Biodelignification Of Oil Palm Trunk Optimization

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Biodelignification of Oil Palm Trunk- Optimization

Author : Haziatun Mohd Fazi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 52 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Biodelignification of Oil Palm Trunk- Optimization by : Haziatun Mohd Fazi

Download or read book Biodelignification of Oil Palm Trunk- Optimization written by Haziatun Mohd Fazi and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biodelignification is a process to remove lignin from the lignocellulosic materials to obtain celluloses. Hence this study is introduced to study the optimum value of the most affected parameters to the biodelignification process in order to maximize the removal of the lignin. Those parameters are temperature, pH, moisture content and also fungi to medium ratio. As for this research, a local type of fungi, Pleurotus ostreatus or commercially known as 'Oyster Mushrooms', were used as an agent of delignification and the raw material chosen are oil palm trunk wastes .In order to optimize conditions for production of lignocellulolytic enzymes by the oyster mushroom, a Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based experiment was designed by using Design Expert software. In this research, 30 runs of experiment were done. After obtaining the experimental design table, the experimental procedures were preceded and the values of the parameters were set according to the table at respective value. After that, the lignin content was analyzed by using Klason Lignin Method. With this method, the lignin content can be determined for various values of parameters. Then, the results obtained were analyzed again by using Design Expert software. At the end of this research, the optimum conditions obtained for the lignin degradation of oil palm trunk fiber are with temperature of 25 °C, pH value of 7.0, moisture content of 0.21 ml and fungi to medium ratio of 2.5 with the amount of predicted lignin degraded is 15.37%. Finally, the conformational test was done with the optimum conditions obtained and the error between the actual and predicted value is 18.7%. However, for better results, the center point in RSM should be tested before designing the experiment.

Optimization of Oil Palm Trunk Core Biodelignification Using Pleurotus Ostreatus

Author : Zulsyazwan Ahmad Khushairi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 137 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Optimization of Oil Palm Trunk Core Biodelignification Using Pleurotus Ostreatus by : Zulsyazwan Ahmad Khushairi

Download or read book Optimization of Oil Palm Trunk Core Biodelignification Using Pleurotus Ostreatus written by Zulsyazwan Ahmad Khushairi and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biodelignification is essential in recovering cellulose from any lignocellulosic material especially for glucose production. Oil palm trunk (OPT) core, a waste from logging activity, has the potential as the source of glucose production due to its high cellulose content. The presence of lignin in OPT core inhibits any reaction occurred on cellulose. This research focused on the optimization of lignin removal on OPT core using local fungi Pleurotus ostreatus. Chemical analysis on OPT core resulted an 18.47% of lignin content. Enzyme assay showed manganese peroxidase activity 1.6±1.5 U ml-1 at day 6. The screening and optimization experiments were done in 250 mL laboratory glass bottle. During the screening process, seven factors factors were screened at various values; temperature (20°C and 30°C), pH value (5 and 8), humidity (controlled by the presence of silica gel), light exposure, moisture (0.50 mL and 5.00 mL water added per 12 hour), the weight of fungi to medium ratio (1:2 and 1:10) and contact time (2 and 10 days). Design Expert 6.08 software was used for experimental design. Two-level factorial analysis with a fraction of 1/8 was used for the screening process. The lignin content was analyzed via Klason-lignin determination method. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) proved the stability of this model with the coefficient of determination (R2) value at 0.8584. TheNcoefficient regression for linear equation regression showed proved there was a peak point in the model that can be achieved through optimization. Four factors screened were discovered to be the highest contributors to biodelignification; temperature (32.20% contribution), pH value (10.08% contribution), the fungi to medium ratio (8.82% contribution) and moisture content (7.63% contribution). The interactions between temperature and pH value, and the interaction between temperature and the fungi to medium ratio were discovered from the screening process. These four factors were studied in the optimization process with the factors value ranging from temperature (23°C to 27°C), pH value (5.5 to 7.5), moisture content (2.0 mL to 3.5 mL water added per 12 hour) and weight of fungi to medium ratio (2:10 to 4:10). Design Expert 6.08 was used in the optimization process. A central composite design (CCD) with 32 runs and six centre points was applied. From the optimization, the ANOVA showed R2 value was 0.8779 proving that the model was fit for regression. The optimum condition was at; temperature (25.16°C), pH value (7.54), moisture content (2.38 mL water added per 12 hour) and the fungi to medium ratio (1:3.125) with the predicted lignin content of 14.36%. Validation test was conducted to justify this optimum condition with initial lignin content of OPT at 18.47%. The final lignin content was 14.68%. This showed that 20.52% of lignin removal from OPT through biodelignification. It showed an error of 2.23% between the theoretical value and the experimental value. As an additional analysis towards the application of biodelignification, a comparison of sugar produced from treated OPT (biodelignification treatment) and untreated OPT was done via acid hydrolysis process. Glucose concentration was determined using DNS method. The analysis showed that the OPT that went through biodelignification (0.04769 g glucose/ g OPT) had a 25% higher glucose concentration compared to the untreated OPT (0.03792 g glucose/ g OPT). The results from the optimization showed that biodelignification using P. ostreatus was a suitable method for lignin removal of OPT. Along with the acid hydrolysis process; the biodelignification is proved to be applicable as a pretreatment method for glucose production.

Screening of Factors for Biodelignification of Oil Palm Trunk Using Pleurotus Ostreatus

Author : Mohd Rasidi Rasol
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 42 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Screening of Factors for Biodelignification of Oil Palm Trunk Using Pleurotus Ostreatus by : Mohd Rasidi Rasol

Download or read book Screening of Factors for Biodelignification of Oil Palm Trunk Using Pleurotus Ostreatus written by Mohd Rasidi Rasol and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Delignification of lignocellulosic material is a crucial part in most research where it needs to be done to ensure the lignin compound are removed from the hemicelluloses and celluloses contained in the material. Unbound hemicelluloses and celluloses can be used further in application such as production of bioethanol. Currently known delignification method includes physical, chemical, and biological method. The biological method or biodelignification is known as a method that uses less energy and consume fewer chemicals that lead it to become the only method with environmental and cost friendly approach. Therefore, this research are conducted to study the factors that affect the biodelignification of oil palm trunk and to screen the factor that has significant effect on biodelignification of oil palm trunk using Pleurotus ostreatus. The effect of temperature, pH, humidity, light exposure, moisture content, fungi to medium ratio, and contact time on biodelignification process of oil palm trunk will be studied in this research. The oil palm trunk was incubated with the Pleurotus ostreatus in a temperature controlled incubator for a predetermined period of time. It was later cleaned after the incubation period ends and dried. The dried oil palm trunk was then analysed using the Klason-Lignin determination method where the lignin percentage in the oil palm trunk sample was obtained. The analysis done using Two-Level Factorial by Design Expert software shows that four factors are affecting with high contribution towards the biodelignification. The factors are the temperature, pH, fungi to medium ratio, and moisture content. The factors of temperature, pH, fungi to medium ratio, and moisture content contribute with 32.2%, 10.08%, 8.82% and 7.63% of contribution respectively to the biodelignification process. Besides the factor, interaction between factors also contributes to the biodelignification itself. The interaction between temperature and pH and also interaction between temperature and fungi to medium ratio gives contribution to biodelignification process with 18.29% and 8.82% respectively. The factor that found to have significant effect on biodelignification of oil palm trunk using Pleurotus ostreatus is temperature, pH, fungi to medium ratio, and moisture content and is suitable to be the factor for optimization experiment.

Biodelinification as Pretreatment to Acid Hydrolysis of Oil Palm Trunk (OPT)

Author : Wan Nur Atiqah Wan Yusoff
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 60 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Biodelinification as Pretreatment to Acid Hydrolysis of Oil Palm Trunk (OPT) by : Wan Nur Atiqah Wan Yusoff

Download or read book Biodelinification as Pretreatment to Acid Hydrolysis of Oil Palm Trunk (OPT) written by Wan Nur Atiqah Wan Yusoff and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Acid hydrolysis is important to breakdown cellulose into its constituent sugar such as glucose. Biodelignification is one example of pretreatment. Pretreatment is applied to make the cellulose accessible to hydrolysis for further conversion such as sugar. Kinetic study is important to determine kinetic parameter for production of glucose by acid hydrolysis. The main purpose of this research is to study kinetic acid hydrolysis of OPT to produce glucose. The methodology of this research can be summarized as follow. Firstly, for untreated OPT, the research is started by run acid hydrolysis to OPT. Two stage of acid hydrolysis is applied. In this method, first, OPT is submerged in 60% sulfuric acid for 30 min and respectively at 60°C. Next, OPT is applied with 30% acid hydrolysis for 60 min and respectively at 80°C. For treated OPT, biodelignification is applied to OPT and continued with acid hydrolysis as mentioned in untreated OPT. Optimum conditions for biodelignification is as follow: temperature at 25.16°C, 7.54 pH values, 2.38 mL/12 hour moisture content and 1:2 fungi to medium ratio. RK fourth order is used to solve ordinary differential equation and the kinetic parameter obtained is analyzed. K1, K2 and Ymax are the kinetic parameters in this study which means K1 is biomass decomposition rate, K2 is sugar release rate and Ymax is glucose production. After analyze data, kinetic parameters value for treated OPT are Ymax = 5.266 g/l, K1 = 0.011454 min-1 and K2 = 0.015036 min-1 whereas for untreated OPT is Ymax = 4.878 g/l, K1 = 0.007774 min-1 and K2= 0.012584 min-1. For conclusion, results showed that acid hydrolysis with biodelignification pretreatment give better result of kinetic parameter value this is because treated OPT have higher value of K1, K2 and Ymax. High value of K1 means high rate to degrade biomass to produce glucose whereas high value of K2 means that the faster time needed to achieve glucose production and high value of Ymax shows high glucose production. For future study, quantity of glucose obtained can be maximized by using this kinetic parameters obtained.

Sustainable Degradation of Lignocellulosic Biomass

Author : Anuj Chandel
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 9535111191
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Degradation of Lignocellulosic Biomass by : Anuj Chandel

Download or read book Sustainable Degradation of Lignocellulosic Biomass written by Anuj Chandel and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2013-05-15 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides important aspects of sustainable degradation of lignocellulosic biomass which has a pivotal role for the economic production of several value-added products and biofuels with safe environment. Different pretreatment techniques and enzymatic hydrolysis process along with the characterization of cell wall components have been discussed broadly. The following features of this book attribute its distinctiveness: This book comprehensively covers the improvement in methodologies for the biomass pretreatment, hemicellulose and cellulose breakdown into fermentable sugars, the analytical methods for biomass characterization, and bioconversion of cellulosics into biofuels. In addition, mechanistic analysis of biomass pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis have been discussed in details, highlighting key factors influencing these processes at industrial scale.

Biopulping

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 80 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis Biopulping by :

Download or read book Biopulping written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms

Author : Diego Cunha Zied
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119149428
Total Pages : 604 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms by : Diego Cunha Zied

Download or read book Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms written by Diego Cunha Zied and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-07-11 with total page 604 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive and timely, Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms: Technology and Applications provides the most up to date information on the various edible mushrooms on the market. Compiling knowledge on their production, application and nutritional effects, chapters are dedicated to the cultivation of major species such as Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus subrufescens, Lentinula edodes, Ganoderma lucidum and others. With contributions from top researchers from around the world, topics covered include: Biodiversity and biotechnological applications Cultivation technologies Control of pests and diseases Current market overview Bioactive mechanisms of mushrooms Medicinal and nutritional properties Extensively illustrated with over 200 images, this is the perfect resource for researchers and professionals in the mushroom industry, food scientists and nutritionists, as well as academics and students of biology, agronomy, nutrition and medicine.

Production of Biofuels and Chemicals from Lignin

Author : Zhen Fang
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9789811019647
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis Production of Biofuels and Chemicals from Lignin by : Zhen Fang

Download or read book Production of Biofuels and Chemicals from Lignin written by Zhen Fang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-10 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides state-of-the-art reviews, current research on and the prospects of lignin production, biological, thermal and chemical conversion methods, and lignin technoeconomics. Fundamental topics related to lignin chemistry, properties, analysis, characterization, and depolymerization mechanisms, as well as enzymatic, fungal and bacterial degradation methods are covered. The book also examines practical topics related to technologies for lignin and ultra-pure lignin recovery, activated carbon, carbon fiber production and materials, and addresses the biological conversion of lignin with fungi, bacteria or enzymes to produce chemicals, along with chemical, catalytic, thermochemical and solvolysis conversion methods. Lastly, it presents a case study on practical polyurethane foam production using lignin. Lignin has a bright future and will be an essential feedstock for producing renewable chemicals, biofuels and value-added products. Offering comprehensive information on this promising material, the book represents a valuable resource for students, researchers, academicians and industrialists in the field of biochemistry and energy.

Bioprocessing Technologies in Biorefinery for Sustainable Production of Fuels, Chemicals, and Polymers

Author : Shang-Tian Yang
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118641949
Total Pages : 561 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (186 download)

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Book Synopsis Bioprocessing Technologies in Biorefinery for Sustainable Production of Fuels, Chemicals, and Polymers by : Shang-Tian Yang

Download or read book Bioprocessing Technologies in Biorefinery for Sustainable Production of Fuels, Chemicals, and Polymers written by Shang-Tian Yang and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-05-24 with total page 561 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sets the stage for large-scale production of biofuels and bio-based chemicals In response to diminishing supplies as well as the environmental hazards posed by fossil fuels and petrochemicals, interest and demand for green, sustainable biofuels and bio-based chemicals are soaring. Biomass may be the solution. It is an abundant carbon-neutral renewable feedstock that can be used for the production of fuels and chemicals. Currently, biorefineries use corn, soybeans, and sugarcane for bioethanol and biodiesel production; however, there are many challenges facing biorefineries, preventing biomass from reaching its full potential. This book provides a comprehensive review of bioprocessing technologies that use lignocellulosic biomass for the production of biofuels, biochemicals, and biopolymers. It begins with an overview of integrated biorefineries. Next, it covers: Biomass feedstocks, including sugar, starch, oil, and energy crops as well as microalgae Pretreatment technologies for lignocellulosic biomass Hydrolytic enzymes used in biorefineries for the hydrolysis of starch and lignocelluloses Bioconversion technologies for current and future biofuels such as ethanol, biodiesel, butanol, hydrogen, and biogas Specialty chemicals, building block chemicals, and biopolymers produced via fermentation Phytochemicals and functional food ingredients extracted from plant materials All the chapters have been written and edited by leading experts in bioprocessing and biorefining technologies. Contributions are based on a thorough review of the literature as well as the authors' firsthand experience developing and working with bioprocessing technologies. By setting forth the current state of the technology and pointing to promising new directions in research, Bioprocessing Technologies in Biorefinery for Sustainable Production of Fuels, Chemicals, and Polymers will enable readers to move towards large-scale, sustainable, and economical production of biofuels and bio-based chemicals.

Food Bioactives

Author : Munish Puri
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319516396
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Food Bioactives by : Munish Puri

Download or read book Food Bioactives written by Munish Puri and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-04-07 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on various types of bioactive compounds, including secondary metabolites, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, flavonoids, peptides/proteins, carotenoid pigments, quinones, terpenes, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and presents an overview of their nutraceutical activities. It covers the current status and future potential of food compounds, as well as extraction technologies for bioactives derived from plant, fungi and marine-derived bioactive agents. Finally, health-promoting effects of plant, fungi and marine-derived bioactive agents are discussed. Chapters come from top researchers in this area from around the globe. The volume caters to the needs of undergraduate and post-graduate students in the area of food biotechnology, food bioprocessing, biotechnology, food engineering, etc., and also contains information pertinent to researchers.

Bioenergy Research

Author : Neha Srivastava
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119772095
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Bioenergy Research by : Neha Srivastava

Download or read book Bioenergy Research written by Neha Srivastava and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-04-19 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: BIOENERGY RESEARCH Evaluates challenges and sustainable solutions associated with various biofuel technologies Bioenergy Research offers an authoritative guide to recent developments in green bioenergy technologies that are currently available including: bioethanol, biobutanol, biomethanol, bio-oil, biohydrogen, biogas and biomethane. The authors provide in-depth analysis and discuss the commercial viability of the various technological advances in bioenergy. Comprehensive in scope, the book explores the environmental, practical and economic implications associated with a variety of bioenergy options. The book also considers the rollback of fossil fuels, the cost and their replacement as well as practical solutions for these issues. This important resource: Presents up-to-date research and industrial developments for various bioenergy options Offers comparative evaluation of bioenergy technologies for commercial feasibility Reviews current challenges and sustainable solutions for a variety of biofuel technologies Contains a review of existing strategies for bioenergy production Bioenergy Research is a valuable guide for academic researchers and industrial scientists working in the fields of biofuels and bioenergy, environmental science and technology, microbial technology, bioprocess engineering, and waste valorization.

Pretreatment of Biomass

Author : Ashok Pandey
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128003960
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Pretreatment of Biomass by : Ashok Pandey

Download or read book Pretreatment of Biomass written by Ashok Pandey and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-09-18 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pretreatment of Biomass provides general information, basic data, and knowledge on one of the most promising renewable energy sources—biomass for their pretreatment—which is one of the most essential and critical aspects of biomass-based processes development. The quest to make the environment greener, less polluted, and less hazardous has led to the concept of biorefineries for developing bio-based processes and products using biomass as a feedstock. Each kind of biomass requires some kind of pretreatment to make it suitable for bioprocess. This book provides state-of-art information on the methods currently available for this. This book provides data-based scientific information on the most advanced and innovative pretreatment of lignocellulosic and algal biomass for further processing. Pretreatment of biomass is considered one of the most expensive steps in the overall processing in a biomass-to-biofuel program. With the strong advancement in developing lignocellulose biomass- and algal biomass-based biorefineries, global focus has been on developing pretreatment methods and technologies that are technically and economically feasible. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in methods used for the pretreatment of biomass. An entire section is devoted to the methods and technologies of algal biomass due to the increasing global attention of its use. - Provides information on the most advanced and innovative pretreatament processes and technologies for biomass - Covers information on lignocellulosic and algal biomass to work on the principles of biorefinery - Useful for researchers intending to study scale-up - Provides information on integration of processes and technologies for the pretreatment of biomass

Biofuels in Brazil

Author : Silvio Silvério da Silva
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3319050206
Total Pages : 441 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Biofuels in Brazil by : Silvio Silvério da Silva

Download or read book Biofuels in Brazil written by Silvio Silvério da Silva and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-04-02 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the commercialization of biofuels and the Brazilian government policies for the promotion of renewable energy program in Brazil, which could be a learning module for several countries for implementing biofuels policy to improve their socioeconomic status and make them energy independent. Researchers in academia and industries, policy makers, and economic analysts will be assisted by important source of information in their ongoing research and future perspectives. This book will benefit graduate and postgraduate students of chemical and biochemical engineering, forestry, microbiology, biochemistry, biotechnology, applied chemistry, environmental science, sustainable energy, and biotech business disciplines by signifying the applied aspects of bioenergy production from various natural sources and their implications. Graduate and postgraduate students as well as postdoctoral researchers will find clear concepts of feedstock analysis, feedstock degradation, microbial fermentation, genetic engineering, renewable energy generation and storage, climate changes, and techno-economic analysis of biofuels production technologies.

Prospects of Renewable Bioprocessing in Future Energy Systems

Author : Ali Asghar Rastegari
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030144631
Total Pages : 528 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Prospects of Renewable Bioprocessing in Future Energy Systems by : Ali Asghar Rastegari

Download or read book Prospects of Renewable Bioprocessing in Future Energy Systems written by Ali Asghar Rastegari and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-04-03 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses various renewable energy resources and technologies. Topics covered include recent advances in photobioreactor design; microalgal biomass harvesting, drying, and processing; and technological advances and optimised production systems as prerequisites for achieving a positive energy balance. It highlights alternative resources that can be used to replace fossil fuels, such as algal biofuels, biodiesel, bioethanol, and biohydrogen. Further, it reviews microbial technologies, discusses an immobilization method, and highlights the efficiency of enzymes as a key factor in biofuel production. In closing, the book outlines future research directions to increase oil yields in microalgae, which could create new opportunities for lipid-based biofuels, and provides an outlook on the future of global biofuel production. Given its scope, the book will appeal to all researchers and engineers working in the renewable energy sector.

Biochemistry of microbial degradation

Author : Colin Ratledge
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9789401047388
Total Pages : 590 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (473 download)

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Book Synopsis Biochemistry of microbial degradation by : Colin Ratledge

Download or read book Biochemistry of microbial degradation written by Colin Ratledge and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-10-25 with total page 590 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Life on the planet depends on microbial activity. The recycling of carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, oxygen, phosphate and all the other elements that constitute living matter are continuously in flux: microorganisms participate in key steps in these processes and without them life would cease within a few short years. The comparatively recent advent of man-made chemicals has now challenged the environment: where degradation does not occur, accumulation must perforce take place. Surprisingly though, even the most recalcitrant of molecules are gradually broken down and very few materials are truly impervious to microbial attack. Microorganisms, by their rapid growth rates, have the most rapid turn-over of their DNA of all living cells. Consequently they can evolve altered genes and therefore produce novel enzymes for handling "foreign" compounds - the xenobiotics - in a manner not seen with such effect in other organisms. Evolution, with the production of micro-organisms able to degrade molecules hitherto intractable to breakdown, is therefore a continuing event. Now, through the agency of genetic manipulation, it is possible to accelerate this process of natural evolution in a very directed manner. The time-scale before a new microorganism emerges that can utilize a recalcitrant molecule has now been considerably shortened by the application of well-understood genetic principles into microbiology. However, before these principles can be successfully used, it is essential that we understand the mechanism by which molecules are degraded, otherwise we shall not know where best to direct these efforts.

Enzymatic Conversion of Biomass for Fuels Production

Author : Michael E. Himmel
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 522 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Enzymatic Conversion of Biomass for Fuels Production by : Michael E. Himmel

Download or read book Enzymatic Conversion of Biomass for Fuels Production written by Michael E. Himmel and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discusses the use of enzymatic and microbial biocatalysis for transformation of biomass to liquid or gaseous fuels. Explores metabolic pathway engineering. Discusses characterization of new hydrolytic enzymes. Presents new microorganisms and fermentation techniques. Focuses on lignocellulosic biomass conversion technology.

Endophytes: Crop Productivity and Protection

Author : Dinesh K. Maheshwari
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319665448
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis Endophytes: Crop Productivity and Protection by : Dinesh K. Maheshwari

Download or read book Endophytes: Crop Productivity and Protection written by Dinesh K. Maheshwari and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-14 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews the latest developments in our understanding of microbial endophytes and their potential applications in enhancing productivity and disease protection. It covers all the latest discoveries regarding endophytes, their interactions with plants and application in agricultural productivity and protection. Our understanding of endophytes has increased exponentially in recent decades. These microbes, such as fungi, bacteria, and actinobacteria, establish a symbiotic or parasitic association with plants. A better understanding of endophytic microorganisms may help to elucidate their functions and potential role in developing sustainable systems of crop production and improved protection against biotic stresses. Endophytes play a vital role in plant growth and health promotion. Endophytic bacteria are of agrobiological interest because they create host-endophyte relationships, which can open exciting prospects for newer biotechnological applications. Endophytes have also proven to be a beneficial and sustainable alternative to agrochemicals due to their role in the biocontrol of pests and diseases. Further, endophytes are essential to the production of several secondary metabolites in grasses, in the process of gummosis in trees, and the production of useful metabolites such as alkaloids, pestaloside, cryptocandin, enfumafungin, subglutinols, etc. for the host plant. They are also involved in the production of enzymes, biosurfactants, biocontrol agents and plant growth promoters. As such, it is imperative that we explore these products’ industrial applications in the fields of biotechnology, pharmacy and agriculture. This volume will offers a valuable guidance for botanists, microbiologists, biotechnologists, molecular biologists, environmentalists, policymakers, conservationists, and those working for the protection of plant species of agricultural and medicinal importance.