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Bridging The Material And Pressure Gaps In Catalysis Studies By Au Tio2 Ru Model Catalysts And Uhv Attached High Pressure Cell
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Book Synopsis Bridging the Material and Pressure Gaps in Catalysis Studies by Au-TiO2-Ru Model Catalysts and UHV Attached High Pressure Cell by : Zhong Zhao
Download or read book Bridging the Material and Pressure Gaps in Catalysis Studies by Au-TiO2-Ru Model Catalysts and UHV Attached High Pressure Cell written by Zhong Zhao and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Bridging the Materials Gap in Catalysis: Reactivity Studies of Nanostructured Titania by : David A. Bennett
Download or read book Bridging the Materials Gap in Catalysis: Reactivity Studies of Nanostructured Titania written by David A. Bennett and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Surface science studies of defect-free, single-crystal model catalysts have provided vital knowledge in the form of structure-activity relationships and elementary reaction mechanisms. However, there is some difficultly in extending this understanding to more complex systems, since these model catalysts typically lack the range of features that occur on the high surface area catalysts used in industry. This project seeks to bridge the gap between these two classes of materials by studying thin films of well-defined TiO2 nanocrystals with tunable size and morphology using traditional surface science techniques. This enables the controlled introduction of features lacking in single-crystal model catalysts, allowing for the formulation of more complex structure-activity relationships. The thermal- and photocatalytic reactions of methanol to produce methane, formaldehyde, dimethyl ether, and methyl formate on these TiO 2 nanoparticles were investigated using temperature programmed desorption in ultra high vacuum. Results show clear effects of nanocrystal size and shape on the activity and selectivity of these reactions. This demonstrates the value of studying nanostructured metal-oxide catalysts to better understand the relationship between fundamental catalytic knowledge and the behavior of complex heterogeneous catalysts.
Book Synopsis Getting to the Point by : Xiaolin Zheng
Download or read book Getting to the Point written by Xiaolin Zheng and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the key issues in the field of catalysis is to relate the catalyst structure/composition to its activity/selectivity. One way to understand this relationship is to understand the individual role each catalyst component plays in the chemical reaction. Industrial catalysts can be extremely complex in structure and to understand their reaction kinetics, researchers often study simpler surfaces such as single crystals using surface science techniques. This introduces a well-known problem in the field of catalysis commonly referred to as the "pressure and materials gap." Typically, industrial catalyst research is performed under process conditions, which means operating pressures of one atmosphere or higher. Under these conditions, it is difficult to extract intrinsic kinetic properties of the catalyst which are properties that are directly related to the catalyst structure and composition. To find these intrinsic kinetic properties, scientists turn to surface science techniques using different types of spectroscopic tools to study reaction properties on single crystal surfaces under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions. Experiments using single crystals and surface science techniques have helped establish that some crystal planes are more active and/or selective than others. Although surface science approaches are successful in obtaining fundamental information on a variety of catalytic reactions on the atomic level, current catalytic reactions are still carried out under atmospheric pressures or greater and on much more complex materials than single crystal surfaces. This dissertation introduces a new approach to characterize catalysts that vary in compositional/structural complexity in order to understand their performance in a conventional reactor/reaction environment under both atmospheric pressure and ultra-high vacuum conditions. Experiments performed under both pressure regimes were carried out using the same apparatus, the Temporal Analysis of Products (TAP) reactor. The catalysts under investigation are bulk transition metals (Pt), transition metals deposited on metal oxide supports (Pt/SiO2), and mixed metal oxides (VPO). The catalysts are applied to two types of reaction systems, CO oxidation and selective oxidation of hydrocarbons. The goal of the experiments is to understand and distinguish the role of each component of the catalyst during chemical reaction. Using the TAP reactor, the number of active sites, reaction mechanisms, adsorption/desorption rate constants, and rates of reaction can be determined.
Book Synopsis Bridging the Pressure Gap in Heterogeneous Catalysis by : William James Mitchell
Download or read book Bridging the Pressure Gap in Heterogeneous Catalysis written by William James Mitchell and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies on the Structure and Stability of Model Catalysts by : Fan Yang
Download or read book Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies on the Structure and Stability of Model Catalysts written by Fan Yang and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An atomic level understanding of the structure and stability of model catalysts is essential for surface science studies in heterogeneous catalysis. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) can operate both in UHV and under realistic pressure conditions with a wide temperature span while providing atomic resolution images. Taking advantage of the ability of STM, our research focuses on 1) investigating the structure and stability of supported Au catalysts, especially under CO oxidation conditions, and 2) synthesizing and characterizing a series of alloy model catalysts for future model catalytic studies. In our study, Au clusters supported on TiO2(110) have been used to model supported Au catalysts. Our STM studies in UHV reveal surface structures of TiO2(110) and show undercoordinated Ti cations play a critical role in the nucleation and stabilization of Au clusters on TiO2(110). Exposing the TiO2(110) surface to water vapor causes the formation of surface hydroxyl groups and subsequently alters the growth kinetics of Au clusters on TiO2(110). STM studies on Au/TiO2(110) during CO oxidation demonstrate the real surface of a working catalyst. Au clusters supported on TiO2(110) sinter rapidly during CO oxidation, but are mostly stable in the single component reactant gas, either CO or O2. The sintering kinetics of supported Au clusters has been measured during CO oxidation and gives an activation energy, which supports the mechanism of CO oxidation induced sintering. CO oxidation was also found to accelerate the surface diffusion of Rh(110). Our results show a direct correlation between the reaction rate of CO oxidation and the diffusion rate of surface metal atoms. Synthesis of alloy model catalysts have also been attempted in our study with their structures successfully characterized. Planar Au-Pd alloy films has been prepared on a Rh(100) surface with surface Au and Pd atoms distinguished by STM. The growth of Au-Ag alloy clusters have been studied by in-situ STM on a cluster-to-cluster basis. Moreover, the atomic structure of a solution-prepared Ru3Sn3 cluster has been resolved on an ultra-thin silica film surface. The atomic structure and adsorption sites of the ultrathin silica film have also been well characterized in our study.
Book Synopsis Operando Research in Heterogeneous Catalysis by : Joost Frenken
Download or read book Operando Research in Heterogeneous Catalysis written by Joost Frenken and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-12-26 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is devoted to the emerging field of techniques for visualizing atomic-scale properties of active catalysts under actual working conditions, i.e. high gas pressures and high temperatures. It explains how to understand these observations in terms of the surface structures and dynamics and their detailed interplay with the gas phase. This provides an important new link between fundamental surface physics and chemistry, and applied catalysis. The book explains the motivation and the necessity of operando studies, and positions these with respect to the more traditional low-pressure investigations on the one hand and the reality of industrial catalysis on the other. The last decade has witnessed a rapid development of new experimental and theoretical tools for operando studies of heterogeneous catalysis. The book has a strong emphasis on the new techniques and illustrates how the challenges introduced by the harsh, operando conditions are faced for each of these new tools. Therefore, one can also read this book as a collection of recipes for the development of operando instruments. At present, the number of scientific results obtained under operando conditions is still limited and mostly focused on a simple test reaction, the catalytic oxidation of CO. This reaction thus forms a natural binding element between the chapters, linking the demonstrations of new techniques, and also connecting the theoretical and experimental studies. Some first results on other reactions are also presented. If there is one thing that can be concluded already in this early stage, it is that the catalytic conditions themselves can have dramatic effects on the structure and composition of the surfaces of catalysts, which, in turn can greatly affect the mechanisms, the activity, and the selectivity of the chemical reactions that they catalyze.
Book Synopsis UV-Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, and Temperature Programmed Desorption Studies of Model and Bulk Heterogeneous Catalysts by :
Download or read book UV-Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, and Temperature Programmed Desorption Studies of Model and Bulk Heterogeneous Catalysts written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) have been used to investigate the surface structure of model heterogeneous catalysts in ultra-high vacuum (UHV). UV-Raman spectroscopy has been used to probe the structure of bulk model catalysts in ambient and reaction conditions. The structural information obtained through UV-Raman spectroscopy has been correlated with both the UHV surface analysis and reaction results. The present day propylene and ethylene polymerization catalysts (Ziegler-Natta catalysts) are prepared by deposition of TiCl4 and a Al(Et)3 co-catalyst on a microporous Mg-ethoxide support that is prepared from MgCl2 and ethanol. A model thin film catalyst is prepared by depositing metallic Mg on a Au foil in a UHV chamber in a background of TiCl4 in the gas phase. XPS results indicate that the Mg is completely oxidized to MgCl2 by TiCl4 resulting in a thin film of MgCl2/TiCl(subscript x), where x = 2, 3, and 4. To prepare an active catalyst, the thin film of MgCl2/TiCl(subscript x) on Au foil is enclosed in a high pressure cell contained within the UHV chamber and exposed to (almost equal to)1 Torr of Al(Et)3.
Book Synopsis Catalysis By Gold by : Geoffrey C Bond
Download or read book Catalysis By Gold written by Geoffrey C Bond and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2006-08-15 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gold has traditionally been regarded as inactive as a catalytic metal. However, the advent of nanoparticulate gold on high surface area oxide supports has demonstrated its high catalytic activity in many chemical reactions. Gold is active as a heterogeneous catalyst in both gas and liquid phases, and complexes catalyse reactions homogeneously in solution. Many of the reactions being studied will lead to new application areas for catalysis by gold in pollution control, chemical processing, sensors and fuel cell technology. This book describes the properties of gold, the methods for preparing gold catalysts and ways to characterise and use them effectively in reactions. The reaction mechanisms and reasons for the high activities are discussed and the applications for gold catalysis considered./a
Book Synopsis Photoelectrocatalysis by : Leonardo Palmisano
Download or read book Photoelectrocatalysis written by Leonardo Palmisano and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-10-21 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Photoelectrocatalysis: Fundamentals and Applications presents an in-depth review of the topic for students and researchersworking on photoelectrocatalysis-related subjects from pure chemistry to materials and environmental chemistry inorder to propose applications and new perspectives. The main advantage of a photoelectrocatalytic process is the mildexperimental conditions under which the reactions are carried out, which are often possible at atmospheric pressure androom temperature using cheap and nontoxic solvents (e.g., water), oxidants (e.g., O2 from the air), catalytic materials (e.g.,TiO2 on Ti layer), and the potential exploitation of solar light. This book presents the fundamentals and the applications of photoelectrocatalysis, such as hydrogen production fromwater splitting, the remediation of harmful compounds, and CO2 reduction. Photoelectrocatalytic reactors and lightsources, in addition to kinetic aspects, are presented along with an exploration of the relationship between photocatalysisand electrocatalysis. In addition, photocorrosion issues and the application of selective photoelectrocatalytic organictransformations, which is now a growing field of research, are also reported. Finally, the advantages/disadvantages andfuture perspectives of photoelectrocatalysis are highlighted through the possibility of working at a pilot/industrial scale inenvironmentally friendly conditions. Presents the fundamentals of photoelectrocatalysis Outlines photoelectrocatalytic green chemistry Reviews photoelectrocatalytic remediation of harmful compounds, hydrogen production, and CO2 reduction Includes photocorrosion, photoelectrocatalytic reactors, and modeling along with kinetic aspects
Book Synopsis TiO2 Photocatalysis by : Akira Fujishima
Download or read book TiO2 Photocatalysis written by Akira Fujishima and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Catalyst Preparation by : John Regalbuto
Download or read book Catalyst Preparation written by John Regalbuto and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-19 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text explores the optimization of catalytic materials through traditional and novel methods of catalyst preparation, characterization, and monitoring for oxides, supported metals, zeolites, and heteropolyacids. It focuses on the synthesis of bulk materials and of heterogeneous materials, particularly at the nanoscale. The final chapters examine pretreatment, drying, finishing effects, and future applications involving catalyst preparation and the technological advances necessary for continued progress. Topics also include heat and mass transfer limitations, computation methods for predicting properties, and catalyst monitoring on laboratory and industrial scales.
Book Synopsis Nanotechnology in Catalysis 3 by : Bing Zhou
Download or read book Nanotechnology in Catalysis 3 written by Bing Zhou and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-09-05 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume continues the tradition formed in Nanotechnology in Catalysis 1 and 2. As with those books, this one is based upon an ACS symposium. Some of the most illustrious names in heterogeneous catalysis are among the contributors. The book covers: Design, synthesis, and control of catalysts at nanoscale; understanding of catalytic reaction at nanometer scale; characterization of nanomaterials as catalysts; nanoparticle metal or metal oxides catalysts; nanomaterials as catalyst supports; new catalytic applications of nanomaterials.
Book Synopsis Specimen Handling, Preparation, and Treatments in Surface Characterization by : Alvin W. Czanderna
Download or read book Specimen Handling, Preparation, and Treatments in Surface Characterization written by Alvin W. Czanderna and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1998 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is intended for professionals, researchers, technicians and students who are newcomers to the field as well as those with experience. It will be an important resource in the following fields: surface science, electronic materials and processes, thin film deposition, surface compositional analysis and related topical areas such as corrosion, oxidation, reduction, adsorption, desorption, adhesion, epitaxial growth and contamination. The presentation uses a tutorial and pedagogical approach.
Download or read book Oxide Surfaces written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2001-05-21 with total page 677 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is a multi-author survey (in 15 chapters) of the current state of knowledge and recent developments in our understanding of oxide surfaces. The author list includes most of the acknowledged world experts in this field. The material covered includes fundamental theory and experimental studies of the geometrical, vibrational and electronic structure of such surfaces, but with a special emphasis on the chemical properties and associated reactivity. The main focus is on metal oxides but coverage extends from 'simple' rocksalt materials such as MgO through to complex transition metal oxides with different valencies.
Book Synopsis Transmission Electron Microscopy by : C. Barry Carter
Download or read book Transmission Electron Microscopy written by C. Barry Carter and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-24 with total page 543 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text is a companion volume to Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for Materials Science by Williams and Carter. The aim is to extend the discussion of certain topics that are either rapidly changing at this time or that would benefit from more detailed discussion than space allowed in the primary text. World-renowned researchers have contributed chapters in their area of expertise, and the editors have carefully prepared these chapters to provide a uniform tone and treatment for this exciting material. The book features an unparalleled collection of color figures showcasing the quality and variety of chemical data that can be obtained from today’s instruments, as well as key pitfalls to avoid. As with the previous TEM text, each chapter contains two sets of questions, one for self assessment and a second more suitable for homework assignments. Throughout the book, the style follows that of Williams & Carter even when the subject matter becomes challenging—the aim is always to make the topic understandable by first-year graduate students and others who are working in the field of Materials Science Topics covered include sources, in-situ experiments, electron diffraction, Digital Micrograph, waves and holography, focal-series reconstruction and direct methods, STEM and tomography, energy-filtered TEM (EFTEM) imaging, and spectrum imaging. The range and depth of material makes this companion volume essential reading for the budding microscopist and a key reference for practicing researchers using these and related techniques.
Author :Constantinos G. Vayenas Publisher :Springer Science & Business Media ISBN 13 :0387494898 Total Pages :434 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (874 download)
Book Synopsis Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry 42 by : Constantinos G. Vayenas
Download or read book Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry 42 written by Constantinos G. Vayenas and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-03-08 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume analyzes and summarizes recent developments in several key interfacial electrochemical systems in the areas of fuel cell electrocatatalysis, electrosynthesis and electrodeposition. The six Chapters are written by internationally recognized experts in these areas and address both fundamental and practical aspects of several existing or emerging key electrochemical technologies. The Chapter by R. Adzic, N. Marinkovic and M. Vukmirovic provides a lucid and authoritative treatment of the electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of Ruthenium, a key element for the devel- ment of efficient electrodes for polymer electrolyte (PEM) fuel cells. Starting from fundamental surface science studies and interfacial considerations, this up-to-date review by some of the pioneers in this field, provides a deep insight in the complex catalytic-electrocatalytic phenomena occurring at the interfaces of PEM fuel cell electrodes and a comprehensive treatment of recent developments in this extremely important field. Several recent breakthroughs in the design of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anodes and cathodes are described in the Chapter of H. Uchida and M. Watanabe. The authors, who have pioneered several of these developments, provide a lucid presentation d- cribing how careful fundamental investigations of interfacial electrocatalytic anode and cathode phenomena lead to novel electrode compositions and microstructures and to significant practical advances of SOFC anode and cathode stability and enhanced electrocatalysis.
Book Synopsis Metal Nanoclusters in Catalysis and Materials Science: The Issue of Size Control by : Benedetto Corain
Download or read book Metal Nanoclusters in Catalysis and Materials Science: The Issue of Size Control written by Benedetto Corain and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-08-11 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metal Nanoclusters in Catalysis and Materials Science: The Issue of Size Control deals with the synthesis of metal nanoclusters along all known methodologies. Physical and chemical properties of metal nanoclusters relevant to their applications in chemical processing and materials science are covered thoroughly. Special attention is given to the role of metal nanoclusters size and shape in catalytic processes and catalytic applications relevant to industrial chemical processing.An excellent text for expanding the knowledge on the chemistry and physics of metal nanoclusters. Divided in two parts; Part I deals with general aspects of the matter and Part II has to be considered a useful handbook dealing with the production of metal nanoclusters, especially from their size-control point of view. * Divided into two parts for ease of reference: general and operational * Separation of synthetic aspects, physical properties and applications* Specific attention is given to the task of metal nanoclusters size-control
