Can Transfers And Behavior Change Communication Reduce Intimate Partner Violence Four Years Post Program Experimental Evidence From Bangladesh

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Can Transfers and Behavior Change Communication Reduce Intimate Partner Violence Four Years Post-program? Experimental Evidence from Bangladesh

Author : Shalini Roy
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 71 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Can Transfers and Behavior Change Communication Reduce Intimate Partner Violence Four Years Post-program? Experimental Evidence from Bangladesh by : Shalini Roy

Download or read book Can Transfers and Behavior Change Communication Reduce Intimate Partner Violence Four Years Post-program? Experimental Evidence from Bangladesh written by Shalini Roy and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2019-10-02 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Little is known about whether reductions in intimate partner violence (IPV) from cash transfer programs persist over the longer term. Using a randomized controlled trial design, we show that a program providing poor women in rural Bangladesh with cash or food transfers, alongside nutrition behavior change communication (BCC), led to sustained reductions in IPV 4 years after the program ended. Transfers alone showed no sustained impacts on IPV. Evidence suggests cash and BCC led to more sustained impacts on IPV than food and BCC – through persistent increases in women’s bargaining power, men’s costs of perpetrating violence, and poverty-related emotional well-being.

Can Transfers and Behavior Change Communication Reduce Intimate Partner Violence Four Years Post-program? Experimental Evidence from Bangladesh

Author : Shalini Roy
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 71 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Can Transfers and Behavior Change Communication Reduce Intimate Partner Violence Four Years Post-program? Experimental Evidence from Bangladesh by : Shalini Roy

Download or read book Can Transfers and Behavior Change Communication Reduce Intimate Partner Violence Four Years Post-program? Experimental Evidence from Bangladesh written by Shalini Roy and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Little is known about whether reductions in intimate partner violence (IPV) from cash transfer programs persist over the longer term. Using a randomized controlled trial design, we show that a program providing poor women in rural Bangladesh with cash or food transfers, alongside nutrition behavior change communication (BCC), led to sustained reductions in IPV 4 years after the program ended. Transfers alone showed no sustained impacts on IPV. Evidence suggests cash and BCC led to more sustained impacts on IPV than food and BCC - through persistent increases in women's bargaining power, men's costs of perpetrating violence, and poverty-related emotional well-being.

Cash transfers and intimate partner violence: A research view on design and implementation for risk mitigation and prevention

Author : Peterman, Amber Roy, Shalini
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Cash transfers and intimate partner violence: A research view on design and implementation for risk mitigation and prevention by : Peterman, Amber Roy, Shalini

Download or read book Cash transfers and intimate partner violence: A research view on design and implementation for risk mitigation and prevention written by Peterman, Amber Roy, Shalini and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2022-06-15 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cash transfers are a widely used form of social protection, providing effective and efficient ways to reduce poverty and support well-being. Evidence suggests that cash transfers can reduce intimate partner violence (IPV) across a wide range of programs and contexts, yet there is little guidance for design or implementation components in cash transfer programs that would maximize these reductions. Based on research into pathways of impact between cash transfers and IPV, this issue brief offers recommendations on cash transfer programming to increase gender-sensitivity and responsiveness to IPV prevention.

Social protection and sustainable poverty reduction: Experimental evidence from Bangladesh

Author : Ahmed, Akhter
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 35 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Social protection and sustainable poverty reduction: Experimental evidence from Bangladesh by : Ahmed, Akhter

Download or read book Social protection and sustainable poverty reduction: Experimental evidence from Bangladesh written by Ahmed, Akhter and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2020-12-29 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social protection programs are primarily focused on influencing household behavior in the short term, increasing consumption to reduce poverty and food insecurity, and promoting investments in human capital. A large body of evidence across numerous settings shows that cash and food transfer programs are highly effective in doing so. However, there is growing interest in understanding the extent to which such programs can help households stay out of poverty in the longer term, specifically after transfers end. We bring new evidence to this question, re-interviewing Bangladeshi households that participated in a well-implemented randomized social protection intervention four years after it ended. We find that combining transfers, either cash or food, with behavior change communication activities sustainably reduced poverty. Cash transfers alone had sustainable effects, but these were context-specific. The beneficial impacts of food transfers did not persist four years after the intervention finished.

Cash transfers and intimate partner violence (IPV) in low- and middle-income settings: A joint research agenda to inform policy and practice

Download Cash transfers and intimate partner violence (IPV) in low- and middle-income settings: A joint research agenda to inform policy and practice PDF Online Free

Author : Peterman, Amber
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 16 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Cash transfers and intimate partner violence (IPV) in low- and middle-income settings: A joint research agenda to inform policy and practice by : Peterman, Amber

Download or read book Cash transfers and intimate partner violence (IPV) in low- and middle-income settings: A joint research agenda to inform policy and practice written by Peterman, Amber and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2021-06-23 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last five years, there has been increasing interest from global stakeholders in the relationship between cash transfers and gender-based violence, and in particular, intimate partner violence (IPV). Interest has grown both within the development and humanitarian spaces, although empirical research is mainly concentrated in the former. A mixed-method review paper published in 2018 found that, across 22 quantitative or qualitative studies in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), the majority (73%) showed that cash decreased IPV; however, two studies showed mixed effects, and several others showed heterogenous impacts (Buller et al. 2018). A more recent meta-analysis of 14 experimental and quasiexperimental cash transfer studies found average decreases in physical/sexual IPV (4 percentage points (pp)), emotional IPV (2 pp) and controlling behaviors (4 pp) (Baranov et al. 2021). A feature of this literature is the high representation of evaluations from Latin America, primarily government conditional cash transfer programs. In addition, programming was generally focused on poverty-related objectives, and none of the programming was explicitly designed to affect IPV or violence outcomes more broadly.

Measurement of intra-household resource control: Exploring the validity of experimental measures

Author : Ambler, Kate
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 57 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Measurement of intra-household resource control: Exploring the validity of experimental measures by : Ambler, Kate

Download or read book Measurement of intra-household resource control: Exploring the validity of experimental measures written by Ambler, Kate and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2020-12-17 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We study the validity of experimental methods designed to measure preferences for intra-household resource control among spouses in Ghana and Uganda. We implement two incentivized tasks; (1) a game that measures willingness to pay to control resources, and (2) private and joint dictator games that measure preferences for resource allocation and the extent to which those preferences are reflected in joint decisions. Behavior in the two tasks is correlated, suggesting that they describe similar underlying latent variables. In Uganda the experimental measures are robustly correlated with a range of household survey measures of resource control and women’s empowerment and suggest that simple private dictator games may be as informative as more sophisticated tasks. In Ghana, the experimental measures are not predictive of survey indicators, suggesting that context may be an important element of whether experimental measures are informative.

Cash transfers, polygamy, and intimate partner violence: Experimental evidence from Mali

Author : Heath, Rachel
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 44 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Cash transfers, polygamy, and intimate partner violence: Experimental evidence from Mali by : Heath, Rachel

Download or read book Cash transfers, polygamy, and intimate partner violence: Experimental evidence from Mali written by Heath, Rachel and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2018-12-24 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Transfers, Behavior Change Communication, and Intimate Partner Violence

Author : Shalini Roy
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis Transfers, Behavior Change Communication, and Intimate Partner Violence by : Shalini Roy

Download or read book Transfers, Behavior Change Communication, and Intimate Partner Violence written by Shalini Roy and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Food transfers, cash transfers, behavior change communication and child nutrition: Evidence from Bangladesh

Author : Akhter Ahmed
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 40 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Food transfers, cash transfers, behavior change communication and child nutrition: Evidence from Bangladesh by : Akhter Ahmed

Download or read book Food transfers, cash transfers, behavior change communication and child nutrition: Evidence from Bangladesh written by Akhter Ahmed and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2019-09-26 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The importance of children’s nutritional status for subsequent human capital formation, the limited evidence of the effectiveness of social protection interventions on child nutrition, and the absence of knowledge on the intra-household impacts of cash and food transfers or how they are shaped by complementary programming motivate this paper. We implemented two, linked randomized control trials in rural Bangladesh, with treatment arms including cash transfers, a food ration, or a mixed food and cash transfer, as well as treatments where cash and nutrition behavior change communication (BCC) or where food and nutrition BCC were provided. Only cash plus nutrition BCC had a significant impact on nutritional status, but its effect on height-forage z scores (HAZ) was large, 0.25SD. We explore the mechanisms underlying this impact. Improved diets – including increased intake of animal source foods – along with reductions in illness in the cash plus BCC treatment arm are consistent with the improvement we observe in children’s HAZ.

Transfers, nutrition programming, and economic well-being: Experimental evidence from Bangladesh

Author : Akhter Ahmed
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 41 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Transfers, nutrition programming, and economic well-being: Experimental evidence from Bangladesh by : Akhter Ahmed

Download or read book Transfers, nutrition programming, and economic well-being: Experimental evidence from Bangladesh written by Akhter Ahmed and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2019-10-24 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interest has grown in leveraging cash transfer programs with nutrition interventions to improve child nutrition at scale. However, little is known about how doing so affects household economic well-being. We study a program providing cash or food transfers, with or without nutrition behavior change communication (BCC), to poor women in rural Bangladesh. We find that adding BCC to cash or food transfers leads to larger impacts on both consumption and assets - an apparent puzzle, given the transfer value is unchanged. Evidence suggests this occurs through the BCC inducing increases in income generation - plausibly by improving households’ social capital and empowerment.

Can unconditional cash transfers mitigate the impact of civil conflict on acute child malnutrition in Yemen?: Evidence from the national social protection monitoring survey

Download Can unconditional cash transfers mitigate the impact of civil conflict on acute child malnutrition in Yemen?: Evidence from the national social protection monitoring survey PDF Online Free

Author : Ecker, Olivier
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 33 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Can unconditional cash transfers mitigate the impact of civil conflict on acute child malnutrition in Yemen?: Evidence from the national social protection monitoring survey by : Ecker, Olivier

Download or read book Can unconditional cash transfers mitigate the impact of civil conflict on acute child malnutrition in Yemen?: Evidence from the national social protection monitoring survey written by Ecker, Olivier and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2019-01-10 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hunger and acute child malnutrition are increasingly concentrated in fragile countries and civil conflict zones. According to the United Nations, Yemen’s civil war has caused the world’s worst humanitarian crisis in recent history. We use high-frequency panel data and district fixed-effects and household fixed-effects models to estimate the impact of civil conflict on child nutrition. Our results indicate that an increase by one standard deviation in civil conflict intensity translates into an increase in the prevalence of acute child malnutrition by at least 0.7 percentage points if measured by weight-for-height z-scores and by at least 1.7 percentage points if measured by mid-upper arm circumference z-scores. In mid-December 2018, Yemen’s main warring parties agreed to a ceasefire for the contested port city of Hodeida and to allow humanitarian aid to be shipped in and distributed through protected corridors. While the recent agreements are an important, first step to tackle the humanitarian crisis, the road to a sustainable peace agreement will certainly be long and bumpy. Relative stability could soon open a window of opportunity for targeted interventions to support recovery in Yemen. Against this background, our analysis suggests that unconditional cash transfers can be an effective tool in situations of complex emergencies. Our estimation results show that cash transfers can mitigate the detrimental impact of lingering civil conflict on child nutritional status in Yemen on a large scale. Our results also reveal that the regularity of transfer payments influence the magnitude of the mitigation effect, as regular assistance allows beneficiary households to smoothen their food consumption and other demands influencing child nutrition outcomes.

Covid-19 and lockdown policies: A structural simulation model of a bottom-up recession in four countries

Author : Robinson, Sherman
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 56 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Covid-19 and lockdown policies: A structural simulation model of a bottom-up recession in four countries by : Robinson, Sherman

Download or read book Covid-19 and lockdown policies: A structural simulation model of a bottom-up recession in four countries written by Robinson, Sherman and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2021-04-19 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper considers different approaches to modelling the economic impact of the Covid-19 pandemic/lockdown shocks. We review different modelling strategies and argue that, given the nature of the bottom-up recession caused by the pandemic/lockdowns, simulation models of the shocks should be based on a social accounting matrix (SAM) that includes both disaggregated sectoral data and the national accounts in a unified framework. SAM-based models have been widely used to analyze the impact of natural disasters, which are comparable to pandemic/lockdown shocks. The pandemic/lockdown shocks occurred rapidly, in weeks or months, not gradually over a year or more. In such a short period, adjustments through smooth changes in wages, prices and production methods are not plausible. Rather, initial adjustments occur through changes in quantities, altering demand and supply of commodities and employment in affected sectors. In this environment, we use a linear SAM-multiplier model that specifies a fixed-coefficient production technology, linear demand system, fixed savings rates, and fixed prices. There are three different kinds of sectoral shocks that are included in the model: (1) changes in demand due to household lockdown, (2) changes in supply due to industry lockdown, and (3) changes in demand due to induced macro shocks. At the detailed industry level, data are provided for all three shocks and the model imposes the largest of the three. We applied the model on a monthly time step for the period March to June 2020 for four countries: US, UK, Mexico, and South Africa. The models closely replicate observed macro results (GDP and employment) for the period. The results provide detailed structural information on the evolution of the different economies month-by-month and provide a framework for forward-looking scenario analysis. We also use the SAM-multiplier model to estimate the macro stimulus impacts of policies to support affected households. The model focuses attention on the structural features of the economy that define the multiplier process (who gets the additional income and what do they do with it) and provides a more nuanced analysis of the stimulus impact of income support programs than can be done with aggregated macro models.

Voice and Agency

Author : Jeni Klugman
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464803609
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis Voice and Agency by : Jeni Klugman

Download or read book Voice and Agency written by Jeni Klugman and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2014-09-29 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite recent advances in important aspects of the lives of girls and women, pervasive challenges remain. These challenges reflect widespread deprivations and constraints and include epidemic levels of gender-based violence and discriminatory laws and norms that prevent women from owning property, being educated, and making meaningful decisions about their own lives--such as whether and when to marry or have children. These often violate their most basic rights and are magnified and multiplied by poverty and lack of education. This groundbreaking book distills vast data and hundreds of studies to shed new light on deprivations and constraints facing the voice and agency of women and girls worldwide, and on the associated costs for individuals, families, communities, and global development. The volume presents major new findings about the patterns of constraints and overlapping deprivations and focuses on several areas key to women s empowerment: freedom from violence, sexual and reproductive health and rights, ownership of land and housing, and voice and collective action. It highlights promising reforms and interventions from around the world and lays out an urgent agenda for governments, civil society, development agencies, and other stakeholders, including a call for greater investment in data and knowledge to benchmark progress.

Conditional Cash Transfers

Author : Ariel Fiszbein
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 9780821373538
Total Pages : 346 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (735 download)

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Book Synopsis Conditional Cash Transfers by : Ariel Fiszbein

Download or read book Conditional Cash Transfers written by Ariel Fiszbein and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2009-02-09 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs aim to reduce poverty by making welfare programs conditional upon the receivers' actions. That is, the government only transfers the money to persons who meet certain criteria. These criteria may include enrolling children into public schools, getting regular check-ups at the doctor's office, receiving vaccinations, or the like. They have been hailed as a way of reducing inequality and helping households break out of a vicious cycle whereby poverty is transmitted from one generation to another. Do these and other claims make sense? Are they supported by the available empirical evidence? This volume seeks to answer these and other related questions. Specifically, it lays out a conceptual framework for thinking about the economic rationale for CCTs; it reviews the very rich evidence that has accumulated on CCTs; it discusses how the conceptual framework and the evidence on impacts should inform the design of CCT programs in practice; and it discusses how CCTs fit in the context of broader social policies. The authors show that there is considerable evidence that CCTs have improved the lives of poor people and argue that conditional cash transfers have been an effective way of redistributing income to the poor. They also recognize that even the best-designed and managed CCT cannot fulfill all of the needs of a comprehensive social protection system. They therefore need to be complemented with other interventions, such as workfare or employment programs, and social pensions.

Climate change Impacts and Household Resilience

Author : Andersen, Lykke E.
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 : 0896295818
Total Pages : 94 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (962 download)

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Book Synopsis Climate change Impacts and Household Resilience by : Andersen, Lykke E.

Download or read book Climate change Impacts and Household Resilience written by Andersen, Lykke E. and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2016-04-07 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This food policy report is a response to growing concerns about the impacts of climate change on Latin American economies, agriculture, and people. It assesses both local and global effects of changing agricultural yields on the economy, subnational regions, and different household types, including male- and female-headed households in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru. The three countries reflect economic and geographic diversity in Latin America and more than half of the region’s population. Climate change impacts tend to be relatively small at an economywide level in all three countries. However, sectoral and household-level economic impacts tend to be diverse across countries and subnational levels. They mainly depend on projected changes in agricultural yields, the share of agriculture in regional gross domestic product (GDP), crop-specific international trade balances, net food buyer/seller position, and income diversification of households. As for gender, results from this study suggest that female-headed households may be less vulnerable than male-headed households to the effects of climate change, highlighting the importance of considering women as a source for solutions for building resilience to climate change. Given the relatively small impacts of climate change and the degree of uncertainty associated with them, it is too early to define specific policy recommendations. All three countries should try to maximize the benefits that may come with higher agricultural world market prices and to minimize the losses from reductions in agricultural yields.

Women’s empowerment and crop diversification in Bangladesh: A possible pathway to climate change adaptation and better nutrition

Author : De Pinto, Alessandro
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 31 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Women’s empowerment and crop diversification in Bangladesh: A possible pathway to climate change adaptation and better nutrition by : De Pinto, Alessandro

Download or read book Women’s empowerment and crop diversification in Bangladesh: A possible pathway to climate change adaptation and better nutrition written by De Pinto, Alessandro and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The existing literature shows that climate change will likely affect several of the dimensions that determine people’s food security status in Bangladesh, from crop production to the availability of food products and their accessibility. Crop diversification represents a farm-level response that reduces exposure to climate-related risks and it has also been shown to increase diet diversity and contribute to the reduction in micronutrient deficiencies. In fact, the Government of Bangladesh has several policies in place that encourage and support agricultural diversification. However, despite this support the level of crop diversification in the country remains low. Women empowerment has been linked to diversified diets and positively associated with better child nutrition outcomes. Furthermore, although traditionally their role in agriculture tends to be undervalued, women involvement has already been shown to affect agricultural production choices and enhance technical efficiency. This paper connects three different areas of inquiry - climate change, gender and nutrition – by exploring whether women’s empowerment in agricultural production leads to increased diversification in the use of farmland. Specifically, we use a series of econometric techniques to evaluate whether there is sufficient evidence to claim that a higher levels of empowerment lead to greater diversity in the allocation of farmland to agricultural crops. Our results reveal that indeed some aspects of women empowerment, but not all, lead to a more diversified use of farmland and to a transition for cereal production to other uses like vegetables and fruits. These findings provide some possible pathways for gender-sensitive interventions that promote crop diversity as a risk management tool and as a way to improve the availability of nutritious crops.

Preventing and Responding to Gender-based Violence in Middle and Low-income Countries

Author : Sarah Bott
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 61 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Preventing and Responding to Gender-based Violence in Middle and Low-income Countries by : Sarah Bott

Download or read book Preventing and Responding to Gender-based Violence in Middle and Low-income Countries written by Sarah Bott and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2005 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Worldwide, patterns of violence against women differ markedly from violence against men. For example, women are more likely than men to be sexually assaulted or killed by someone they know. The United Nations has defined violence against women as "gender-based" violence, to acknowledge that such violence is rooted in gender inequality and is often tolerated and condoned by laws, institutions, and community norms. Violence against women is not only a profound violation of human rights, but also a costly impediment to a country's national development. While gender-based violence occurs in many forms throughout the life cycle, this review focuses on two of the most common types-physical intimate partner violence and sexual violence by any perpetrator. Unfortunately, the knowledge base about effective initiatives to prevent and respond to gender-based violence is relatively limited. Few approaches have been rigorously evaluated, even in high-income countries. And such evaluations involve numerous methodological challenges. Nonetheless, the authors review what is known about more and less effective-or at least promising-approaches to prevent and respond to gender-based violence. They present definitions, recent statistics, health consequences, costs, and risk factors of gender-based violence. The authors analyze good practice initiatives in the justice, health, and education sectors, as well as multisectoral approaches. For each of these sectors, they examine initiatives that have addressed laws and policies, institutional reforms, community mobilization, and individual behavior change strategies. Finally, the authors identify priorities for future research and action, including funding research on the health and socioeconomic costs of violence against women, encouraging science-based program evaluations, disseminating evaluation results across countries, promoting investment in effective prevention and treatment initiatives, and encouraging public-private partnerships.