analysis of CNT based interconnects in current research scenario. Different CNT structures are modeled on the basis of transmission line theory. Performance comparison for different CNT structures illustrates that CNTs are more promising than Cu or other materials used in global VLSI interconnects. The brief is organized into five chapters which mainly discuss: (1) an overview of current research scenario and basics of interconnects; (2) unique crystal structures and the basics of physical properties of CNTs, and the production, purification and applications of CNTs; (3) a brief technical review, the geometry and equivalent RLC parameters for different single and bundled CNT structures; (4) a comparative analysis of crosstalk and delay for different single and bundled CNT structures; and (5) various unique mixed CNT bundle structures and their equivalent electrical models.

Design and Crosstalk Analysis in Carbon Nanotube Interconnects

Download Design and Crosstalk Analysis in Carbon Nanotube Interconnects PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811588880
Total Pages : 134 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Design and Crosstalk Analysis in Carbon Nanotube Interconnects by : P. Uma Sathyakam

Download or read book Design and Crosstalk Analysis in Carbon Nanotube Interconnects written by P. Uma Sathyakam and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-10-31 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a single-source reference on carbon nanotubes for interconnect applications. It presents the recent advances in modelling and challenges of carbon nanotube (CNT)-based VLSI interconnects. Starting with a background of carbon nanotubes and interconnects, this book details various aspects of CNT interconnect models, the design metrics of CNT interconnects, crosstalk analysis of recently proposed CNT interconnect structures, and geometries. Various topics covered include the use of semiconducting CNTs around metallic CNTs, CNT interconnects with air gaps, use of emerging ultra low-k materials and their integration with CNT interconnects, and geometry-based crosstalk reduction techniques. This book will be useful for researchers and design engineers working on carbon nanotubes for interconnects for both 2D and 3D integrated circuits.

Carbon Nanotube and Graphene Nanoribbon Interconnects

Download Carbon Nanotube and Graphene Nanoribbon Interconnects PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351831089
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Carbon Nanotube and Graphene Nanoribbon Interconnects by : Debaprasad Das

Download or read book Carbon Nanotube and Graphene Nanoribbon Interconnects written by Debaprasad Das and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-19 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An Alternative to Copper-Based Interconnect Technology With an increase in demand for more circuit components on a single chip, there is a growing need for nanoelectronic devices and their interconnects (a physical connecting medium made of thin metal films between several electrical nodes in a semiconducting chip that transmit signals from one point to another without any distortion). Carbon Nanotube and Graphene Nanoribbon Interconnects explores two new important carbon nanomaterials, carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphene nanoribbon (GNR), and compares them with that of copper-based interconnects. These nanomaterials show almost 1,000 times more current-carrying capacity and significantly higher mean free path than copper. Due to their remarkable properties, CNT and GNR could soon replace traditional copper interconnects. Dedicated to proving their benefits, this book covers the basic theory of CNT and GNR, and provides a comprehensive analysis of the CNT- and GNR-based VLSI interconnects at nanometric dimensions. Explore the Potential Applications of CNT and Graphene for VLSI Circuits The book starts off with a brief introduction of carbon nanomaterials, discusses the latest research, and details the modeling and analysis of CNT and GNR interconnects. It also describes the electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties, and structural behavior of these materials. In addition, it chronicles the progression of these fundamental properties, explores possible engineering applications and growth technologies, and considers applications for CNT and GNR apart from their use in VLSI circuits. Comprising eight chapters this text: Covers the basics of carbon nanotube and graphene nanoribbon Discusses the growth and characterization of carbon nanotube and graphene nanoribbon Presents the modeling of CNT and GNR as future VLSI interconnects Examines the applicability of CNT and GNR in terms of several analysis works Addresses the timing and frequency response of the CNT and GNR interconnects Explores the signal integrity analysis for CNT and GNR interconnects Models and analyzes the applicability of CNT and GNR as power interconnects Considers the future scope of CNT and GNR Beneficial to VLSI designers working in this area, Carbon Nanotube and Graphene Nanoribbon Interconnects provides a complete understanding of carbon-based materials and interconnect technology, and equips the reader with sufficient knowledge about the future scope of research and development for this emerging topic.

Carbon-Based Electronics

Download Carbon-Based Electronics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9814613118
Total Pages : 153 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (146 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Carbon-Based Electronics by : Ashok Srivastava

Download or read book Carbon-Based Electronics written by Ashok Srivastava and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-03-19 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discovery of one-dimensional material carbon nanotubes in 1991 by the Japanese physicist Dr. Sumio Iijima has resulted in voluminous research in the field of carbon nanotubes for numerous applications, including possible replacement of silicon used in the fabrication of CMOS chips. One interesting feature of carbon nanotubes is that these can be me

High-Speed VLSI Interconnections

Download High-Speed VLSI Interconnections PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470165960
Total Pages : 433 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (71 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis High-Speed VLSI Interconnections by : Ashok K. Goel

Download or read book High-Speed VLSI Interconnections written by Ashok K. Goel and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-10-19 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Second Edition focuses on emerging topics and advances in the field of VLSI interconnections In the decade since High-Speed VLSI Interconnections was first published, several major developments have taken place in the field. Now, updated to reflect these advancements, this Second Edition includes new information on copper interconnections, nanotechnology circuit interconnects, electromigration in the copper interconnections, parasitic inductances, and RLC models for comprehensive analysis of interconnection delays and crosstalk. Each chapter is designed to exist independently or as a part of one coherent unit, and several appropriate exercises are provided at the end of each chapter, challenging the reader to gain further insight into the contents being discussed. Chapter subjects include: * Preliminary Concepts * Parasitic Resistances, Capacitances, and Inductances * Interconnection Delays * Crosstalk Analysis * Electromigration-Induced Failure Analysis * Future Interconnections High-Speed VLSI Interconnections, Second Edition is an indispensable reference for high-speed VLSI designers, RF circuit designers, and advanced students of electrical engineering.

Major Applications of Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors (CNTFET)

Download Major Applications of Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors (CNTFET) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799813959
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Major Applications of Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors (CNTFET) by : Raj, Balwinder

Download or read book Major Applications of Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors (CNTFET) written by Raj, Balwinder and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2019-12-06 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With recent advancements in electronics, specifically nanoscale devices, new technologies are being implemented to improve the properties of automated systems. However, conventional materials are failing due to limited mobility, high leakage currents, and power dissipation. To mitigate these challenges, alternative resources are required to advance electronics further into the nanoscale domain. Carbon nanotube field-effect transistors are a potential solution yet lack the information and research to be properly utilized. Major Applications of Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors (CNTFET) is a collection of innovative research on the methods and applications of converting semiconductor devices from micron technology to nanotechnology. The book provides readers with an updated status on existing CNTs, CNTFETs, and their applications and examines practical applications to minimize short channel effects and power dissipation in nanoscale devices and circuits. While highlighting topics including interconnects, digital circuits, and single-wall CNTs, this book is ideally designed for electrical engineers, electronics engineers, students, researchers, academicians, industry professionals, and practitioners working in nanoscience, nanotechnology, applied physics, and electrical and electronics engineering.

Crosstalk in Modern On-Chip Interconnects

Download Crosstalk in Modern On-Chip Interconnects PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811008000
Total Pages : 116 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Crosstalk in Modern On-Chip Interconnects by : B.K. Kaushik

Download or read book Crosstalk in Modern On-Chip Interconnects written by B.K. Kaushik and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-04-06 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides accurate FDTD models for on-chip interconnects, covering most recent advancements in materials and design. Furthermore, depending on the geometry and physical configurations, different electrical equivalent models for CNT and GNR based interconnects are presented. Based on the electrical equivalent models the performance comparison among the Cu, CNT and GNR-based interconnects are also discussed in the book. The proposed models are validated with the HSPICE simulations. The book introduces the current research scenario in the modeling of on-chip interconnects. It presents the structure, properties, and characteristics of graphene based on-chip interconnects and the FDTD modeling of Cu based on-chip interconnects. The model considers the non-linear effects of CMOS driver as well as the transmission line effects of interconnect line that includes coupling capacitance and mutual inductance effects. In a more realistic manner, the proposed model includes the effect of width-dependent MFP of the MLGNR while taking into account the edge roughness.

Nano Interconnects

Download Nano Interconnects PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000504298
Total Pages : 239 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nano Interconnects by : Afreen Khursheed

Download or read book Nano Interconnects written by Afreen Khursheed and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-12-23 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook comprehensively covers on-chip interconnect dimension and application of carbon nanomaterials for modeling VLSI interconnect and buffer circuits. It provides analysis of ultra-low power high speed nano-interconnects based on different facets such as material modeling, circuit modeling and the adoption of repeater insertion strategies and measurement techniques. It covers important topics including on-chip interconnects, interconnect modeling, electrical impedance modeling of on-chip interconnects, modeling of repeater buffer and variability analysis. Pedagogical features including solved problems and unsolved exercises are interspersed throughout the text for better understanding. Aimed at senior undergraduate and graduate students in the field of electrical engineering, electronics and communications engineering for courses on Advanced VLSI Interconnects/Advanced VLSI Design/VLSI Interconnects/VLSI Design Automation and Techniques, this book: Provides comprehensive coverage of fundamental concepts related to nanotube transistors and interconnects. Discusses properties and performance of practical nanotube devices and related applications. Covers physical and electrical phenomena of carbon nanotubes, as well as applications enabled by this nanotechnology. Discusses the structure, properties, and characteristics of graphene-based on-chip interconnect. Examines interconnect power and interconnect delay issues arising due to downscaling of device size.

Carbon Nanotubes for Interconnects

Download Carbon Nanotubes for Interconnects PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319297465
Total Pages : 333 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (192 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Carbon Nanotubes for Interconnects by : Aida Todri-Sanial

Download or read book Carbon Nanotubes for Interconnects written by Aida Todri-Sanial and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-07-09 with total page 333 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a single-source reference on the use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as interconnect material for horizontal, on-chip and 3D interconnects. The authors demonstrate the uses of bundles of CNTs, as innovative conducting material to fabricate interconnect through-silicon vias (TSVs), in order to improve the performance, reliability and integration of 3D integrated circuits (ICs). This book will be first to provide a coherent overview of exploiting carbon nanotubes for 3D interconnects covering aspects from processing, modeling, simulation, characterization and applications. Coverage also includes a thorough presentation of the application of CNTs as horizontal on-chip interconnects which can potentially revolutionize the nanoelectronics industry. This book is a must-read for anyone interested in the state-of-the-art on exploiting carbon nanotubes for interconnects for both 2D and 3D integrated circuits.

Graphene and VLSI Interconnects

Download Graphene and VLSI Interconnects PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000470687
Total Pages : 121 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Graphene and VLSI Interconnects by : Cher-Ming Tan

Download or read book Graphene and VLSI Interconnects written by Cher-Ming Tan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-11-24 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Copper (Cu) has been used as an interconnection material in the semiconductor industry for years owing to its best balance of conductivity and performance. However, it is running out of steam as it is approaching its limits with respect to electrical performance and reliability. Graphene is a non-metal material, but it can help to improve electromigration (EM) performance of Cu because of its excellent properties. Combining graphene with Cu for very large-scale integration (VLSI) interconnects can be a viable solution. The incorporation of graphene into Cu allows the present Cu fabrication back-end process to remain unaltered, except for the small step of “inserting” graphene into Cu. Therefore, it has a great potential to revolutionize the VLSI integrated circuit (VLSI-IC) industry and appeal for further advancement of the semiconductor industry. This book is a compilation of comprehensive studies done on the properties of graphene and its synthesis methods suitable for applications of VLSI interconnects. It introduces the development of a new method to synthesize graphene, wherein it not only discusses the method to grow graphene over Cu but also allows the reader to know how to optimize graphene growth, using statistical design of experiments (DoE), on Cu interconnects in order to obtain good-quality and reliable interconnects. It provides a basic understanding of graphene–Cu interaction mechanism and evaluates the electrical and EM performance of graphenated Cu interconnects.

Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes

Download Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IntechOpen
ISBN 13 : 9789533074993
Total Pages : 698 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (749 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes by : Jose Mauricio Marulanda

Download or read book Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes written by Jose Mauricio Marulanda and published by IntechOpen. This book was released on 2011-07-27 with total page 698 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), discovered in 1991, have been a subject of intensive research for a wide range of applications. These one-dimensional (1D) graphene sheets rolled into a tubular form have been the target of many researchers around the world. This book concentrates on the semiconductor physics of carbon nanotubes, it brings unique insight into the phenomena encountered in the electronic structure when operating with carbon nanotubes. This book also presents to reader useful information on the fabrication and applications of these outstanding materials. The main objective of this book is to give in-depth understanding of the physics and electronic structure of carbon nanotubes. Readers of this book should have a strong background on physical electronics and semiconductor device physics. This book first discusses fabrication techniques followed by an analysis on the physical properties of carbon nanotubes, including density of states and electronic structures. Ultimately, the book pursues a significant amount of work in the industry applications of carbon nanotubes.

Nano-Interconnect Materials and Models for Next Generation Integrated Circuit Design

Download Nano-Interconnect Materials and Models for Next Generation Integrated Circuit Design PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1003817092
Total Pages : 251 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nano-Interconnect Materials and Models for Next Generation Integrated Circuit Design by : Sandip Bhattacharya

Download or read book Nano-Interconnect Materials and Models for Next Generation Integrated Circuit Design written by Sandip Bhattacharya and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-12-22 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aggressive scaling of device and interconnect dimensions has resulted in many low dimensional issues in the nanometer regime. This book deals with various new generation interconnect materials and interconnect modeling and highlights the significance of novel nano interconnect materials for 3D integrated circuit design. It provides information about advanced nanomaterials like carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphene nanoribbon (GNR) for the realization of interconnects, interconnect models, and crosstalk noise analysis. Features: Focusses on materials and nanomaterials utilization in next generation interconnects based on Carbon nanotubes (CNT) and Graphene nanoribbons (GNR). Helps readers realize interconnects, interconnect models, and crosstalk noise analysis. Describes Hybrid CNT and GNR based interconnects. Presents the details of power supply voltage drop analysis in CNT and GNR interconnects. Overviews pertinent RF performance and stability analysis. This book is aimed at graduate students and researchers in electrical and materials engineering, nano/microelectronics.

Advances in VLSI, Communication, and Signal Processing

Download Advances in VLSI, Communication, and Signal Processing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9813297751
Total Pages : 1004 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (132 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advances in VLSI, Communication, and Signal Processing by : Debashis Dutta

Download or read book Advances in VLSI, Communication, and Signal Processing written by Debashis Dutta and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-12-03 with total page 1004 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book comprises select proceedings of the International Conference on VLSI, Communication and Signal processing (VCAS 2018). It looks at latest research findings in VLSI design and applications. The book covers a wide range of topics in electronics and communication engineering, especially in the area of microelectronics and VLSI design, communication systems and networks, and image and signal processing. The contents of this book will be useful to researchers and professionals alike.

Nano Interconnects

Download Nano Interconnects PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 100050431X
Total Pages : 187 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nano Interconnects by : Afreen Khursheed

Download or read book Nano Interconnects written by Afreen Khursheed and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-12-23 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook comprehensively covers on-chip interconnect dimension and application of carbon nanomaterials for modeling VLSI interconnect and buffer circuits. It provides analysis of ultra-low power high speed nano-interconnects based on different facets such as material modeling, circuit modeling and the adoption of repeater insertion strategies and measurement techniques. It covers important topics including on-chip interconnects, interconnect modeling, electrical impedance modeling of on-chip interconnects, modeling of repeater buffer and variability analysis. Pedagogical features including solved problems and unsolved exercises are interspersed throughout the text for better understanding. Aimed at senior undergraduate and graduate students in the field of electrical engineering, electronics and communications engineering for courses on Advanced VLSI Interconnects/Advanced VLSI Design/VLSI Interconnects/VLSI Design Automation and Techniques, this book: Provides comprehensive coverage of fundamental concepts related to nanotube transistors and interconnects. Discusses properties and performance of practical nanotube devices and related applications. Covers physical and electrical phenomena of carbon nanotubes, as well as applications enabled by this nanotechnology. Discusses the structure, properties, and characteristics of graphene-based on-chip interconnect. Examines interconnect power and interconnect delay issues arising due to downscaling of device size.

Proceedings of Fifth International Conference on Soft Computing for Problem Solving

Download Proceedings of Fifth International Conference on Soft Computing for Problem Solving PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 981100448X
Total Pages : 1063 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Proceedings of Fifth International Conference on Soft Computing for Problem Solving by : Millie Pant

Download or read book Proceedings of Fifth International Conference on Soft Computing for Problem Solving written by Millie Pant and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-03-19 with total page 1063 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The proceedings of SocProS 2015 will serve as an academic bonanza for scientists and researchers working in the field of Soft Computing. This book contains theoretical as well as practical aspects using fuzzy logic, neural networks, evolutionary algorithms, swarm intelligence algorithms, etc., with many applications under the umbrella of ‘Soft Computing’. The book will be beneficial for young as well as experienced researchers dealing across complex and intricate real world problems for which finding a solution by traditional methods is a difficult task. The different application areas covered in the proceedings are: Image Processing, Cryptanalysis, Industrial Optimization, Supply Chain Management, Newly Proposed Nature Inspired Algorithms, Signal Processing, Problems related to Medical and Health Care, Networking Optimization Problems, etc.

Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes

Download Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 953307499X
Total Pages : 700 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (33 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes by : Jose Mauricio Marulanda

Download or read book Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes written by Jose Mauricio Marulanda and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2011-07-27 with total page 700 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), discovered in 1991, have been a subject of intensive research for a wide range of applications. These one-dimensional (1D) graphene sheets rolled into a tubular form have been the target of many researchers around the world. This book concentrates on the semiconductor physics of carbon nanotubes, it brings unique insight into the phenomena encountered in the electronic structure when operating with carbon nanotubes. This book also presents to reader useful information on the fabrication and applications of these outstanding materials. The main objective of this book is to give in-depth understanding of the physics and electronic structure of carbon nanotubes. Readers of this book should have a strong background on physical electronics and semiconductor device physics. This book first discusses fabrication techniques followed by an analysis on the physical properties of carbon nanotubes, including density of states and electronic structures. Ultimately, the book pursues a significant amount of work in the industry applications of carbon nanotubes.

Carbon Related Materials

Download Carbon Related Materials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811576106
Total Pages : 394 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Carbon Related Materials by : Satoru Kaneko

Download or read book Carbon Related Materials written by Satoru Kaneko and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-10-12 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book commemorates the “Nobel Laureate Professor Suzuki Special Symposium” at the International Union of Material Research Society–International Conference on Advanced Materials (IUMRS-ICAM2017), which was held at Kyoto University, Japan, in 2017. The book begins with a foreword by Professor Akira Suzuki. Subsequently, many authors who attended the special symposium describe the latest scientific advances in the field of carbon materials and carbon nanomaterials including polymers, carbon nanocomposites, and graphene. Carbon-based materials have recently been the focus of considerable attention, given their wide range of potential applications. Fittingly, the chapters in this book cover both experimental and theoretical approaches in several categories of carbon-related materials.