Building Independence Through Prompt Fading

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Building Independence Through Prompt-fading

Author : Rita M. A. Lizcano
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 66 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (82 download)

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Book Synopsis Building Independence Through Prompt-fading by : Rita M. A. Lizcano

Download or read book Building Independence Through Prompt-fading written by Rita M. A. Lizcano and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this study was to identify and evaluate the most effective ways to promote independence for students with mild-to-moderate disabilities. Through review of literature, research suggests that excessive adult support can demote independence and create prompt dependence or learned helplessness. Further review of literature indicated that prompting techniques and prompt hierarchy levels are effective methods for building independence when followed appropriately and consistently. The focus of this study was to develop a comprehensive training module and reference manual using this literature-based research as a training opportunity for individuals working with students who display prompt dependent behaviors. Through the training module surveys, data showed that all 17 participants in the study responded with continuously experiencing and observing these types of behaviors. Survey results also suggested that approximately half of these participants have attended some training on independence and prompting but not sufficient enough to decrease, change or avoid these types of behaviors. In addition, survey results indicated that the most commonly used prompting included verbal and gestural, which are the hardest prompts to fade. Based on the training module surveys and pre-assessment information, the researcher concluded that the participants' awareness and understanding of prompting has significantly improved through this training and was a value tool for future implementation processes.

Behavior Analytic Approaches to Promote Enjoyable Mealtimes for Autistics/Individuals Diagnosed with Autism and their Families

Author : Joseph H. Cihon
Publisher : Vernon Press
ISBN 13 : 1648895794
Total Pages : 396 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (488 download)

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Book Synopsis Behavior Analytic Approaches to Promote Enjoyable Mealtimes for Autistics/Individuals Diagnosed with Autism and their Families by : Joseph H. Cihon

Download or read book Behavior Analytic Approaches to Promote Enjoyable Mealtimes for Autistics/Individuals Diagnosed with Autism and their Families written by Joseph H. Cihon and published by Vernon Press. This book was released on 2023-01-10 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It has been estimated that 70% to 90% of individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience mealtime challenges (Volkert & Vaz, 2010). Most approaches to the treatment of mealtime challenges have focused on decreasing interfering mealtime behaviors through escape extinction (i.e., requiring consumption of food prior to meal termination) and other approaches that may be perceived as punitive by parents, individuals diagnosed with ASD, and other stakeholders. In recent years, there has been an increase in research on promoting enjoyable mealtimes for individuals diagnosed with ASD and their families. The purpose of this edited book is to provide a comprehensive review of these approaches for improving mealtime behaviors for individuals diagnosed with ASD, provide clinical recommendations for improving mealtime behaviors, and identify areas for future research.

Motivation and Reinforcement

Author : Robert Schramm
Publisher : Lulu.com
ISBN 13 : 1447748360
Total Pages : 418 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (477 download)

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Book Synopsis Motivation and Reinforcement by : Robert Schramm

Download or read book Motivation and Reinforcement written by Robert Schramm and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2011-05-04 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of Lulu's best sellers of all time, the second edition of the book Educate Toward Recovery is now called Motivation and Reinforcement: Turning the Tables on Autism. This book is the ultimate guide to home based autism intervention. It is a forward-thinking guide that translates the Verbal Behavior Approach to ABA into everyday language. With over 100 new pages of material including new Chapters on Social Skills, Behavior Plans, Token Economies, and Advanced Instructional Control methods, this book is a must have even for those who own the 2006 version. International ABA/VB presenter Robert Schramm, explains how you can keep your child engaged in motivated learning throughout his entire day without forcing participation, blocking escape, or nagging procedures. M&R is the full realization of modern ABA/VB Autism Intervention and a great resource for parents, teachers, and therapists working with a child with autism as well as BCBA's looking for ways to improve their approach.

BEHAVIORAL GUIDE TO PERSONALITY DISORDERS (DSM-5)

Author : Douglas H. Ruben
Publisher : Charles C Thomas Publisher
ISBN 13 : 0398090882
Total Pages : 275 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (98 download)

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Book Synopsis BEHAVIORAL GUIDE TO PERSONALITY DISORDERS (DSM-5) by : Douglas H. Ruben

Download or read book BEHAVIORAL GUIDE TO PERSONALITY DISORDERS (DSM-5) written by Douglas H. Ruben and published by Charles C Thomas Publisher. This book was released on 2015-11-03 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Behavioral Guide to Personality Disorders is the first behaviorally-based reference guide on Personality Disorders and their applicability in vocational, therapeutic, and other rehabilitation service agencies. Chapters cover each personality disorder from a learning theory perspective; the “Do’s and Don’ts” on how to manage personality types in service delivery systems (called “personality management”); and predictors of each personality disorder for vocational, therapeutic, and rehabilitation outcomes. The objective of the book is simply to provide practical and ready-to-use clinical information for practitioners and advanced students facing the high demand for triage and treatment decisions. It helps the paraprofessional and professional measurably identify individual behavior problems in clients and consumers, and predict their trajectory of outcome success or failure under certain circumstances or when provided a litany of rehabilitation services. The text also culls from evidence-based research and application to ensure the viability and acceptability of the analysis. For simplicity of reading and rapid reading comprehension, the design of this book is called a PowerPoint book. It allows for self-paced learning with PowerPoint (graphic-visual) reminders embedded in the text with study questions listed afterwards. Like some predecessors, this guide offers a return to the behavioral framework to understand the intricacies of psychopathology. It explains the behavioral underpinnings of each personality disorder, both to debunk mythical reasons or reifications distorting the etiologies, and to advance a more respectful scientific outlook on personality disorders. With this resource, professionals in the allied health fields can more confidently predict the outcome success or failure of individuals with personality disorders, who receive mental health treatment, vocational rehabilitation, or other allied health services.

Educating Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Author : Erin E. Barton
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1628738545
Total Pages : 420 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (287 download)

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Book Synopsis Educating Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders by : Erin E. Barton

Download or read book Educating Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders written by Erin E. Barton and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2014-01-07 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: According to the CDC, one in fifty American children is diagnosed as having an autism spectrum disorder. This means more school-aged children are entering classrooms with ASDs and teachers are being called upon to help facilitate their learning. Educating Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders is aimed at providing strategies for teachers, school counselors, and psychologists to help address the needs of children on the spectrum, as well as their families. Erin E. Barton and Beth Harn draw on current research and practices to discuss the possible causes of autism and to help prepare educators not only for teaching children in the classroom but also for providing families with the tools necessary to continue the educational process at home. Included are topics such as: Improving communication and socialization Developing instructive lessons Assessing students' progress Including families in educational goals Finding students' special interests and using those to help facilitate learning Managing challenging behavior And more Including forms, charts, and a range of classroom activities, this is the only resource you will need to gain the insight and tools for making a difference in the educational lives of young children with autism.

Teaching Students with Moderate and Severe Disabilities

Author : Diane M. Browder
Publisher : Guilford Press
ISBN 13 : 1609180097
Total Pages : 449 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Teaching Students with Moderate and Severe Disabilities by : Diane M. Browder

Download or read book Teaching Students with Moderate and Severe Disabilities written by Diane M. Browder and published by Guilford Press. This book was released on 2011-07-06 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book has been replaced by Teaching Students with Moderate and Severe Disabilities, Second Edition, 978-1-4625-4238-3.

Fundamentals of AAC

Author : Nerissa Hall
Publisher : Plural Publishing
ISBN 13 : 163550354X
Total Pages : 585 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (355 download)

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Book Synopsis Fundamentals of AAC by : Nerissa Hall

Download or read book Fundamentals of AAC written by Nerissa Hall and published by Plural Publishing. This book was released on 2022-03-11 with total page 585 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fundamentals of AAC: A Case-Based Approach to Enhancing Communication is a course-friendly textbook designed to walk readers through the theoretical and clinical underpinnings of assessment, intervention, and consultation for individuals with complex communication needs across the lifespan. Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) encompasses a variety of communication methods and is used by those with a wide range of speech and language impairments. With a consistent framework and descriptive case studies, as well as input from various stakeholders, readers can gain a comprehensive understanding of the needs of persons who use AAC and how to provide them with ethically and culturally considerate support. Unlike other texts on this topic, this book empowers the reader to visualize AAC in action. Each chapter offers evidence-based information about the topic along with a case study. The case studies combined with short essays from various stakeholders illustrate the variety of ways in which AAC can enhance an individual’s connection with their communication partners and community, and the role of the speech-language pathologist as integral to this process. Intended to easily translate into a 6-, 8-, or 13-week semester course, this textbook is divided into seven distinct sections: Section I provides an overview of AAC, no-tech, mid-tech, and high-tech AAC systems, as well as mobile technology and advancing technology. Section II discusses cultural and linguistic responsivity and how this underlies AAC systems and services. Section III reviews AAC assessment, intervention and implementation for toddlers, preschoolers, and school-aged individuals, along with goal-writing and data collection. Section IV covers assessment, intervention, and implementation for young adults and adults needing AAC. Section V offers the reader detailed information and rich examples of the application of AAC for persons with developmental disabilities. Section VI provides the theoretical foundation and exemplar case studies of AAC for persons with acquired disabilities. Section VII details consultation and training for various stakeholders, as well as tele-AAC services. Key Features: * Overviews with key terms set the stage for each section * 36 case studies with questions and visuals to clearly depict each case * Boxes with practical tips and expert advice

Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Volume 2

Author : Fred R. Volkmar
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118282205
Total Pages : 948 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (182 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Volume 2 by : Fred R. Volkmar

Download or read book Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Volume 2 written by Fred R. Volkmar and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-02-21 with total page 948 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The latest and most comprehensive resource on autism and related disorders Since the original edition was first published more than a quarter-century ago, The Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders has been the most influential reference work in the field. Volume 2 of this comprehensive work includes a wealth of information from the experts in their respective specialities within the larger field of autism studies: Assessment, Interventions, and Social Policy Perspectives. Within the three sections found in Volume 2, readers will find in-depth treatment of: Screening for autism in young children; diagnostic instruments in autism spectrum disorders (ASD); clinical evaluation in multidisciplinary settings; assessing communications in ASD; and behavioral assessment of individuals with autism, including current practice and future directions Interventions for infants and toddlers at risk; comprehensive treatment models for children and youth with ASD; targeted interventions for social communication symptoms in preschoolers with ASD; augmentative and alternative communication; interventions for challenging behaviors; supporting mainstream educational success; supporting inclusion education; promoting recreational engagement in children with ASD; social skills interventions; and employment and related services for adults with ASD Supporting adult independence in the community for individuals with high functioning ASD; supporting parents, siblings, and grandparents of people with ASD; and evidence-based psychosocial interventions for individuals with ASD Special topic coverage such as autism across cultures; autism in the courtroom; alternative treatments; teacher and professional training guidelines; economic aspects of autism; and consideration of alternative treatments The new edition includes the relevant updates to help readers stay abreast of the state of this rapidly evolving field and gives them a guide to separate the wheat from the chaff as information about autism proliferates.

Applied Behavior Analysis for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Author : Johnny L. Matson
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441900888
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

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Book Synopsis Applied Behavior Analysis for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders by : Johnny L. Matson

Download or read book Applied Behavior Analysis for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders written by Johnny L. Matson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-09-18 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Autism was once thought of as a rare condition, until the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network released the statistic that about 1 in every 150 eight-year-old children in various areas across the United States is afflicted by an autism spectrum disorder, or ASD. This news led to a dramatic expansion of research into autism spectrum disorders and to the emergence of applied behavior analysis (ABA) as the preferred method of treatment, even among prescribing practitioners. Applied Behavioral Analysis for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders ably synthesizes research data and trends with best-practice interventions into a comprehensive, state-of-the-art resource. Within its chapters, leading experts review current ABA literature in depth; identify interventions most relevant to children across the autism spectrum; and discuss potential developments in these core areas: Assessment methods, from functional assessment to single case research designs. Treatment methods, including reinforcement, replacement behaviors, and other effective strategies. The role of the differential diagnosis in ABA treatment planning. Specific deficit areas: communication, social skills, stereotypies/rituals. Target behaviors, such as self-injury, aggression, adaptive and self-help problems. ASD-related training concerns, including maintenance and transition issues, and parent training programs. This volume is a vital resource for researchers, graduate students, and professionals in clinical child and school psychology as well as the related fields of education and mental health.

Single Subject Research Methodology in Behavioral Sciences

Author : Jennifer R. Ledford
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135593191
Total Pages : 668 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (355 download)

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Book Synopsis Single Subject Research Methodology in Behavioral Sciences by : Jennifer R. Ledford

Download or read book Single Subject Research Methodology in Behavioral Sciences written by Jennifer R. Ledford and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2009-10-16 with total page 668 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is written for student researchers, practitioners, and university faculty who are interested in answering applied research questions and objectively evaluating educational and clinical practices. The basic tenet of single-subject research methodology is that the individual is of primary importance and that each individual study participant serves as his or her own control. It is because of this focus on the individual that clinicians and educators have been using single-subject research designs for over 40 years to answer applied research questions. Although the methodology has its roots in behavioral psychology and applied behavioral analysis, it has been used by applied researchers across a variety of disciplines such as special education, speech and communication sciences, language and literacy, therapeutic recreation, occupational therapy, and social work. Key features include the following: Applied Focus – More than any other text, this one focuses on the nuts and bolts of how to use single-subject research in constructing one’s research project or in evaluating one’s professional practice. Numerous and Varied Examples – The book abounds in examples from special education and other disciplines and populations within the applied research literature. Reader Friendly – The text is written in a reader friendly style, features sample data sheets and graphic displays, and includes detailed guidelines for conducting visual analysis of graphic data. Expertise – The author’s long and distinguished career in teaching single-subject research is augmented in this book by contributions from other experts in the field.

Building Language Using LEGO® Bricks

Author : Dawn Ralph
Publisher : Jessica Kingsley Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1784503177
Total Pages : 154 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (845 download)

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Book Synopsis Building Language Using LEGO® Bricks by : Dawn Ralph

Download or read book Building Language Using LEGO® Bricks written by Dawn Ralph and published by Jessica Kingsley Publishers. This book was released on 2016-08-18 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Building Language using LEGO® Bricks is a flexible and powerful intervention tool designed to aid children with severe receptive and expressive language disorders, often related to autism and other special educational needs. This practical manual equips you for setting up and adapting your own successful sessions. Downloadable resources enable you to chart progress in the following key areas: - The use of receptive and expressive language - The use and understanding of challenging concepts - Joint attention - Social communication Help children with complex needs to communicate with this unique tool, derived from the highly effective LEGO®-Based Therapy.

Conducting Behavioral and Social-Emotional Assessments in MTSS

Author : Nathaniel von der Embse
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000513661
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis Conducting Behavioral and Social-Emotional Assessments in MTSS by : Nathaniel von der Embse

Download or read book Conducting Behavioral and Social-Emotional Assessments in MTSS written by Nathaniel von der Embse and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2022-01-31 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conducting Behavioral and Social-Emotional Assessments in MTSS: Screen to Intervene offers effective assessment strategies for improving mental and behavioral health decision-making within multi-tiered systems of support. Accessible to school psychologists, behavior analysts, PBIS team leaders, and other school-based professionals, this applied book features evidence-based practices and case study examples to show how assessment data can drive prevention and intervention services, particularly at Tiers 1 and 2. Specific tools and recommendations for universal screening, problem analysis, and progress monitoring procedures offer a fresh, real-world approach to data-driven implementation of supports across schools.

Successful Inclusion for Students with Autism

Author : Sonja R. de Boer
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470230800
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (72 download)

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Book Synopsis Successful Inclusion for Students with Autism by : Sonja R. de Boer

Download or read book Successful Inclusion for Students with Autism written by Sonja R. de Boer and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-04-06 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Successful Inclusion for Students with Autism gives teachers in both special and general education as well as administrators the information they need to start and maintain an effective inclusion program for children with autism spectrum disorders. The book offers step-by-step guidance for creating successful inclusion programs and includes specific information on key topics such as educator roles and responsibilities, ongoing program assessment, and evaluating student progress. De Boer offers specific advice for designing an appropriate inclusive education program, outlines legal guidelines for placement, and provides valuable teaching tips on a wide variety of topics including behavior management, boosting social and communication skills, and more. The book also offers a wealth of helpful forms, checklists, and handouts that will assist with implementing the inclusion program and ensure that all involved—educators, administrators, parents, and students—have the information necessary to make the program successful. Praise for Successful Inclusion for Students with Autism "Successfully including children with autism in general education isn't an accident. Teachers, practitioners, and parents will find practical solutions and important guidelines in this book for making inclusion successful. Dr. de Boer's passion for inclusion of children with ASD is felt throughout the pages of this book." —Lynn Koegel, Ph.D., CCC-SLP, clinical director,Koegel Autism Center, University of California,Santa Barbara "Finally, a book that offers the potential to make inclusion successful for students with autism. This book not only looks at the unique characteristics of ASD, but highlights and addresses the social and behavioral demands of the general education setting for students with autism." —Katie Cook, Ph.D., early childhood autism specialist, Harmony Early Childhood Center, Olathe, KS

Asperger Syndrome

Author : James C. McPartland
Publisher : Guilford Publications
ISBN 13 : 1462514359
Total Pages : 497 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (625 download)

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Book Synopsis Asperger Syndrome by : James C. McPartland

Download or read book Asperger Syndrome written by James C. McPartland and published by Guilford Publications. This book was released on 2014-04-28 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Completely revised with the latest research and clinical strategies, this is the authoritative volume on Asperger syndrome (now part of DSM-5 autism spectrum disorder). Considered the definitive reference since its initial publication, the book focuses on how to assess each child or adolescent's needs and provide effective interventions in the areas of communication, behavior, and academic and vocational functioning. The neural and genetic bases of autism spectrum disorders are also explored. New to This Edition *Expanded coverage of evidence-based assessment and treatment, including two chapters on behavioral interventions. *Addresses challenges in the transition to new diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder in DSM-5. *Chapters on neuropsychological advances, the transition to higher education, and forensic issues. *Many new authors and extensively revised chapters.

Handbook of Neurological Rehabilitation

Author : Richard J. Greenwood
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1135471258
Total Pages : 1874 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (354 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Neurological Rehabilitation by : Richard J. Greenwood

Download or read book Handbook of Neurological Rehabilitation written by Richard J. Greenwood and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2005-08-16 with total page 1874 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Changes in the focus of neurological practice worldwide have led to the need for new standard texts that reflect the current state of this expanding area of clinical expertise. The second edition of the Handbook of Neurological Rehabilitation is a major reference source that fulfils this need, providing an invaluable resource for all professions that work with patients suffering from neurological disorders. It brings restorative neurology to the bedside and shows how a reiterative, goal-oriented, problem-solving training programme can benefit patients, sometimes on a scale not achieved by pharmacological or surgical interventions. The book is divided into three sections all of which have been updated. Section One explores the clinical and biological principles underpinning rehabilitation practice in the context of neurological disablement. Section Two describes the assessment, treatment, and management of the major physical, cognitive and behavioural impairments, and the resulting functional deficits that may follow or accompany neurological disease. The final section explores in more detail these problems and their management in relation to the more common specific disorders of the nervous system. The text emphasises the fact that rehabilitation is an ongoing process involving multidisciplinary problem-solving, goal-setting and education; in which organised care is more effective than unorganised care; and the breakdown of professional barriers within rehabilitation, to facilitate the use of combined treatment techniques, improves outcome. It describes the contribution made by neural reorganisation and compensatory mechanisms to recovery of function, focuses on the avoidance of secondary deficit, and explores the physical, cognitive, affective and behavioural problems that may occur after neurological damage. At a time when new medical technologies threaten to fragment the integrity of medical care at individual and societal levels, it is crucial that all those involved in the management of chronic neurological disease have a working knowledge of the contents of this book. Their perspective on clinical practice will then be truly integrated and holistic and their patients will benefit accordingly.

Pretend Play Language Assessment and Curriculum

Author : Melissa Schissler
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780692895122
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (951 download)

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Book Synopsis Pretend Play Language Assessment and Curriculum by : Melissa Schissler

Download or read book Pretend Play Language Assessment and Curriculum written by Melissa Schissler and published by . This book was released on 2017-05-20 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The PPLAC is designed as a criterion-referenced tool to assess play skills and language acquisition ofchildren ages 2-7 and provide a behaviorally-based curriculum to establish or expand a child's pretend playrepertoire. The PPLAC was developed from extensive review of the research on the developmental sequence ofplay, language acquisition and behavioral interventions. Additionally, data were collected and analyzed from researchconducted at ACI Learning Centers' on the developmental sequence of play and the implementation of the PPLACto formulate this assessment and curriculum tool.

Assessing Students in the Margin

Author : Michael Russell
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1617353167
Total Pages : 493 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis Assessing Students in the Margin by : Michael Russell

Download or read book Assessing Students in the Margin written by Michael Russell and published by IAP. This book was released on 2011-02-01 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The importance of student assessment, particularly for summative purposes, has increased greatly over the past thirty years. At the same time, emphasis on including all students in assessment programs has also increased. Assessment programs, whether they are large-scale, district-based, or teacher developed, have traditionally attempted to assess students using a single instrument administered to students under the same conditions. Educators and test developers, however, are increasingly acknowledging that this practice does not result in valid information, inferences, and decisions for all students. This problem is particularly true for students in the margins, whose characteristics and needs differ from what the public thinks of as the general population of students. Increasingly, educators, educational leaders, and test developers are seeking strategies, techniques, policies, and guidelines for assessing students for whom standard assessment instruments do not function well. Whether used for high-stakes decisions or classroom-based formative decisions, the most critical element of any educational assessment is validity. Developing and administering assessment instruments that provide valid measures and allow for valid inferences and decisions for all groups of students presents a major challenge for today’s assessment programs. Over the past few decades, several national policies have sparked research and development efforts that aim to increase test validity for students in the margins. This book explores recent developments and efforts in three important areas. The first section focuses on strategies for improving test validity through the provision of test accommodations. The second section focuses on alternate and modified assessments. Federal policies now allow testing programs to develop and administer alternate assessments for students who have not been exposed to grade-level content, and thus are not expected to demonstrate proficiency on grade-level assessments. A separate policy allows testing programs to develop modified assessments that will provided more useful information about achievement for a small percentage of students who are exposed to grade-level content but for whom the standard form of the grade-level test does not provide a valid measure of achievement. These policies are complex and can be confusing for educators who are not familiar with their details. The chapters in the second section unpack these policies and explore the implications these policies have for test design. The third and final section of the book examines how principles of Universal Design can be applied to improve test validity for all students. Collectively, this volume presents a comprehensive examination of the several issues that present challenges for assessing the achievement of all students. While our understanding of how to overcome these challenges continues to evolve, the lessons, strategies, and avenues for future research explored in this book empower educators, test developers, and testing programs with a deeper understanding of how we can improve assessments for students in the margins.