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Britain And The Greek Economic Crisis 1944 1947
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Book Synopsis Britain and the Greek Economic Crisis, 1944-1947 by : Athanasios Lykogiannis
Download or read book Britain and the Greek Economic Crisis, 1944-1947 written by Athanasios Lykogiannis and published by University of Missouri Press. This book was released on 2002 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In October 1944, the National Unity Government of newly liberated Greece faced a severe inflationary crisis. Although Greece could count on considerable assistance and advice from its allies, particularly Great Britain, much depended on Greece's own actions and its determination to restore economic normality. Success was meager, and by the time the British pulled out of Greece in the spring of 1947, economic stability remained elusive. Britain and the Greek Economic Crisis, 1944-1947 concentrates on Anglo-Greek interactions in economic matters during the political and economic turmoil between the Axis occupation of Greece and the Greek civil war. By analyzing the Greek crisis primarily in economic terms, Athanasios Lykogiannis avoids the political partisanship that has colored much previous writing on the subject and throws light on many issues neglected by earlier authors. Drawing on a range of untapped British, American, and Greek archival sources, as well as extensive secondary sources, the author examines the interplay of political and economic factors, such as the ingrained polarization of Greek society and the weakness and timidity of the country's governments, that aggravated and prolonged the crisis.
Book Synopsis British Policy in Greece-1944-1947 by : George Martin Alexander
Download or read book British Policy in Greece-1944-1947 written by George Martin Alexander and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The object of this thesis is to trace the evolution of British policy toward Greece from April 19 until February 19 7. Emphasis will be placed on an analysis of the impact of British policy on Greek internal affairs. Greece's economic problems will be described in lesser detail, and only in so far as they directly impinged upon the course of her internal political development. Greece's international predicament, that of a stumbling block in East-West relations in the first years of the "Gold War," also will be treated as a secondary theme. -- The objective of the British Governments between April 19 and February 19 7 vas to secure a non-Comniuiii s t Greece governed on Western democratic lines -- non-Communist, to safegxiard Britain's strategic position in South East Europe and the Middle East; and governed in a manner accountable to the will of the people, in order that the country shcmld be stable, for an ally internally rent by oppression arid civil strife would be more a liability than an asset. This objective was to be realised in a free plebiscite and elections, to be conducted in Greece following her liberation from the Germans. -- The possibility of conducting a free plebiscite and elections proved to be so remote from the reality of Greek political life, however, that the successful implementation of British policy carne to depend to a grave degree on British, intervention in Greek internal affairs. Britain intervened against extremists of the Left and 'Right, but could not create a .Centre of sufficient strength to lead the Greeks to political stability. Her policy thus ended in failure, the failure of an industrial democracy's attempt to erect in a less developed nation a system of democratic governance beyond that nation's social and political capacity to sustain.
Book Synopsis The Greek Civil War by : Thanasis D. Sfikas
Download or read book The Greek Civil War written by Thanasis D. Sfikas and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Half a century after the civil war which tore apart Greek society in the 1940s, the essays in this volume look back to examine the crisis. They combine the approaches of political and international history with the latest research into the social, economic, religious, cultural, ideological and literary aspects of the struggle. Underpinned by the use of a wide range of hitherto neglected sources, the contributions shed new light, broaden the scope of inquiry, and offer fresh analysis. Thus far, comparative approaches have not been employed in the study of the Greek Civil War. The papers here redress this imbalance and establish the not always so clear links between Greek and European historical developments in the 1940s, placing the evolution of Greek society and politics in a European context. They also highlight the complexity and interconnections of the social, economic and political cleavages that split Greek society, and provide a comprehensive and subtle understanding of the origins, course and impact of the Greek Civil War in a variety of contexts and levels. The volume will appeal to those interested in the European history of the 1940s and the origins of the Cold War, in addition to the specialists of modern Greek history and those engaged in the comparative study of civil wars.
Book Synopsis Famine and Death in Occupied Greece, 1941-1944 by : Violetta Hionidou
Download or read book Famine and Death in Occupied Greece, 1941-1944 written by Violetta Hionidou and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2006-07-06 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a pioneering study of the impact of the famine that occurred in Greece during its occupation by German, Italian and Bulgarian forces in 1941 and 1942. Violetta Hionidou examines the courses and politics of this food crisis, focusing on the demography of the famine and the effectiveness of the relief operations. Her interdisciplinary approach combines demographic, historical and anthropological methodologies to offer a comprehensive account of the famine. This important study makes a major contribution to current debates about mortality and its causes during famines.
Book Synopsis Greece, the Decade of War by : David Brewer
Download or read book Greece, the Decade of War written by David Brewer and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2016-02-28 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the 1940s Greece was torn apart twice, first by World War II and second by Civil War.Beginning in 1941, the occupation of Greece by Germany was intensely brutal. Children starved on the streets of Athens. The Jewish population was decimated in the Holocaust. Heroic acts of resistance - performed in concert with the SOE - were met with vicious reprisals. When Greece was finally freed from Nazi rule in 1944, the fractured and embittered nation became engulfed in civil war, as conflict flared between the British and American-sponsored government and communist-led rebels. Acclaimed historian of Greece David Brewer here investigates this tumultuous decade in Greece's modern history, providing a compelling military and political history.
Book Synopsis US Foreign Policy in the Eastern Mediterranean by : Spyridon N. Litsas
Download or read book US Foreign Policy in the Eastern Mediterranean written by Spyridon N. Litsas and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-02-06 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines US foreign policy in the Eastern Mediterranean and the region’s key role in the practice and evolution of American exceptionalism. The political developments in the Eastern Mediterranean during the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries, gave to the US opportunities to express, in the most explicit way, its anti-colonialism, the fervent support of open and democratic societies, and its willingness to openly confront tyranny and oppression whenever this was possible (or necessary) for American interests. Since that time, the region has been a testing ground for the core elements of American foreign policy deployed worldwide. The monograph shows the contributions of the United States during critical moments in the region, such as the First Barbary War (1801-1805), the introduction of Truman Doctrine, Washington’s role in the Suez Crisis, the Greek junta and the Imia Crisis of 1996. It also scrutinizes the different levels of the economic, military and diplomatic challenges which China, Russia and Turkey present today, while it also covers the American approach to the Arab Spring. From a ‘Shining City on a Hill’ to the current ‘Make America Great Again’ mottoes, this critique follows American Foreign Policy in the Eastern Mediterranean and the strong bonds that the nation established with the geostrategic, political and ideological features of the region. The pace of recent events, and the increasing complexity of this global corner, prove a challenge to America today; the future and clarion call that hard work and the finest ingenuity are necessary to keep its regional hegemony, and its course toward increased prosperity. This work’s goal is to inspire the conversations by academics, diplomats, leaders (both political and military) and most of all businessmen, to this end.
Book Synopsis The Greek Civil War by : Spyridon Plakoudas
Download or read book The Greek Civil War written by Spyridon Plakoudas and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2017-05-15 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Greek Civil War (1946-1949) was one of the few instances in the post-World War II era of a clear-cut and permanent victory by right-wing government forces over an insurgent communist movement. Spyridon Plakoudas here explores the factors which ultimately caused the downfall of the communist insurgency in Greece which had, at some points, seemed undefeatable. He questions whether the guerrilla movement fell victim to the feud between Stalin and Tito or whether the significant British and, above all, American aid in fact rescued the Greek monarchist regime from collapse. Plakoudas explores the strategies adopted by government forces in order to counter the communist insurgency, how external and internal actors influenced these policies and when, how and why these policies achieved success. Featuring previously unseen sources and documents, this book reveals the strategy and tactics of the monarchist regime.
Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of the Cold War by : Richard H. Immerman
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of the Cold War written by Richard H. Immerman and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2013-01-31 with total page 680 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oxford Handbook of the Cold War offers a broad reassessment of the period war based on new conceptual frameworks developed in the field of international history. Nearing the 25th anniversary of its end, the cold war now emerges as a distinct period in twentieth-century history, yet one which should be evaluated within the broader context of global political, economic, social, and cultural developments. The editors have brought together leading scholars in cold war history to offer a new assessment of the state of the field and identify fundamental questions for future research. The individual chapters in this volume evaluate both the extent and the limits of the cold war's reach in world history. They call into question orthodox ways of ordering the chronology of the cold war and also present new insights into the global dimension of the conflict. Even though each essay offers a unique perspective, together they show the interconnectedness between cold war and national and transnational developments, including long-standing conflicts that preceded the cold war and persisted after its end, or global transformations in areas such as human rights or economic and cultural globalization. Because of its broad mandate, the volume is structured not along conventional chronological lines, but thematically, offering essays on conceptual frameworks, regional perspectives, cold war instruments and cold war challenges. The result is a rich and diverse accounting of the ways in which the cold war should be positioned within the broader context of world history.
Book Synopsis Greece and the Cold War by : Evanthis Hatzivassiliou
Download or read book Greece and the Cold War written by Evanthis Hatzivassiliou and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2006-09-27 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a comprehensive new account of Greece's Cold War policy covering the key period from the country’s accession to NATO in 1952 until the imposition of the colonels’ dictatorship in 1967.
Book Synopsis Greece and the Cold War by : Alexander Kazamias
Download or read book Greece and the Cold War written by Alexander Kazamias and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2022-08-25 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After the proclamation of the Truman Doctrine in 1947, the United States became deeply involved in Greek affairs. By 1952, however, the pro-Western government of Marshal Papagos began to support the nationalist 'Enosis' movement in Cyprus and called for an end to British colonial rule in the island. The opposition of the US, Britain and Turkey to these demands brought Greece face-to-face with its closest allies at the United Nations in 1954 and led to the outbreak of the first major crisis within NATO since its creation. Greece and the Cold War examines these developments from the novel perspective of critical international theory and exposes the unexplored connections between dependence and nationalism in Greek foreign policy. Drawing on a wide range of American, British and Greek archival sources, it argues that nationalism and compliance with the collective interests of NATO were two irreconcilable objectives in Greek foreign policy after 1952. At the same time, the book tells the story of how the post-Civil War governments of Greece, for a variety of political, cultural and ideological reasons, treated these two objectives as essentially compatible, resulting in the adoption of a dualist policy. This self-contradictory diplomatic doctrine, which the author refers to as “dependent nationalism”, lies at the heart of Greece's post-War failures both to emancipate its politics from US intervention and to peacefully end its regional dispute with Turkey over Cyprus. The book deploys an interdisciplinary approach which brings together the diverse perspectives of diplomatic history, foreign policy analysis and political sociology.
Book Synopsis Currency Statecraft by : Benjamin J. Cohen
Download or read book Currency Statecraft written by Benjamin J. Cohen and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2018-11-15 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At any given time, a limited number of national currencies are used as instruments of international commerce, to settle foreign trade transactions or store value for investors and central banks. How countries whose currencies gain international appeal choose to use this status forms their strategy of currency statecraft. In different circumstances, issuing governments may welcome and promote the internationalization of their currency, tolerate it, or actively oppose it. Benjamin J. Cohen offers a provocative explanation of the strategic policy choices at play. In a comprehensive review that ranges from World War II to the present, Cohen convincingly argues that one goal stands out as the primary motivation for currency statecraft: the extent of a country’s geopolitical ambition, or how driven it is to build or sustain a prominent place in the international community. When a currency becomes internationalized, it generally increases the power of the nation that produces it. In the persistent contestation that characterizes global politics, that extra edge can matter greatly, making monetary rivalry an integral component of geopolitics. Today, the major example of monetary rivalry is the emerging confrontation between the US dollar and the Chinese renminbi. Cohen describes how China has vigorously promoted the international standing of its currency in recent years, even at the risk of exacerbating relations with the United States, and explains how the outcome could play a major role in shaping the broader geopolitical engagement between the two superpowers.
Book Synopsis The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951 by : William Roger Louis
Download or read book The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951 written by William Roger Louis and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 1984 with total page 828 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With intellectual rigor and careful attention to recently released papers, Wm. Roger Louis's study asks: Why did Britain's colonial empire begin to collapse in 1945 and how did the post-war Labour government attempt to sustain a vision of the old Empire through imperialism in the Middle East?
Download or read book Modern Greek Studies Yearbook written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Greece written by Roderick Beaton and published by Penguin UK. This book was released on 2019-03-07 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We think we know ancient Greece, the civilisation that shares the same name and gave us just about everything that defines 'western' culture today, in the arts, sciences, social sciences and politics. Yet, as Greece has been brought under repeated scrutiny during the financial crises that have convulsed the country since 2010, worldwide coverage has revealed just how poorly we grasp the modern nation. This book sets out to understand the modern Greeks on their own terms. How did Greece come to be so powerfully attached to the legacy of the ancients in the first place, and then define an identity for themselves that is at once Greek and modern? This book reveals the remarkable achievement, during the last 300 years, of building a modern nation on, sometimes literally, the ruins of a vanished civilisation. This is the story of the Greek nation-state but also, and perhaps more fundamentally, of the collective identity that goes with it. It is not only a history of events and high politics, it is also a history of culture, of the arts, of people and of ideas.
Book Synopsis British Policy Towards Greece During the Second World War 1941-1944 by : Procopis Papastratis
Download or read book British Policy Towards Greece During the Second World War 1941-1944 written by Procopis Papastratis and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1984-03 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines in detail how British policy towards Greece was formulated and implemented from 1941 to 1944. The defeat of Greece and the fall of the dictatorial regime of General Metaxas confronted the British with new problems, the most important being the reconciliation of military and political objectives. The main political objective was to ensure the continuation of Britain's political influence in Greece after the war. This policy would be greatly facilitated by the restoration of King George, a firm advocate of the British connection, though the King's popularity in Greece had been seriously eroded by his close association with the Metaxas dictatorship in the years before the war. However, a policy of support for the King ran counter to the support offered by the War Office and SOE to the National Liberation Front (EAM), a communist-dominated left-wing organization and by far the strongest resistance movement in Greece.
Book Synopsis Documentary History of Greece [1943-1951] by : Phōteinē Kōnstantopoulou
Download or read book Documentary History of Greece [1943-1951] written by Phōteinē Kōnstantopoulou and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Greece emerged from its participation on the Allied side in World War II deeply wounded, with heavy military and civilian losses, its natural and national resources pillaged, ts merchant marine destroyed, its economy almost non-existent. The Greek people could not survive without international assistance. The humanitarian aid (primarily American) dispensed through UNRRA kept hundreds of thousands of Greeks alive. But to achieve the massive aid flows necessary to rebuild the Greek economy and make it sustainable, Greek politicians saw no alternative but to enlist their country in the broader geostrategic calculations of the United States. the Marshall Plan truly helped Greece. It remains a powerful historical bond between Europe and the United States, between Athens and Washington. Among the heartening lessons of these documents is their reminder of the depth of the reservoir of shared idealism and good will that tie our peoples together both in good times and in bad." --Back cover.
Download or read book Modern Greece written by Keith R Legg and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-11-28 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This clear, balanced book explores the dilemma of Greece, the font of European civilization. Despite its classical past and EU membership, Greece has been unable to escape the limbo of being nearly developed. Illuminating the impact of borrowed western institutions on Greeces traditional culture, the authors analyze the paralyzing consequences: a political process dependent on personal relations and a civil society dominated by a highly centralized bureaucracy. State dominance, Legg and Roberts argue, has turned politics primarily into a struggle for office. This emphasis on political conflict has allowed politicians and their supporters to employ emotional nationalist rhetoric to flout democratic rules and to avoid genuine issues. Concluding that the Greek political systems nature precludes real reform, the authors show how EU opportunities for both economic and political reform have been largely lost. Unfortunately, the aspects of Greeces nearly developed status are mirrored in eastern European states with similar pasts. Indeed, the authors warn that the Greece of today may be the future of many of its neighbors. }This clear, balanced book explores the dilemma of Greece, the font of European civilization. Despite its classical past and EU membership, Greece has been unable to escape the limbo of being nearly developed. Illuminating the impact of borrowed western institutions on Greeces traditional culture, the authors analyze the paralyzing consequences: a political process dependent on personal relations and a civil society dominated by a highly centralized bureaucracy. State dominance, Legg and Roberts argue, has turned politics primarily into a struggle for office. This emphasis on political conflict has allowed politicians and their supporters to employ emotional nationalist rhetoric to flout democratic rules and to avoid genuine issues. Concluding that the Greek political systems nature precludes real reform, the authors show how EU opportunities for both economic and political reform have been largely lost. Unfortunately, the aspects of Greeces nearly developed status are mirrored in eastern European states with similar pasts. Indeed, the authors warn that the Greece of today may be the future of many of its neighbors.
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