Black Miami In The Twentieth Century

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Black Miami in the Twentieth Century

Author : Marvin Dunn
Publisher : University Press of Florida
ISBN 13 : 0813059577
Total Pages : 301 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Black Miami in the Twentieth Century by : Marvin Dunn

Download or read book Black Miami in the Twentieth Century written by Marvin Dunn and published by University Press of Florida. This book was released on 1997-11-19 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first book devoted to the history of African Americans in south Florida and their pivotal role in the growth and development of Miami, Black Miami in the Twentieth Century traces their triumphs, drudgery, horrors, and courage during the first 100 years of the city's history. Firsthand accounts and over 130 photographs, many of them never published before, bring to life the proud heritage of Miami's black community. Beginning with the legendary presence of black pirates on Biscayne Bay, Marvin Dunn sketches the streams of migration by which blacks came to account for nearly half the city’s voters at the turn of the century. From the birth of a new neighborhood known as "Colored Town," Dunn traces the blossoming of black businesses, churches, civic groups, and fraternal societies that made up the black community. He recounts the heyday of "Little Broadway" along Second Avenue, with photos and individual recollections that capture the richness and vitality of black Miami's golden age between the wars. A substantial portion of the book is devoted to the Miami civil rights movement, and Dunn traces the evolution of Colored Town to Overtown and the subsequent growth of Liberty City. He profiles voting rights, housing and school desegregation, and civil disturbances like the McDuffie and Lozano incidents, and analyzes the issues and leadership that molded an increasingly diverse community through decades of strife and violence. In concluding chapters, he assesses the current position of the community--its socioeconomic status, education issues, residential patterns, and business development--and considers the effect of recent waves of immigration from Latin America and the Caribbean. Dunn combines exhaustive research in regional media and archives with personal interviews of pioneer citizens and longtime residents in a work that documents as never before the life of one of the most important black communities in the United States.

The Struggle for Black Freedom in Miami

Author : Chanelle Nyree Rose
Publisher : LSU Press
ISBN 13 : 0807157678
Total Pages : 485 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis The Struggle for Black Freedom in Miami by : Chanelle Nyree Rose

Download or read book The Struggle for Black Freedom in Miami written by Chanelle Nyree Rose and published by LSU Press. This book was released on 2015-05-18 with total page 485 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offering new insights into Florida's position within the cultural legacy of the South, The Struggle for Black Freedom in Miami explores the long fight for civil rights in one of the country's most popular tourist destinations. Chanelle N. Rose examines how the sustained tourism and rapid demographic changes that characterized Miami for much of the twentieth century undermined constructions of blackness and whiteness that remained more firmly entrenched in other parts of the South. The convergence of cultural practices in Miami from the American South and North, the Caribbean, and Latin America created a border community that never fit comfortably within the paradigm of the Deep South experience. As white civic elites scrambled to secure the city's burgeoning reputation as the "Gateway to the Americas," an influx of Spanish-speaking migrants and tourists had a transformative effect on conventional notions of blackness. Business owners and city boosters resisted arbitrary racial distinctions and even permitted dark-skinned Latinos access to public accommodations that were otherwise off limits to nonwhites in the South. At the same time, civil-rights activists waged a fierce battle against the antiblack discrimination and violence that lay beneath the public image of Miami as a place relatively tolerant of racial diversity. In its exploration of regional distinctions, transnational forces, and the effect of both on the civil rights battle, The Struggle for Black Freedom in Miami complicates the black/white binary and offers a new way of understanding the complexity of racial traditions and white supremacy in southern metropolises like Miami.

A History of Florida

Author : Marvin Dunn
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781519372673
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (726 download)

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Book Synopsis A History of Florida by : Marvin Dunn

Download or read book A History of Florida written by Marvin Dunn and published by . This book was released on 2016-05-24 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I know Florida. I was born in Florida during the reign of Jim Crow and have lived to see black astronauts blasted into the heavens from Cape Canaveral. For three quarters of a century I have lived mostly in Florida. I have seen her flowers and her warts. This book is about both. People of African descent have been in Florida from the arrival of Ponce de Leon in 1513, yet our presence in the state is virtually hidden. A casual glance at most Florida history books depict African Americans primarily as laborers who are shown as backdrops to white history. The history of blacks in Florida has been deliberately distorted, omitted and marginalized. We have been denied our heroes and heroines. Our stories have mainly been left untold. This book lifts the veil from some of these stories and places African Americans in the very marrow of Florida history.

A World More Concrete

Author : N. D. B. Connolly
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022613525X
Total Pages : 405 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (261 download)

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Book Synopsis A World More Concrete by : N. D. B. Connolly

Download or read book A World More Concrete written by N. D. B. Connolly and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2014-08-25 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many people characterize urban renewal projects and the power of eminent domain as two of the most widely despised and often racist tools for reshaping American cities in the postwar period. In A World More Concrete, N. D. B. Connolly uses the history of South Florida to unearth an older and far more complex story. Connolly captures nearly eighty years of political and land transactions to reveal how real estate and redevelopment created and preserved metropolitan growth and racial peace under white supremacy. Using a materialist approach, he offers a long view of capitalism and the color line, following much of the money that made land taking and Jim Crow segregation profitable and preferred approaches to governing cities throughout the twentieth century. A World More Concrete argues that black and white landlords, entrepreneurs, and even liberal community leaders used tenements and repeated land dispossession to take advantage of the poor and generate remarkable wealth. Through a political culture built on real estate, South Florida’s landlords and homeowners advanced property rights and white property rights, especially, at the expense of more inclusive visions of equality. For black people and many of their white allies, uses of eminent domain helped to harden class and color lines. Yet, for many reformers, confiscating certain kinds of real estate through eminent domain also promised to help improve housing conditions, to undermine the neighborhood influence of powerful slumlords, and to open new opportunities for suburban life for black Floridians. Concerned more with winners and losers than with heroes and villains, A World More Concrete offers a sober assessment of money and power in Jim Crow America. It shows how negotiations between powerful real estate interests on both sides of the color line gave racial segregation a remarkable capacity to evolve, revealing property owners’ power to reshape American cities in ways that can still be seen and felt today.

The Negro Motorist Green Book

Author : Victor H. Green
Publisher : Colchis Books
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 235 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The Negro Motorist Green Book by : Victor H. Green

Download or read book The Negro Motorist Green Book written by Victor H. Green and published by Colchis Books. This book was released on with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Negro Motorist Green Book was a groundbreaking guide that provided African American travelers with crucial information on safe places to stay, eat, and visit during the era of segregation in the United States. This essential resource, originally published from 1936 to 1966, offered a lifeline to black motorists navigating a deeply divided nation, helping them avoid the dangers and indignities of racism on the road. More than just a travel guide, The Negro Motorist Green Book stands as a powerful symbol of resilience and resistance in the face of oppression, offering a poignant glimpse into the challenges and triumphs of the African American experience in the 20th century.

The Beast in Florida

Author : Marvin Dunn
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780813041636
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (416 download)

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Book Synopsis The Beast in Florida by : Marvin Dunn

Download or read book The Beast in Florida written by Marvin Dunn and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A symbolic embodiment of racial violence and hatred, “The Beast” openly prowled the nation between the Civil War and the civil rights movement. The reasons it appeared varied, with psychological, political, and economic dynamics all playing a part, but the outcome was always brutal--if not deadly. From the bombing of Harriette and Harry T. Moore’s home on Christmas Day to Willie James Howard’s murder, from the Rosewood massacre to the Newberry Six lynchings, Marvin Dunn offers an encyclopedic catalogue of The Beast’s rampages in Florida. Instead of simply taking snapshots of incidents, Dunn provides context for a century’s worth of racial violence by examining communities over time. Crucial insights from interviews with descendants of both perpetrators and victims shape this study of Florida’s grim racial history. Rather than pointing fingers and placing blame, The Beast in Florida allows voices and facts to speak for themselves, facilitating a conversation on the ways in which racial violence changed both black and white lives forever. With this comprehensive and balanced look at racially motivated events, Dunn reveals the Sunshine State’s too-often forgotten—or intentionally hidden—past. The result is a panorama of compelling human stories: its emergent dialogue challenges conceptions of what created and maintained The Beast.

White Sand Black Beach

Author : Bush, Gregory W
Publisher : University Press of Florida
ISBN 13 : 0813059615
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis White Sand Black Beach by : Bush, Gregory W

Download or read book White Sand Black Beach written by Bush, Gregory W and published by University Press of Florida. This book was released on 2016-07-20 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Florida Historical Society Harry T. and Hariette V. Moore Award Florida Book Awards, Silver Medal for Florida Nonfiction In May 1945, activists staged a “wade-in” at a whites-only beach in Miami, protesting the Jim Crow–era laws that denied blacks access to recreational waterfront areas. Pressured by protestors in this first postwar civil rights demonstration, the Dade County Commission ultimately designated the difficult-to-access Virginia Key as a beach for African Americans. The beach became vitally important to the community, offering a place to congregate with family and friends and to enjoy the natural wonders of the area. It was also a tangible victory in the continuing struggle for civil rights in public space. As Florida beaches were later desegregated, many viewed Virginia Key as symbolic of an oppressive past and ceased to patronize it. At the same time, white leaders responded to desegregation by decreasing attention to and funding for public spaces in general. The beach was largely ignored and eventually shut down. In White Sand Black Beach, historian and longtime Miami activist Gregory Bush recounts this unique story and the current state of the public waterfront in Miami. Recently environmentalists, community leaders, and civil rights activists have come together to revitalize the beach, and Bush highlights the potential to stimulate civic engagement in public planning processes. While local governments defer to booster and lobbying interests pushing for destination casinos and boat shows, Bush calls for a land ethic that connects people to the local environment. He seeks to shift the local political divisions beyond established interest groups and neoliberalism to a broader vision that simplifies human needs, and reconnects people to fundamental values such as health. A place of fellowship, relaxation, and interaction with nature, this beach, Bush argues, offers a common ground of hope for a better future.

The African American Experience during World War II

Author : Neil A. Wynn
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1442200170
Total Pages : 185 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (422 download)

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Book Synopsis The African American Experience during World War II by : Neil A. Wynn

Download or read book The African American Experience during World War II written by Neil A. Wynn and published by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. This book was released on 2010-05-16 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing on more than thirty years of teaching and research, Neil A. Wynn combines narrative history and primary sources as he locates the World War II years within the long-term struggle for African Americans' equal rights. It is now widely accepted that these years were crucial in the development of the emerging Civil Rights movement through the economic and social impact of the war, as well as the military service itself. Wynn examines the period within the broader context of the New Deal era of the 1930s and the Cold War of the 1950s, concluding that the war years were neither simply a continuation of earlier developments nor a prelude to later change. Rather, this period was characterized by an intense transformation of black hopes and expectations, encouraged by real socio-economic shifts and departures in federal policy. Black self consciousness at a national level found powerful expression in new movements, from the demand for equality in the military service to changes in the shop floor to the "Double V" campaign that linked the fight for democracy at home for the fight for democracy abroad. As the nation played a new world role in the developing Cold War, the tensions between America's stated beliefs and actual practices emphasized these issues and brought new forces into play. More than a half century later, this book presents a much-needed up-to-date, short and readable interpretation of existing scholarship. Accessible to general and student readers, it tells the story without jargon or theory while including the historiography and debate on particular issues.

Coming to Miami

Author : Melanie Shell-Weiss
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (321 download)

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Book Synopsis Coming to Miami by : Melanie Shell-Weiss

Download or read book Coming to Miami written by Melanie Shell-Weiss and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Miami deserves a total urban history, and Melanie Shell-Weiss is clearly the scholar the city has been waiting for. Coming to Miami is, by far, the best book ever written on the social history of Miami, still a very poorly understood and under-researched major metropolis."--Alex Lichtenstein, Rice University "Bringing together the stories of Jewish immigrant pioneers, African American migrants, Bahamian immigrants, Cuban refugees, Haitian immigrants, and others, Shell-Weiss has given us not only a glimpse of Miami's past, but also of America's future."--Elizabeth Clifford, Towson University Miami is the fifth largest urban area in the United States, yet it is a city barely one hundred years old. Originally a small southern town, its population and character have been transformed by successive waves of immigrants. Beginning with the West Indian and Jewish populations who arrived shortly after the city's founding through the Bahamian, Cuban, Haitian, and other Latino groups who immigrated en masse in the second half of the century, Melanie Shell-Weiss skillfully interweaves the experiences of Miami's diverse communities into a compelling whole. She not only examines issues of gender, race, and cultural identity but also pays close attention to labor, economics, and working-class organization and activism, all of which played a role in shaping and reshaping the city into America's premier polyglot. From pineapple groves to Cuban exiles to South Beach nightclubs, this impeccably researched and lucidly written book reveals much about the Magic City's multicultural diversity.

Black Identity

Author :
Publisher : SIU Press
ISBN 13 : 9780809387922
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (879 download)

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Book Synopsis Black Identity by :

Download or read book Black Identity written by and published by SIU Press. This book was released on with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exploring the origins of that rhetoric, Gordon reveals how the ideology of black nationalism functions in contemporary African American political discourse."--BOOK JACKET.

Miami and the Siege of Chicago

Author : Norman Mailer
Publisher : Random House
ISBN 13 : 0399588345
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (995 download)

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Book Synopsis Miami and the Siege of Chicago by : Norman Mailer

Download or read book Miami and the Siege of Chicago written by Norman Mailer and published by Random House. This book was released on 2016-07-05 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this landmark work of journalism, Norman Mailer reports on the presidential conventions of 1968, the turbulent year from which today’s bitterly divided country arose. The Vietnam War was raging; Martin Luther King, Jr., and Robert F. Kennedy had just been assassinated. In August, the Republican Party met in Miami and picked Richard Nixon as its candidate, to little fanfare. But when the Democrats backed Lyndon Johnson’s ineffectual vice president, Hubert Humphrey, the city of Chicago erupted. Antiwar protesters filled the streets and the police ran amok, beating and arresting demonstrators and delegates alike, all broadcast on live television—and captured in these pages by one of America’s fiercest intellects. Praise for Miami and the Siege of Chicago “For historians who wish for the presence of a world-class literary witness at crucial moments in history, Mailer in Miami and Chicago was heaven-sent.”—Michael Beschloss, The Washington Post “Extraordinary . . . Mailer [predicted that] ‘we will be fighting for forty years.’ He got that right, among many other things.”—Christopher Hitchens, The Atlantic “Often reads like a good, old-fashioned novel in which suspense, character, plot revelations, and pungently describable action abound.”—The New York Review of Books “[A] masterful account . . . To understand 1968, you must read Mailer.”—Chicago Tribune

Miami Beach

Author : Horacio Silva
Publisher : Assouline Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1614289522
Total Pages : 6 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (142 download)

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Book Synopsis Miami Beach by : Horacio Silva

Download or read book Miami Beach written by Horacio Silva and published by Assouline Publishing. This book was released on 2020-10-01 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Considered by many as the country’s most dynamic, fastest growing and sexiest city, Miami is more popular than ever before. Yet, it is a city that doesn’t merely change but evolves, never rewriting the past, just adding to its illustrious heritage. And this is the real beauty of Miami. The chic Surf Club and the vibrant Faena Hotel did not replace the emblematic Raleigh of the 1940s nor the Ritz Carlton of the 50s, rather they complement them. Classics like Joe’s Stone Crab continue to serve their signature fare to sell-out crowds each night, as new establishments attract with name chefs. The iconic art deco architecture remains on full display as the modern Herzog & de Meuron-designed Perez Art Museum stands in stark contrast. Replete with arts and culture year round from the international art at The Bass to the street art of Wynwood Walls, each December, the city is taken over by the global cultural elite for Art Basel Miami Beach, a fair that attracts over 80,000 visitors who turn out for the momentous art, such as Maurizio Cattelan’s show stopping “Comedian”, and the exuberant festivities hosted each evening.

The Land Was Ours

Author : Andrew W. Kahrl
Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 1469628732
Total Pages : 375 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (696 download)

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Book Synopsis The Land Was Ours by : Andrew W. Kahrl

Download or read book The Land Was Ours written by Andrew W. Kahrl and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2016-06-27 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The coasts of today's American South feature luxury condominiums, resorts, and gated communities, yet just a century ago, a surprising amount of beachfront property in the Chesapeake, along the Carolina shores, and around the Gulf of Mexico was owned and populated by African Americans. Blending social and environmental history, Andrew W. Kahrl tells the story of African American–owned beaches in the twentieth century. By reconstructing African American life along the coast, Kahrl demonstrates just how important these properties were for African American communities and leisure, as well as for economic empowerment, especially during the era of the Jim Crow South. However, in the wake of the civil rights movement and amid the growing prosperity of the Sunbelt, many African Americans fell victim to effective campaigns to dispossess black landowners of their properties and beaches. Kahrl makes a signal contribution to our understanding of African American landowners and real-estate developers, as well as the development of coastal capitalism along the southern seaboard, tying the creation of overdeveloped, unsustainable coastlines to the unmaking of black communities and cultures along the shore. The result is a skillful appraisal of the ambiguous legacy of racial progress in the Sunbelt.

Welcome to Fairyland

Author : Julio Capó Jr.
Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 1469635216
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (696 download)

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Book Synopsis Welcome to Fairyland by : Julio Capó Jr.

Download or read book Welcome to Fairyland written by Julio Capó Jr. and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2017-10-03 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Poised on the edge of the United States and at the center of a wider Caribbean world, today's Miami is marketed as an international tourist hub that embraces gender and sexual difference. As Julio Capo Jr. shows in this fascinating history, Miami's transnational connections reveal that the city has been a queer borderland for over a century. In chronicling Miami's queer past from its 1896 founding through 1940, Capo shows the multifaceted ways gender and sexual renegades made the city their own. Drawing from a multilingual archive, Capo unearths the forgotten history of "fairyland," a marketing term crafted by boosters that held multiple meanings for different groups of people. In viewing Miami as a contested colonial space, he turns our attention to migrants and immigrants, tourism, and trade to and from the Caribbean--particularly the Bahamas, Cuba, and Haiti--to expand the geographic and methodological parameters of urban and queer history. Recovering the world of Miami's old saloons, brothels, immigration checkpoints, borders, nightclubs, bars, and cruising sites, Capo makes clear how critical gender and sexual transgression is to understanding the city and the broader region in all its fullness.

Digging Miami

Author : Robert S. Carr
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780813080055
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Digging Miami by : Robert S. Carr

Download or read book Digging Miami written by Robert S. Carr and published by . This book was released on 2023-03-07 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, Robert Carr traces the rich 11,000-year human heritage of the Miami area from the time of its first inhabitants through the arrival of European settlers and up to the early twentieth century.

Miami

Author : Anthony P. Maingot
Publisher : Interlink Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1623710618
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (237 download)

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Book Synopsis Miami by : Anthony P. Maingot

Download or read book Miami written by Anthony P. Maingot and published by Interlink Publishing. This book was released on 2014-07-30 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sociologist and Miami resident Anthony P. Maingot has written a cultural history of this vibrant city, which boasts the highest percentage of foreign-born residents in the US. Miami, or “Sweet Water” in the Creek Indian language, is one of the newest cities in the United States. While northern Florida was fought over by European powers and finally taken by the Americans as part of the slave-worked plantation South, Miami lay largely ignored and populated by more alligators than humans until its incorporation as a city in 1896. The driving force was Henry Flagler, who brought his railroad down to Miami and from there to Key West—and trade with Cuba. Once settled, “Tin Can” tourists from the North, Midwest and South rode their Model-T Fords down to Florida and Miami and the boom in land sales began. After the Prohibition period and the heyday of the bootleggers, a new but still segregated Miami emerged from the Second World War. Miami Beach became a tourist mecca and once Disney World opened in Orlando, millions passed through Miami to reach it and Florida and Miami entered a new era of growth and development. It was Fidel Castro, however, who created present-day Miami by exiling over a million of Cuba's middle class. Showing enormous entrepreneurial skill and an exuberant taste for life, Cubans and more recently, Brazilians, Venezuelans and Colombians created the first Latin and “tropical” city in the US. Anthony P. Maingot explores the momentous history and vibrant culture of this most cosmopolitan city. With the highest percentage of foreign-born residents in the US, Miami is a melting-pot of music, dance, visual arts, cuisine sports and political argument. Maingot reveals how this unique cultural mix keeps the new city humming and ensures the perpetuation of its tropical joie de vivre. * City of migrants and tourists: “capital of Latin America and the Caribbean”; Little Havana and Little Haiti; exiles and entrepreneurs; the world's biggest cruise ship hub. * • City of crime: the Prohibition boom; Al Capone, Meyer Lansky and the mob; Miami Vice and modern-day drug crime. * City of culture: art deco architecture; the Latin recording industry; writers of the Caribbean Diaspora; center of performing arts.

Operation Nemesis

Author : Eric Bogosian
Publisher : Little, Brown
ISBN 13 : 031629201X
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (162 download)

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Book Synopsis Operation Nemesis by : Eric Bogosian

Download or read book Operation Nemesis written by Eric Bogosian and published by Little, Brown. This book was released on 2015-04-21 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A masterful account of the assassins who hunted down the perpetrators of the Armenian Genocide In 1921, a tightly knit band of killers set out to avenge the deaths of almost one million victims of the Armenian Genocide. They were a humble bunch: an accountant, a life insurance salesman, a newspaper editor, an engineering student, and a diplomat. Together they formed one of the most effective assassination squads in history. They named their operation Nemesis, after the Greek goddess of retribution. The assassins were survivors, men defined by the massive tragedy that had devastated their people. With operatives on three continents, the Nemesis team killed six major Turkish leaders in Berlin, Constantinople, Tiflis, and Rome, only to disband and suddenly disappear. The story of this secret operation has never been fully told, until now. Eric Bogosian goes beyond simply telling the story of this cadre of Armenian assassins by setting the killings in the context of Ottoman and Armenian history, as well as showing in vivid color the era's history, rife with political fighting and massacres. Casting fresh light on one of the great crimes of the twentieth century and one of history's most remarkable acts of vengeance, Bogosian draws upon years of research and newly uncovered evidence. Operation Nemesis is the result--both a riveting read and a profound examination of evil, revenge, and the costs of violence.