Biosorption of Heavy Metals

Download Biosorption of Heavy Metals PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780849349171
Total Pages : 414 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (491 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Biosorption of Heavy Metals by : Bohumil Volesky

Download or read book Biosorption of Heavy Metals written by Bohumil Volesky and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1990-08-15 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This state-of-the-art volume represents the first comprehensively written book which focuses on the new field of biosorption. This fascinating work conveys essential fundamental information and outlines the perspectives of biosorption. It summarizes the metal-sorbing properties of nonliving bacterial, fungal, and algal biomass, plus highlights relevant metal-binding mechanisms. This volume also discusses the aspects of obtaining and processing microbial biomass and metal-chelating chemicals into industrially applicable biosorbent products. Microbiologists, chemists, and engineers with an interest in new technological and scientific horizons will find this reference indispensable.

Microbial Biosorption of Metals

Download Microbial Biosorption of Metals PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400704437
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Microbial Biosorption of Metals by : Pavel Kotrba

Download or read book Microbial Biosorption of Metals written by Pavel Kotrba and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-01-13 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Heavy metals always pose serious ecological risks when released into the environment due to their elemental non-degradable nature, regardless of their chemical form. This calls for the development of efficient and low-cost effluent treatment and metal recuperation technologies for contaminated waste water, not only because regulatory limits need to be met but also because the waste itself can be a resource for certain precious metals. Biosorption is a general property of living and dead biomass to rapidly bind and abiotically concentrate inorganic or organic compounds from even very diluted aqueous solutions. As a specific term, biosorption is a method that utilizes materials of biological origin – biosorbents formulated from non-living biomass - for the removal of target substances from aqueous solutions. Recent research on biosorption provides a solid understanding of the mechanism underlying microbial biosorption of heavy metals and related elements. This book gathers review articles analyzing current views on the mechanism and (bio)chemistry of biosorption, the performance of bacterial, fungal and algal biomass, and the practical aspects of biosorbent preparation and engineering. It also reviews the physico-chemical evaluations of biosorbents and modelling of the process as well as the importance of biosorption during heavy metal removal using living cells. It is a reference work for scientists, environmental safety engineers and R&D specialists who wish to further promote biosorption research and use the accumulated knowledge to develop and build industrial applications of biosorption in heavy metal separation technologies.

Biosorption for Wastewater Contaminants

Download Biosorption for Wastewater Contaminants PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119737591
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (197 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Biosorption for Wastewater Contaminants by : Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian

Download or read book Biosorption for Wastewater Contaminants written by Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-10-25 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pollution due to various anthropogenic activities continues to increase. In terms of water pollutants, organic and inorganic pollutants are the most problematic. Although several measures have been proposed and implemented to prevent or reduce contamination, their increased concentration in water bodies has created serious concerns. Over the years, the problem has been aggravated by industrialization, urbanization and the exploitation of natural resources. The direct discharge of wastewater contaminants and their geographical mobilization have caused an increase in concentration in ground, surface, fluvial and residual waters. Extensive information about detection and disposal methods is needed in order to develop technological solutions for a ­variety of environments, both urban and rural. This book provides up-to-date information on wastewater contaminants, aimed at researchers, engineers and technologists working in this field. Conventional physicochemical techniques used to remove contaminants from wastewater include ion exchange, precipitation, degradation, coagulation, coating, membrane processes and adsorption. However, these applications have technological and economic limitations, and involve the release of large amounts of chemical reagents and by-products that are themselves difficult to remove. Biosorption - the use of organically generated material as an adsorbent – is attracting new research and scholarship. Thermally-treated calcined biomaterials may be treated to remove heavy metals from wastewater. To ensure the elimination of these contaminants, existing solutions must be integrated with intelligent biosorption functions. Biosorption for Wastewater Contaminants will find an appreciative audience among academics and postgraduates working in the fields of environmental biotechnology, environmental engineering, wastewater treatment technology and environmental chemistry.

Biosorption

Download Biosorption PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 1789234727
Total Pages : 159 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (892 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Biosorption by : Jan Derco

Download or read book Biosorption written by Jan Derco and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-07-18 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Municipal and industrial wastewaters contain a wide spectrum of pollutants. Their effective removal presents a challenge for water treatment technology. Biosorption of nutrients and pollutants has been used in sewage treatment since the discovery of the activated sludge process. It is a passive uptake process by which pollutants are adsorbed on the surface of cell walls and/or dissolved in structures of microorganism cells that are present in sludge. Sorbed pollutants remain in the sludge and can be potentially released back into the environment depending on their condition and the reversibility of the pollutant-sludge interaction. An overview of typical biosorption applications for the removal of nutrients, organic pollutants, and metals in wastewater treatment is provided in different areas of their use for the protection of aquatic ecosystems and human health. This book will be of interest to operators of wastewater treatment plants and sludge treatment and disposal facilities as well as to researchers and university students in the field of environmental engineering.

Biosorption of heavy metals by free and immobilized cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis isolated from garden soils

Download Biosorption of heavy metals by free and immobilized cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis isolated from garden soils PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Prem Jose
ISBN 13 : 1980943540
Total Pages : 50 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (89 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Biosorption of heavy metals by free and immobilized cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis isolated from garden soils by : Prem Jose Vazhacharickal

Download or read book Biosorption of heavy metals by free and immobilized cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis isolated from garden soils written by Prem Jose Vazhacharickal and published by Prem Jose. This book was released on 2018-04-27 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human populations need methods and technologies to clean waters and diminish the environmental dangers related to technological progress. Biosorption can be one such solution to clean up metal contamination. In the present study P.aeruginosa and B.subtilis was isolated from rhizosphere soil by serial dilution and plate count technique. Both free and immobilized form of isolates were tested for the biosorption of chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), iron (Fe) and copper (Cu). Both the strains were able to remove metal from solutions. Free cells of B.subtilis and P.aeruginosa showed maximum iron removal 86.6% and 92.2% respectively. Free cells of B.subtilis is better in chromium removal (92%) that P.aeruginosa. and B.subtilis was equally effective in the removal of copper (98.1%). Maximum microorganism removal was observed with immobilized cells of B.subtilis; 87.5%. agitation increases the rate of biosorption when compared to static condition. The experiments were also conducted at 37°C and showed slight increase in the rate of biosorption. Microbial metal bioremediation is an efficient strategy due to its low cost, high efficiency and eco-friendly nature. This work summarize the potential of micros in metals remediation.

Biosorption Processes for Heavy Metal Removal

Download Biosorption Processes for Heavy Metal Removal PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 390 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (693 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Biosorption Processes for Heavy Metal Removal by : Saini, Pinki

Download or read book Biosorption Processes for Heavy Metal Removal written by Saini, Pinki and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2024-03-11 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Persistent and non-degradable, heavy metals stand as pollutants with the potential for severe ecological repercussions when released into the environment. Municipal and industrial wastewater face a high risk of contamination by these hazardous substances, posing a formidable challenge to water treatment technologies. The imperative is clear: effective and affordable methods for effluent treatment and metal recovery are essential for meeting regulatory standards and unlocking the latent value of valuable metals within the waste. However, new methods of accomplishing this challenge are necessary for increasing the effectiveness in both cost and application Biosorption Processes for Heavy Metal Removal comprehensively explores the imperative to remove heavy metals from waste streams. It provides an insightful overview of biosorbents and biosorption technology, focusing on their underlying biosorption features. The compilation within this book comprises of a series of review articles delving into the current understanding of biosorption mechanisms and biochemistry, the efficacy of bacterial, fungal, and algal biomass, and practical considerations for biosorbent preparation and engineering. The physicochemical evaluations of biosorbents, process optimization, and factors influencing biosorption efficiency are also covered. Furthermore, the book explores biosorption applications for removing nutrients, organic pollutants, and metals in wastewater treatment across diverse contexts. Geared towards administrators, policymakers, consultants, industry professionals, academicians, scientists, researchers, and graduate and post-graduate students in environmental sciences and related fields, this book serves as their comprehensive reference.

Biosorption for Wastewater Contaminants

Download Biosorption for Wastewater Contaminants PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119737613
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (197 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Biosorption for Wastewater Contaminants by : Pardeep Singh

Download or read book Biosorption for Wastewater Contaminants written by Pardeep Singh and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-10-13 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pollution due to various anthropogenic activities continues to increase. In terms of water pollutants, organic and inorganic pollutants are the most problematic. Although several measures have been proposed and implemented to prevent or reduce contamination, their increased concentration in water bodies has created serious concerns. Over the years, the problem has been aggravated by industrialization, urbanization and the exploitation of natural resources. The direct discharge of wastewater contaminants and their geographical mobilization have caused an increase in concentration in ground, surface, fluvial and residual waters. Extensive information about detection and disposal methods is needed in order to develop technological solutions for a variety of environments, both urban and rural. This book provides up-to-date information on wastewater contaminants, aimed at researchers, engineers and technologists working in this field. Conventional physicochemical techniques used to remove contaminants from wastewater include ion exchange, precipitation, degradation, coagulation, coating, membrane processes and adsorption. However, these applications have technological and economic limitations, and involve the release of large amounts of chemical reagents and by-products that are themselves difficult to remove. Biosorption - the use of organically generated material as an adsorbent – is attracting new research and scholarship. Thermally-treated calcined biomaterials may be treated to remove heavy metals from wastewater. To ensure the elimination of these contaminants, existing solutions must be integrated with intelligent biosorption functions. Biosorption for Wastewater Contaminants will find an appreciative audience among academics and postgraduates working in the fields of environmental biotechnology, environmental engineering, wastewater treatment technology and environmental chemistry.

Biosorption of Strontiom from Watewater Using Rice Straws

Download Biosorption of Strontiom from Watewater Using Rice Straws PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3346742237
Total Pages : 87 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (467 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Biosorption of Strontiom from Watewater Using Rice Straws by : Rabia Saleem

Download or read book Biosorption of Strontiom from Watewater Using Rice Straws written by Rabia Saleem and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2022-10-13 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Master's Thesis from the year 2019 in the subject Chemistry - Bio-chemistry, University of agriculture Faisalabad, course: MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY, language: English, abstract: In the present study, the biosorption behavior of rice straws biochar beads was investigated for strontium removal from wastewater bodies. Strontium occurs naturally at the average amount of 0.04% and is considered the 15th most abundant element of earth’s crust. It is recognized as one of the environmentally hazardous constituents and acts as a major pollutant in nuclear water discharges. It is widely used in electronics, pharmaceutical, pyrotechnics, and metallurgical industries that release strontium-rich watewater. Therefore, it is vital to remove it from the wastewater bodies. The biosorption process was carried out by using beads of rice straws biochar used as biosorbent.

Sorption and Biosorption

Download Sorption and Biosorption PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : St. Lambert, Québec : BV Sorbex
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sorption and Biosorption by : Bohumil Volesky

Download or read book Sorption and Biosorption written by Bohumil Volesky and published by St. Lambert, Québec : BV Sorbex. This book was released on 2003 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Wastewater Treatment with Algae

Download Wastewater Treatment with Algae PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3662108631
Total Pages : 234 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (621 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Wastewater Treatment with Algae by : Yuk Shan Kwong

Download or read book Wastewater Treatment with Algae written by Yuk Shan Kwong and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together environmental scientists and engineers to discuss the development of new approaches and methodologies which utilize microalgae for biological wastewater treatment. The researchers report their recent findings on microalgal removal of nutrients, heavy metals and other organic pollutants from sewage and industrial effluents. The technologies discussed here include biosorption and bioaccumulation of heavy metals, cell immobilization of algae, and mathematical modelling of metal uptake by cells. This book is unique in that it takes a practical approach to the subject matter and is a useful reference both in and outside of the laboratory.

Biohydrometallurgy: Biosorption and bioremediation

Download Biohydrometallurgy: Biosorption and bioremediation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 720 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Biohydrometallurgy: Biosorption and bioremediation by : V. S. T. Ciminelli

Download or read book Biohydrometallurgy: Biosorption and bioremediation written by V. S. T. Ciminelli and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 720 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Progress in Environmental Science and Engineering

Download Progress in Environmental Science and Engineering PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Trans Tech Publications Ltd
ISBN 13 : 3038139319
Total Pages : 4240 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (381 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Progress in Environmental Science and Engineering by : Qun Jie Xu

Download or read book Progress in Environmental Science and Engineering written by Qun Jie Xu and published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd. This book was released on 2012-12-13 with total page 4240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 4-volumes set contains selected and peer-review papers in the subject areas of environmental chemistry, biology and technology, environmental materials and processes, environmental safety and health, environmental planning and assessment, environmental analysis, modelling and monitoring, environmental restoration engineering, pollution control (air, water, solid), waste disposal and recycling, water supply and drainage engineering, sound, noise and vibration control, clean production process, hydrology and water resources engineering, architectural environment, soil and water conservation and desertification control, eco-environmental protection, forest cultivation and conservation, plant protection and biotechnology, geographic information and remote sensing science, land resources, environment and urban planning.

Biotechnology for Zero Waste

Download Biotechnology for Zero Waste PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527348980
Total Pages : 628 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Biotechnology for Zero Waste by : Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

Download or read book Biotechnology for Zero Waste written by Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-01-18 with total page 628 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biotechnology for Zero Waste The use of biotechnology to minimize waste and maximize resource valorization In Biotechnology for Zero Waste: Emerging Waste Management Techniques, accomplished environmental researchers Drs. Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain and Ravi Kumar Kadeppagari deliver a robust exploration of the role of biotechnology in reducing waste and creating a zero-waste environment. The editors provide resources covering perspectives in waste management like anaerobic co-digestion, integrated biosystems, immobilized enzymes, zero waste biorefineries, microbial fuel cell technology, membrane bioreactors, nano biomaterials, and more. Ideal for sustainability professionals, this book comprehensively sums up the state-of-the-art biotechnologies powering the latest advances in zero-waste strategies. The renowned contributors address topics like bioconversion and biotransformation and detail the concept of the circular economy. Biotechnology for Zero Waste effectively guides readers on the path to creating sustainable products from waste. The book also includes: A thorough introduction to modern perspectives on zero waste drives, including anaerobic co-digestion as a smart approach for enhancing biogas production Comprehensive explorations of bioremediation for zero waste, biological degradation systems, and bioleaching and biosorption of waste Practical discussions of bioreactors for zero waste and waste2energy with biotechnology An in-depth examination of emerging technologies, including nanobiotechnology for zero waste and the economics and commercialization of zero waste biotechnologies Perfect for process engineers, natural products, environmental, soil, and inorganic chemists, Biotechnology for Zero Waste: Emerging Waste Management Techniques will also earn a place in the libraries of food technologists, biotechnologists, agricultural scientists, and microbiologists.

Advances in Civil Engineering and Infrastructural Development

Download Advances in Civil Engineering and Infrastructural Development PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811564639
Total Pages : 755 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advances in Civil Engineering and Infrastructural Development by : Laxmikant Madanmanohar Gupta

Download or read book Advances in Civil Engineering and Infrastructural Development written by Laxmikant Madanmanohar Gupta and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-11-13 with total page 755 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book comprises selected proceedings of the International Conference on Recent Advancements in Civil Engineering and Infrastructural Developments (ICRACEID 2019). The contents are broadly divided into five areas (i) smart transportation with urban planning, (ii) clean energy and environment, (iii) water distribution and waste management, (iv) smart materials and structures, and (v) disaster management. The book aims to provide solutions to global challenges using innovative and emerging technologies covering various fields of civil engineering. The major topics covered include urban planning, transportation, water distribution, waste management, disaster management, environmental pollution and control, environmental impact assessment, application of GIS and remote sensing, and structural analysis and design. Given the range of topics discussed, the book will be beneficial for students, researchers as well industry professionals.

Biostimulation Remediation Technologies for Groundwater Contaminants

Download Biostimulation Remediation Technologies for Groundwater Contaminants PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1522541632
Total Pages : 355 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (225 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Biostimulation Remediation Technologies for Groundwater Contaminants by : Rathoure, Ashok K.

Download or read book Biostimulation Remediation Technologies for Groundwater Contaminants written by Rathoure, Ashok K. and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2018-05-19 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rapid progression of technology has significantly impacted population growth, urbanization, and industrialization in modern society. These developments, while positive on the surface, have created critical environmental problems in recent years. Biostimulation Remediation Technologies for Groundwater Contaminants is a critical scholarly publication that examines the release of heavy metals into the environment as a result of human activities and the use of nanoparticles and other technologies to manage and treat the effects of the pollution. Featuring coverage on a broad range of topics such as toxicity of heavy metals, bioremediation, and acclimated bacterial strains, this book is geared toward environmentalists, engineers, academics, researchers, and graduate-level students seeking current research on bioremediation as an alternate way to manage or degrade heavy metal waste.

Mechatronics Engineering, Computing and Information Technology

Download Mechatronics Engineering, Computing and Information Technology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Trans Tech Publications Ltd
ISBN 13 : 3038264962
Total Pages : 7498 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (382 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mechatronics Engineering, Computing and Information Technology by : X.D. Xu

Download or read book Mechatronics Engineering, Computing and Information Technology written by X.D. Xu and published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd. This book was released on 2014-05-23 with total page 7498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Collection of selected, peer reviewed papers from the 2014 International Conference on Mechatronics Engineering and Computing Technology (ICMECT 2014), April 9-10, 2014, Shanghai, China. Volume is indexed by Thomson Reuters CPCI-S (WoS). The 1531 papers are grouped as follows: Chapter 1: Materials Science and Materials Processing Technologies, Chapter 2: Building, Construction and Environmental Research, Chapter 3: Researches in Applied Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering, Chapter 4: Power and Electric Research, Electronics and Microelectronics, Embedded and Integrated Systems, Chapter 5: Mechatronics, Automation and Control, Chapter 6: Measurement and Instrumentation, Monitoring, Testing, Detection and Identification Technologies, Chapter 7: Computation Methods and Algorithms for Modeling, Simulation and Optimization, Data Mining and Data Processing, Chapter 8: Communication, Signal and Image Processing, Chapter 9: Information Technologies, WEB and Networks Engineering, Information Security and Software Application, Chapter 10: Modern Tendency in Area of Management, Logistics, Economics, Education, Traffic and Urban Engineering

Progress in Environmental Protection and Processing of Resource

Download Progress in Environmental Protection and Processing of Resource PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Trans Tech Publications Ltd
ISBN 13 : 3038260304
Total Pages : 3616 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (382 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Progress in Environmental Protection and Processing of Resource by : Xiao Chun Tang

Download or read book Progress in Environmental Protection and Processing of Resource written by Xiao Chun Tang and published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd. This book was released on 2013-02-13 with total page 3616 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The papers of this 4 volumes set on "Progress in Environmental Protection and Processing of Resource" are grouped as follows: Chapter 1: Environmental Materials, Chemistry, Biology Technology and Progress; Chapter 2: Environmental Safety and Health; Chapter 3: Environmental Planning and Assessment; Chapter 4: Environmental Analysis, Modelling and Monitoring Chapter 5: Environmental Restoration Engineering, Treatment and Removal Technologies and Processes; Chapter 6: Environmental Pollution; Chapter 7: Waste Disposal and Recycling; Chapter 8: Hydrology and Water Resources, Management Applications; Chapter 9: Sound, Noise and Vibration Control, Seismic Applications; Chapter 10: Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Control; Chapter 11: Eco-Environmental Protection and Environmental Management; Chapter 12: Plant Protection, Forest Cultivation and Conservation; Chapter 13: Geographic Information and Remote Sensing Science; Chapter 14: Land Resources Environment, Urban Planning and Applications; Chapter 15: Mineral Prospecting and Geological Exploration; Chapter 16: Mining Engineering and Coal Mining; Chapter 17: Mineral Process Engineering; Chapter 18: Oil and Gas Well Development Projects, Methan Fields Applications.