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Calibration And Performance Of A Selective Catalytic Reduction Scr Bench Rig For Nox Emissions Control
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Book Synopsis Calibration and Performance of a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Bench Rig for NOx̳ Emissions Control by : Castro Galnares Wright Paz Castro Galnares
Download or read book Calibration and Performance of a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Bench Rig for NOx̳ Emissions Control written by Castro Galnares Wright Paz Castro Galnares and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A laboratory test rig was designed and built to easily test SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technology. Equipped with three 6 kW heaters, connections for liquid N2 and an assortment of test gases, and a connection with an MKS NOx Analyzer, the rig allows for a vast range of SCR test conditions, and can easily be adapted for degreening, aging, and the implementation of other technologies onto the rig. To calibrate the test rig, baseline parameterization of a Cu-based zeolite (aluminosilicate) core was performed, including a temperature sweep and an NO/NO2 concentration sweep, while always maintaining a 1:1 ratio between NOx and NH3 reductant. The catalyst was found to have a peak deNOx efficiency of 99.8% between 250 'C and 300 'C, and maintained 98% efficiency with NO/NO2
Book Synopsis Validation of a Standardized Measuring Journal for Calibration of Exhaust Gas After Treatment Catalysts - Investigation of the Effect of Hydrocarbon Species on SCR Catalyst Behaviour by : Juan Miralles Munita
Download or read book Validation of a Standardized Measuring Journal for Calibration of Exhaust Gas After Treatment Catalysts - Investigation of the Effect of Hydrocarbon Species on SCR Catalyst Behaviour written by Juan Miralles Munita and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Research & Development, the simulation of the aftertreatment systems has become a fundamental part in the development process for the automobile industry. It is normal then to study individually every aftertreatment technology in order to create simulation models for these technologies such as Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) or Diesel Particle Filter (DPF). For helping the creation of these models, dedicated experiments are carried out. These kinetic experiments must be designed and well-defined such that they provide the necessary information in a reproducible way at minimal time and costs. In the first part of the work and in order to facilitate measurements with long SDPF specimens, a reactor with a new oven design has been characterized. Its thermal behaviour and the absence of unwanted reactions of the bare reactor (without catalyst) have been checked. In a previous work, dedicated kinetic measurement procedures for the SCR calibration process were determined and optimized on a synthetic gas test rig. The optimal settings and procedures were programed in the test rig control software. In the second part of this work, several measurements based on these optimal procedures have been carried out on the test rig with a state-of-the-art Cu-Ze SCR to investigate the influence of several types of HCs on the SCR behaviour. The alternative of the NO2/NOx ratio step concept was used for the NOx conversion study of the SCR catalyst. It has been seen that the presence during the experiment of different HC species such as C3H6 and C2H2 had an negative effect in the NOx reduction, and for other HC species as C3H8 the effect was practically inexistent. The results of this work will help to better understand the behaviour of SCR catalysts and SDPF filters for future investigations.
Book Synopsis Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx by : Oliver Kröcher
Download or read book Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx written by Oliver Kröcher and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most efficient process to reduce NOx emissions from lean exhaust gases, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) with ammonia, has undergone tremendous development over the past decades. Originally only applied in stationary power plants and industrial installations, SCR systems are now installed in millions of mobile diesel engines, ranging from off-road machineries, to heavy-duty and light-duty trucks and passenger cars, to locomotives and ships. All of these applications involve specific challenges due to tighter emission limits, new internal combustion engine technologies, or alternative fuels. Three review articles and 14 research articles in this book describe recent results and research trends of various aspects of the SCR process. Reaction engineering aspects, such as the proper dosage of ammonia or urea, respectively, are as important as further developments of the different SCR catalysts, by deepening the understanding of their functionality or by systematic improvements of their properties, such as low-temperature activity, selectivity, or poisoning-resistance. Another covered aspect is cost reduction through the use of cheaper base materials for the production is active and stable SCR catalysts. Finally, research efforts are reported to develop SCR processes with different reducing agents, which would open doors to new applications in the future. The range of topics addressed in this book will stimulate the reader's interest as well as provide a valuable source of information for researchers in academia and industry.
Book Synopsis DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGH-FIDELITY MODEL AND KALMAN FILTER BASED STATE ESTIMATOR FOR SIMULATION AND CONTROL OF NOX REDUCTION PERFORMANCE OF A SCR CATALYST ON A DPF by :
Download or read book DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGH-FIDELITY MODEL AND KALMAN FILTER BASED STATE ESTIMATOR FOR SIMULATION AND CONTROL OF NOX REDUCTION PERFORMANCE OF A SCR CATALYST ON A DPF written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : Reduction of emissions and improving the fuel consumption are two prime research areas in Diesel engine development. The present after-treatment systems being used for emissions control include diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) for NO, HC and CO oxidation along with catalyzed particulate filters for PM (particulate matter) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) for controlling NOx emissions. Recently an after-treatment system called SCR catalyst on a DPF capable of simultaneously reducing both NOx and PM emissions has been developed in order to reduce the overall size of the after-treatment system. The goal of this proposed research is to create a state estimator that is capable of estimating the internal states of temperature distribution, PM distribution, NH3 storage faction as well as pressure drop across the filter and outlet concentration of NO, NO2 and NH3 for different operating conditions. This would help in achieving an optimal urea dosing strategy during NOx reduction as well as an optimum fuel dosing strategy during active regeneration for the SCR catalyst on a DPF. The motivation for this research comes from the desire to quantify the interaction of SCR reactions and PM oxidation in the SCR catalyst on a DPF and to use the mathematical model created in the process to develop a state estimator that can provide optimal control and onboard diagnostics of combined SCR catalyst on a DPF devices. In the initial phase of the research a high-fidelity SCR-F model is being developed in MATLAB/Simulink which is capable of predicting the filtration efficiency, temperature distribution, PM distribution, pressure drop across the filter and outlet concentrations of NO, NO2 and NH3. This model will be calibrated using experimental data collected on a Cummins 2013 ISB SCRF®. After the validation of the SCR-F model, the high-fidelity SCR-F model developed will be used with an existing 1D SCR model to perform NOx reduction studies on a system consisting of SCRF® + SCR using experimental data. This step will be followed by development of a reduced order SCR-F model using a coarser mesh (e.g. 5x5 vs 10x10) and simplified governing equations which will also be used as the mathematical model for the state estimator. SCR-F state estimator will be developed to accurately predict the internal states of NH3 coverage fraction, temperature distribution, PM distribution and pressure drop across the SCR catalyst on the DPF. The estimator will be validated using experimental data.
Book Synopsis Passive Ammonia-SCR Catalyst System for NOx Abatement from Lean-burn Gasoline Engines by : Vitaly Y. Prikhodko
Download or read book Passive Ammonia-SCR Catalyst System for NOx Abatement from Lean-burn Gasoline Engines written by Vitaly Y. Prikhodko and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation summarizes experimental and computational observations from investigations of a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system for reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) in lean gasoline engine exhaust based on utilizing ammonia (NH3) generated by a three-way catalyst (TWC) during brief periods of fuel-rich engine operation. NH3 released from the TWC is stored and available to reduce NOx on a downstream SCR catalyst during subsequent periods of lean engine operation. The experimental results include high-speed measurements of transient NH3 formation on the TWC monolith catalysts, as the catalysts were exposed to lean gasoline engine exhaust from a commercial engine. In addition to the experimental investigations, dynamic computational simulations of NH3 generation on the TWC catalyst were implemented to provide more detailed information about NH3 generation on TWCs based on available reaction kinetic mechanisms. Based on the experimental and computational results, estimates of the potential fuel efficiency gains and emissions relevant to simulated drive cycles indicate that passive SCR can potentially achieve significant fuel efficiency benefits while still meeting regulated NOx emissions limits for vehicles powered by lean gasoline engines. However, optimal performance of the system will most likely require development of emission control methods that include accurate models for SCR catalyst NH3 storage and reaction under realistic drive-cycle transients.
Book Synopsis Evaluation of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Technology for Controlling NOx Emissions from Small Natural Gas-fired Prime Movers by : Gunseli Sagun Shareef
Download or read book Evaluation of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Technology for Controlling NOx Emissions from Small Natural Gas-fired Prime Movers written by Gunseli Sagun Shareef and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of the study was to document the actual costs, reliability, and operational characteristics of commercial selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems on small prime movers, and to provide the gas industry tools with which to evaluate SCR systems under anticipated operating conditions.
Book Synopsis Demonstration of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Technology for the Control of Nitrogen Oxide (NO Sub X) Emissions from High-sulfur Coal-fired Boilers by :
Download or read book Demonstration of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Technology for the Control of Nitrogen Oxide (NO Sub X) Emissions from High-sulfur Coal-fired Boilers written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this project is to demonstrate and evaluate commercially available Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) catalysts from US, Japanese and European catalyst suppliers on a high-sulfur US coal-fired boiler. SCR is a post-combustion nitrogen oxide (NOx) control technology that involves injecting ammonia into the flue gas generated from coal combustion in an electric utility boiler. The flue gas containing ammonia is then passed through a reactor that contains a specialized catalyst. In the presence of the catalyst, the ammonia reacts with NOx to convert it to nitrogen and water vapor, Although SCR is widely practiced in Japan and Europe, there are numerous technical uncertainties associated with applying SCR to US coals. These uncertainties include: (1) potential catalyst deactivation due to poisoning by trace metal species present in US coals that are not present in other fuel performance of the technology and effects on the balance-of-plant equipment in the presence of high amounts of SO2 and SO3. (3) performance of a wide variety of SCR catalyst compositions, geometries and methods of manufacture under typical high-sulfur coal-fired utility operating conditions. These uncertainties will be explored by constructing a series of small-scale SCR reactors and simultaneously exposing different SCR catalysts to flue gas derived from the combustion of high sulfur US coal.
Book Synopsis Selective Catalytic Reduction for Treating the NOx Emissions from Lean-Burn Gasoline Engines by : Joseph R. Theis
Download or read book Selective Catalytic Reduction for Treating the NOx Emissions from Lean-Burn Gasoline Engines written by Joseph R. Theis and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Demonstration of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Technology for the Control of Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Emissions from High-sulfur Coal-fired Boilers by :
Download or read book Demonstration of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Technology for the Control of Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Emissions from High-sulfur Coal-fired Boilers written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this project is to demonstrate and evaluate commercially available Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) catalysts from US, Japanese and European catalyst suppliers on a high-sulfur US coal-fired boiler. SCR is a post-combustion nitrogen oxide (NO(subscript x)) control technology that involves injecting ammonia into the flue gas generated from coal combustion in an electric utility boiler. The flue gas containing ammonia is then passed through a reactor that contains a specialized catalyst. In the presence of the catalyst, the ammonia reacts with NO(subscript x) to convert it to nitrogen and water vapor.
Book Synopsis Effect of Hydrocarbon Emissions From PCCI-Type Combustion On The Performance of Selective Catalytic Reduction Catalysts by :
Download or read book Effect of Hydrocarbon Emissions From PCCI-Type Combustion On The Performance of Selective Catalytic Reduction Catalysts written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Core samples cut from full size commercial Fe-and Cu-zeolite SCR catalysts were exposed to a slipstream of raw engine exhaust from a 1.9-liter 4-cylinder diesel engine operating in conventional and PCCI combustion modes. Subsequently, the NOx reduction performance of the exposed catalysts was evaluated on a laboratory bench- reactor fed with simulated exhaust. The Fe-zeolite NOx conversion efficiency was significantly degraded, especially at low temperatures (
Book Synopsis Ammonia Generation and Utilization in a Passive SCR (TWC+SCR) System on Lean Gasoline Engine by :
Download or read book Ammonia Generation and Utilization in a Passive SCR (TWC+SCR) System on Lean Gasoline Engine written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lean gasoline engines offer greater fuel economy than the common stoichiometric gasoline engine, but the current three way catalyst (TWC) on stoichiometric engines is unable to control nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions in oxidizing exhaust. For these lean gasoline engines, lean NOX emission control is required to meet existing Tier 2 and upcoming Tier 3 emission regulations set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). While urea-based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) has proven effective in controlling NOX from diesel engines, the urea storage and delivery components can add significant size and cost. As such, onboard NH3 production via a passive SCR approach is of interest. In a passive SCR system, NH3 is generated over a close-coupled TWC during periodic slightly rich engine operation and subsequently stored on an underfloor SCR catalyst. Upon switching to lean operation, NOX passes through the TWC and is reduced by the stored NH3 on the SCR catalyst. In this work, a passive SCR system was evaluated on a 2.0-liter BMW lean burn gasoline direct injection engine to assess NH3 generation over a Pd-only TWC and utilization over a Cu-based SCR catalyst. System NOX reduction efficiency and fuel efficiency improvement compared to stoichiometric engine operation were measured. A feedback control strategy based on cumulative NH3 produced by the TWC during rich operation and NOX emissions during lean operation was implemented on the engine to control lean/rich cycle timing. At an SCR average inlet temperature of 350 °C, an NH3:NOX ratio of 1.15:1 (achieved through longer rich cycle timing) resulted in 99.7 % NOX conversion. Increasing NH3 generation further resulted in even higher NOX conversion; however, tailpipe NH3 emissions resulted. At higher underfloor temperatures, NH3 oxidation over the SCR limited NH3 availability for NOX reduction. At the engine conditions studied, greater than 99 % NOX conversion was achieved with passive SCR while delivering fuel efficiency benefits ranging between 6-11 % compared with stoichiometric operation.
Book Synopsis Performance Comparisons of Catalytic Fabric Via the Reduction of NOx in a Bench-scale SCR System by : Todd Allen Svihovec
Download or read book Performance Comparisons of Catalytic Fabric Via the Reduction of NOx in a Bench-scale SCR System written by Todd Allen Svihovec and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Cassell's Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Etc by :
Download or read book Cassell's Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Etc written by and published by . This book was released on 1904 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Systematic Approach for Performance Comparisons of NOx Converter Designs by : Michelle Bendrich
Download or read book A Systematic Approach for Performance Comparisons of NOx Converter Designs written by Michelle Bendrich and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In today's vehicle applications, Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) ammonia dosing is completed using complex control algorithms that need to be parameterized for the individual catalytic converter technology. The parameterization of these control strategies is not always completed during the early design phase (i.e., simulation studies and laboratory tests), as this procedure is very time consuming. This results in catalytic converter screenings being completed with dosing strategies that do not allow for the observation of the true potential of each catalytic converter. Therefore, a challenge arises in the effective design of catalytic converters. This work presents a simulation-based method for the automated optimization of a simple ammonia dosing strategy, which can easily be used for simulations during the early catalytic converter design phase. The dosing strategy relies on a look-up table whose entries relate a desired ammonia surface coverage to a catalyst temperature. These entries are optimized for a given driving cycle to maximize the NOx conversion and fulfill the desired ammonia slip constraints. Using this strategy, comparisons of SCR catalyst technologies (iron and copper zeolite SCR) and catalyst volumes during driving cycles are completed. Likewise, the dosing strategy is applied to a catalytic converter configuration consisting of a front-end SCR and a back-end Ammonia Slip Catalyst (ASC) to study how an ASC can assist in meeting regulatory requirements during driving cycles.
Book Synopsis Optimization of SCR Control Technology for Reduced NOx Emissions, Improved Performance and Reduced Operating Expenses by :
Download or read book Optimization of SCR Control Technology for Reduced NOx Emissions, Improved Performance and Reduced Operating Expenses written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Demonstration of Selective Catalytic Reduction Technology to Control Nitrogen Oxide Emissions From High-Sulfur, Coal-Fired Boilers by :
Download or read book Demonstration of Selective Catalytic Reduction Technology to Control Nitrogen Oxide Emissions From High-Sulfur, Coal-Fired Boilers written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Clean Coal Technology (CCT) program is to furnish the energy marketplace with a number of advanced, more efficient, and environmentally responsible coal utilization technologies through demonstration projects. These projects seek to establish the commercial feasibility of the most promising advanced coal technologies that have developed beyond the proof-of-concept stage. This document serves as a DOE post-project assessment of a project selected in CCT Round 2. The project is described in the report ''Demonstration of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Technology for the Control of Nitrogen Oxide (NO(subscript x)) Emissions from High-Sulfur, Coal-Fired Boilers'' (Southern Company Services 1990). In June 1990, Southern Company Services (Southern) entered into a cooperative agreement to conduct the study. Southern was a cofunder and served as the host at Gulf Power Company's Plant Crist. Other participants and cofunders were EPRI (formerly the Electric Power Research Institute) and Ontario Hydro. DOE provided 40 percent of the total project cost of $23 million. The long-term operation phase of the demonstration was started in July 1993 and was completed in July 1995. This independent evaluation is based primarily on information from Southern's Final Report (Southern Company Services 1996). The SCR process consists of injecting ammonia (NH3) into boiler flue gas and passing the 3 flue gas through a catalyst bed where the NO(subscript x) and NH3 react to form nitrogen and water vapor. The objectives of the demonstration project were to investigate: Performance of a wide variety of SCR catalyst compositions, geometries, and manufacturing methods at typical U.S. high-sulfur coal-fired utility operating conditions; Catalyst resistance to poisoning by trace metal species present in U.S. coals but not present, or present at much lower concentrations, in fuels from other countries; and Effects on the balance-of-plant equipment from sulfur compounds formed by reactions between sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur trioxide (SO3), and NH3 (e.g., plugging and corrosion of downstream equipment). The Clean Air Act, initially promulgated in 1970, established New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for emissions of SO2, NO(subscript x), and particulates, among other pollutants, from stationary coal-fired power plants. These regulations were made more stringent in the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990. The SCR process is one way to meet the NO(subscript x) emissions requirements of the CAAA.
Book Synopsis Study on Mixing, Modelling and Control of an SCR System by : Xinna Tian
Download or read book Study on Mixing, Modelling and Control of an SCR System written by Xinna Tian and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, more and more research attention has been paid to the NOx emissions caused by marine diesel engines. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system has been proven to be an effective technology for the removal of NOx emitted from marine diesel engines. In order to comply with stringent International Maritime Organization (IMO) Tier III NOx emission regulations, a number of engine manufacturers have developed their own SCR systems with an option of installing SCR reactors before or after the turbines of engine turbochargers. This thesis focuses on modelling of evaporation and decomposition of urea-water-solution (UWS) droplets, design and optimisation of static mixers, modelling of an SCR reactor and developing model-based urea dosing control strategy.The amount of ammonia converted from UWS has a significant effect on the NOx removal efficiency of SCR systems. Due to a limited installation space for SCR systems on board, choosing the location of urea injection nozzle appropriately has become a critical issue for SCR system design. An evaporation and decomposition model of UWS droplets has been developed in this research in order to determine the total depletion time of a UWS droplet, which is helpful to calculate the proper length between the urea nozzle and reactor of an SCR system.In order to achieve a high NOx removal rate and reduce the quantity of NH3 slip, static mixers are commonly used before SCR reactors to improve the mixing between ammonia and exhaust gases. 4 novel static mixers have been designed and the performance of the mixers is compared in the study. An experiment has been conducted to validate the mixing performance and pressure loss of the static mixers developed. It shows that there is a satisfied agreement between the simulation and experiment results.A mathematical model of SCR reactors has been established. The unknown parameters of the model are identified by minimising the error between the model predicted and measured values of both the temperature and the species concentration after the SCR reactor. The SCR reactor model is further used in a simulation for the purpose of developing model-based urea dosing control strategies.A state observer is used to determine the actual states in the reactor which supplies the mandatory information for developing model-based urea dosing control strategies. The NH3 cross-sensitivity of NOx sensors can be described by a linear equation. The simulation results of the observer show that the NH3 cross-sensitivity of NOx sensors can be neglected when estimating the actual states of the reactor if NH3 is of a low concentration in the exhaust.
