Read Books Online and Download eBooks, EPub, PDF, Mobi, Kindle, Text Full Free.
Download Best Practices For High Impact Threats To Critical Infrastructure full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Best Practices For High Impact Threats To Critical Infrastructure ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!
Author : Charles L. Manto
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781633916111
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (161 download)
Download or read book Best Practices for High Impact Threats to Critical Infrastructure written by Charles L. Manto and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Ernie Hayden, MIPM, CISSP, CEH, GICSP(Gold), PSP
Publisher : Rothstein Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1944480722
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (444 download)
Download or read book Critical Infrastructure Risk Assessment written by Ernie Hayden, MIPM, CISSP, CEH, GICSP(Gold), PSP and published by Rothstein Publishing. This book was released on 2020-08-25 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ASIS Book of The Year Winner as selected by ASIS International, the world's largest community of security practitioners Critical Infrastructure Risk Assessment wins 2021 ASIS Security Book of the Year Award - SecurityInfoWatch ... and Threat Reduction Handbook by Ernie Hayden, PSP (Rothstein Publishing) was selected as its 2021 ASIS Security Industry Book of the Year. As a manager or engineer have you ever been assigned a task to perform a risk assessment of one of your facilities or plant systems? What if you are an insurance inspector or corporate auditor? Do you know how to prepare yourself for the inspection, decided what to look for, and how to write your report? This is a handbook for junior and senior personnel alike on what constitutes critical infrastructure and risk and offers guides to the risk assessor on preparation, performance, and documentation of a risk assessment of a complex facility. This is a definite “must read” for consultants, plant managers, corporate risk managers, junior and senior engineers, and university students before they jump into their first technical assignment.
Author : John Sullivant
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470228369
Total Pages : 646 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (72 download)
Download or read book Strategies for Protecting National Critical Infrastructure Assets written by John Sullivant and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-10-05 with total page 646 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Strategies for Protecting National Critical Infrastructure Assets eases the research burden, develops investigative protocols, and pulls together data into a comprehensive and practical guide, to help the serious reader understand advanced concepts and techniques of risk assessment with an emphasis on meeting the security needs of the critical national infrastructure. The text is divided into five major sections, which are further broken down by individual chapters, each addressing one element of risk assessment as well as focusing attention on applying the risk assessment methodology to a particular industry. This book establishes a new and acceptable approach for conducting risk assessments in a high-risk world. Helps the reader to understand advanced concepts and techniques of risk assessment Provides a quick, reliable, and practical "briefcase" reference to use in the office as well as on the road Introduces the elements of the risk assessment process by defining its purpose and objectives, describing the behavioural and physical sciences, the techniques employed in the process, and the measurement and evaluation tools and standards used to perform an objective risk assessment.
Author : L. Kruszka
Publisher : IOS Press
ISBN 13 : 1614999643
Total Pages : 170 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (149 download)
Download or read book Critical Infrastructure Protection written by L. Kruszka and published by IOS Press. This book was released on 2019-05-10 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent decades have seen an increase in the number of terrorist attacks, necessitating the development of more efficient global security policies. One of the most important elements of this enhanced security is the protection of critical infrastructure. This book presents edited contributions from the NATO Advanced Training Course (ATC) on Critical Infrastructure Protection - Best Practices and Innovative Methods of Protection, held in Agadir, Morocco, from 6 to 12 May 2018. The main objective of the course was to bring together specialists working in the area of protecting critical infrastructure in NATO Member and Partner countries to share their knowledge and expertise. One lecture block was dedicated to important legal aspects, as these differ from country to country. The other main topic areas included the structural design and protection of critical infrastructure, new materials and material analysis, and material and construction testing at elevated impact velocities via experiment and numerical simulation. New designs for critical infrastructure elements were also demonstrated. The course provided an ideal forum for speakers and participants from government, academia, and military bodies to exchange information and best practice, while at the same time creating links to foster further collaboration and the exchange of ideas about the protection of critical infrastructure, and the book will be of interest to all those whose work involves protecting critical infrastructure from the threat of terrorist attack.
Author : Robert Radvanovsky
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1003807364
Total Pages : 229 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)
Download or read book Critical Infrastructure written by Robert Radvanovsky and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-12-06 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Critical Infrastructure: Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness, Fifth Edition represents a continuation of research and recommendations from the past editions that spans nearly twenty years of focusing on critical infrastructure (CI) protection. Over that time, the operating, threat, and technical environments have changed drastically. The doctrines that have guided practitioners across various domains have also evolved due to changing demands. This is a natural result when doctrines collide and gradually evolve toward, and coalesce into, a singular understanding of an issue. Those who have practiced in this domain have seen these collisions in the past - an example being the convergence of physical security and cyber information and operational) technologies security. It is with this backdrop and understanding of the domain that the authors not only describe the current state of affairs, but also provide a means through which researchers and participants - such as practitioners, students, industry stakeholders, owners, and operators in various government and private CI sectors - can look at trends and changes the in the domain that may not be apparent elsewhere. The authors identify shifts in today’s environment that move the thinking away from simply the robustness of systems to their adaptability and resilience. They outline design processes that, likewise, are evolving away from the simple adoption of best practices to risk-based management and even towards structures based on engineering-driven principles. These changes are not occurring at a unified pace and the differences can result in tensions between certain communities. However, the debate itself is indicative of the critical thinking that is beginning to take hold within each infrastructure domain. Critical Infrastructure, Fifth Edition continues to critically examine the evolving importance of our critical infrastructure to our society - recognizing the underpinning value of cyber technology and how physical infrastructures and delivery models impact and affect people and society.
Author : Laing, Christopher
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1466626909
Total Pages : 450 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (666 download)
Download or read book Securing Critical Infrastructures and Critical Control Systems: Approaches for Threat Protection written by Laing, Christopher and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2012-12-31 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increased use of technology is necessary in order for industrial control systems to maintain and monitor industrial, infrastructural, or environmental processes. The need to secure and identify threats to the system is equally critical. Securing Critical Infrastructures and Critical Control Systems: Approaches for Threat Protection provides a full and detailed understanding of the vulnerabilities and security threats that exist within an industrial control system. This collection of research defines and analyzes the technical, procedural, and managerial responses to securing these systems.
Author : Charles L. Manto
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781935907398
Total Pages : 188 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (73 download)
Download or read book High Impact Threats to Critical Infrastructure written by Charles L. Manto and published by . This book was released on 2013-08 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The EMP SIG addresses any high-impact threat that could cause long-term nationwide collapse of critical infrastructure. These threats include EMP, extreme space weather, cyber attacks, coordinated physical attacks or widespread pandemics. The EMP SIG provides trusted communications and information for InfraGard members active in any critical infrastructure in any community to enhance planning, mitigation, and sustainable infrastructure. The EMP SIG attracts leading subject matter experts who have agreed to join advisory panels and make themselves available for local InfraGard chapters that may need their special guidance. The ultimate goal of the national EMP SIG is to assist local communities to enhance their own sustainability with a special emphasis on developing local infrastructure capacity from areas as diverse as local power generation and storage to local food production. InfraGard's EMP SIG plans to continue its role in fostering public/private cooperation in a comprehensive "all-of-nation" approach to disaster mitigation and planning. InfraGard members may join the EMP SIG on the InfraGard secure website. To join InfraGard and have access to the secure site, apply on the homepage of www.InfraGard.org. The first time that a broad range of military and civilian government agencies and their private sector counterparts led contingency plans for nationwide collapse of critical infrastructure that could last for more than a month was in October 2011 when the National Defense University, the US Congressional EMP Caucus, InfraGard National's EMP SIG and Maryland's Emergency Management Agency co-hosted a series of workshops and exercises covering these scenarios focusing on geomagnetic disturbances. In the following December, eight of those participants provided an overview of the results and ramifications of those meetings at the Dupont Summit 2011 hosted by the Policy Studies Organization. One year later, the Dupont Summit 2012 hosted sessions by InfraGard National's EMP SIG that updated activities from the prior year ranging from FERC's notice of a proposed rule making on GMD protection to the new FBI i-Guardian cyber protection program. These conference proceedings include links to updated on-line exhibits and uploaded videos provide presentations by technology and policy leaders on the most serious threats to technology-based society most likely to be experienced in our life times. For upcoming events and more information see the EMP SIG section of the National InfraGard secure website or contact the EMP SIG Chair, Chuck Manto, at [email protected].
Author : Dimitris Gritzalis
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030000249
Total Pages : 311 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)
Download or read book Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience written by Dimitris Gritzalis and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-01-01 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the latest trends in attacks and protection methods of Critical Infrastructures. It describes original research models and applied solutions for protecting major emerging threats in Critical Infrastructures and their underlying networks. It presents a number of emerging endeavors, from newly adopted technical expertise in industrial security to efficient modeling and implementation of attacks and relevant security measures in industrial control systems; including advancements in hardware and services security, interdependency networks, risk analysis, and control systems security along with their underlying protocols. Novel attacks against Critical Infrastructures (CI) demand novel security solutions. Simply adding more of what is done already (e.g. more thorough risk assessments, more expensive Intrusion Prevention/Detection Systems, more efficient firewalls, etc.) is simply not enough against threats and attacks that seem to have evolved beyond modern analyses and protection methods. The knowledge presented here will help Critical Infrastructure authorities, security officers, Industrial Control Systems (ICS) personnel and relevant researchers to (i) get acquainted with advancements in the field, (ii) integrate security research into their industrial or research work, (iii) evolve current practices in modeling and analyzing Critical Infrastructures, and (iv) moderate potential crises and emergencies influencing or emerging from Critical Infrastructures.
Author : Betty Biringer
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1466557508
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (665 download)
Download or read book Critical Infrastructure System Security and Resiliency written by Betty Biringer and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-04-12 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Security protections for critical infrastructure nodes are intended to minimize the risks resulting from an initiating event, whether it is an intentional malevolent act or a natural hazard. With an emphasis on protecting an infrastructure's ability to perform its mission or function, Critical Infrastructure System Security and Resiliency presents a practical methodology for developing an effective protection system that can either prevent undesired events or mitigate the consequences of such events. Developed at Sandia National Labs, the authors’ analytical approach and methodology enables decision-makers and security experts to perform and utilize risk assessments in a manner that extends beyond the theoretical to practical application. These protocols leverage expertise in modeling dependencies—optimizing system resiliency for effective physical protection system design and consequence mitigation. The book begins by focusing on the design of protection strategies to enhance the robustness of the infrastructure components. The authors present risk assessment tools and necessary metrics to offer guidance to decision-makers in applying sometimes limited resources to reduce risk and ensure operational resiliency. Our critical infrastructure is vast and made up of many component parts. In many cases, it may not be practical or affordable to secure every infrastructure node. For years, experts—as a part of the risk assessment process—have tried to better identify and distinguish higher from lower risks through risk segmentation. In the second section of the book, the authors present examples to distinguish between high and low risks and corresponding protection measures. In some cases, protection measures do not prevent undesired events from occurring. In others, protection of all infrastructure components is not feasible. As such, this section describes how to evaluate and design resilience in these unique scenarios to manage costs while most effectively ensuring infrastructure system protection. With insight from the authors’ decades of experience, this book provides a high-level, practical analytical framework that public and private sector owners and operators of critical infrastructure can use to better understand and evaluate infrastructure security strategies and policies. Strengthening the entire homeland security enterprise, the book presents a significant contribution to the science of critical infrastructure protection and resilience.
Author : Kelley A. Pesch-Cronin
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 104004624X
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)
Download or read book Critical Infrastructure Protection, Risk Management, and Resilience written by Kelley A. Pesch-Cronin and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-06-07 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This second edition of Critical Infrastructure Protection, Risk Management, and Resilience continues to be an essential resource for understanding and protecting critical infrastructure across the U.S. Revised and thoroughly updated throughout, the textbook reflects and addresses the many changes that have occurred in critical infrastructure protection and risk management since the publication of the first edition. This new edition retains the book’s focus on understudied topics, while also continuing its unique, policy-based approach to topics, ensuring that material is presented in a neutral and unbiased manner. An accessible and up-to-date text, Critical Infrastructure Protection, Risk Management, and Resilience is a key textbook for upper-level undergraduate or graduate-level courses across Homeland Security, Critical Infrastructure, Cybersecurity, and Public Administration.
Author : George H. Baker
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780998384405
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (844 download)
Download or read book Powering Through written by George H. Baker and published by . This book was released on 2016-12-01 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Powering Through" (Version 1.0) contains, for the first time, a comparison of critical infrastructures that can be adversely impacted by five high impact threats: high altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP); solar geomagnetic storms; cyber-attacks; physical attacks; and Radio Frequency (RF) weapons. The "stoplight chart" in the Executive Summary is printed on the inside cover of the book in color. This book is an Action Guide, providing an overview of infrastructure interdependencies and opportunities to protect, mitigate and recover. It addresses all five hazards to critical infrastructure, and potential cascading effects on water, wastewater and other critical infrastructures if power blackouts are long-lasting. Importantly, the book concentrates on consequence management, starting at the individual, household, and community levels of preparedness. If we are better prepared at home, we can better assist the organizations that will lead recovery, whatever the challenges.Version 1.0 is published by the InfraGard Electromagnetic Pulse Special Interest Group in December 2016 in support of a Workshop to begin outreach and improvements for a future Version 2.0. The goals for Version 2.0 are to investigate alternative resilient strategies, to model resilient island communities, and to examine the government and private sector domains and technologies to strengthen critical infrastructures and recovery opportunities in event of catastrophic losses. InfraGard is an association of about 43,000 persons who represent businesses, academic institutions, state and local law enforcements, infrastructure experts and others dedicated to sharing information and intelligence to prevent hostile acts against the U.S. It is a public/ private partnership with the FBI. The Electromagnetic Pulse Special Interest Group (EMP SIG(tm)) mission is to inform communities how to mitigate high-impact threats of long-term power and communications failure (greater than 30 days) which could lead to catastrophic, cascading losses of life-sustaining infrastructures and resources for recovery. Ordering information for hardcopy and e-book versions of Powering Through can be obtained online via www.empcenter.org, or via www.amazon.com. Net proceeds from book sales are assigned to the InfraGard Electromagnetic Pulse Special Interest Group to enable improvements to the Action Guide in a planned Version 2.0.
Author : Betty E. Biringer
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0471793523
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (717 download)
Download or read book Security Risk Assessment and Management written by Betty E. Biringer and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-03-12 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proven set of best practices for security risk assessment and management, explained in plain English This guidebook sets forth a systematic, proven set of best practices for security risk assessment and management of buildings and their supporting infrastructures. These practices are all designed to optimize the security of workplace environments for occupants and to protect the interests of owners and other stakeholders. The methods set forth by the authors stem from their research at Sandia National Laboratories and their practical experience working with both government and private facilities. Following the authors' step-by-step methodology for performing a complete risk assessment, you learn to: Identify regional and site-specific threats that are likely and credible Evaluate the consequences of these threats, including loss of life and property, economic impact, as well as damage to symbolic value and public confidence Assess the effectiveness of physical and cyber security systems and determine site-specific vulnerabilities in the security system The authors further provide you with the analytical tools needed to determine whether to accept a calculated estimate of risk or to reduce the estimated risk to a level that meets your particular security needs. You then learn to implement a risk-reduction program through proven methods to upgrade security to protect against a malicious act and/or mitigate the consequences of the act. This comprehensive risk assessment and management approach has been used by various organizations, including the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Bonneville Power Administration, and numerous private corporations, to assess and manage security risk at their national infrastructure facilities. With its plain-English presentation coupled with step-by-step procedures, flowcharts, worksheets, and checklists, you can easily implement the same proven approach and methods for your organization or clients. Additional forms and resources are available online at www.wiley.com/go/securityrisk.
Author : Marcus Matthias Keupp
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303041826X
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (34 download)
Download or read book The Security of Critical Infrastructures written by Marcus Matthias Keupp and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-05-05 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyzes the security of critical infrastructures such as road, rail, water, health, and electricity networks that are vital for a nation’s society and economy, and assesses the resilience of these networks to intentional attacks. The book combines the analytical capabilities of experts in operations research and management, economics, risk analysis, and defense management, and presents graph theoretical analysis, advanced statistics, and applied modeling methods. In many chapters, the authors provide reproducible code that is available from the publisher’s website. Lastly, the book identifies and discusses implications for risk assessment, policy, and insurability. The insights it offers are globally applicable, and not limited to particular locations, countries or contexts. Researchers, intelligence analysts, homeland security staff, and professionals who operate critical infrastructures will greatly benefit from the methods, models and findings presented. While each of the twelve chapters is self-contained, taken together they provide a sound basis for informed decision-making and more effective operations, policy, and defense.
Author : Ken E. Sigler
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1040070957
Total Pages : 239 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)
Download or read book Securing an IT Organization through Governance, Risk Management, and Audit written by Ken E. Sigler and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-01-05 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces two internationally recognized bodies of knowledge: COBIT 5 from a cybersecurity perspective and the NIST Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity (CSF). Emphasizing the processes directly related to governance, risk management, and audit, the book maps the CSF steps and activities to the methods defined in COBIT 5, extending the CSF objectives with practical and measurable activities that leverage operational risk understanding in a business context. This allows the ICT organization to convert high-level enterprise goals into manageable, specific goals rather than unintegrated checklist models.
Author : Vittorio Rosato
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781839626289
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (262 download)
Download or read book Issues on Risk Analysis for Critical Infrastructure Protection written by Vittorio Rosato and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Critical infrastructure provides essential services to citizens. The mutual dependencies of services between systems form a complex 'system of systems' with a large perturbation surface, prone to be damaged by natural and anthropic events. Their intrinsic and extrinsic vulnerabilities could be overcome by providing them adaptive properties to allow fast and effective recovery from loss of functionality. Resilience is thus the key issue, and its enhancement, at the systemic level, is a priority goal to be achieved. This volume reviews recent insights into the different domains (resilience-enhancing strategies, impact and threats knowledge, and dependency-related issues) and proposes new strategies for better critical infrastructure protection.
Author : Gregory C. Wilshusen
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1437984398
Total Pages : 21 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (379 download)
Download or read book Cybersecurity: Continued Attention Needed to Protect Our Nation¿s Critical Infrastructure and Federal Information Systems written by Gregory C. Wilshusen and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2011-08 with total page 21 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discusses the cyber threats to critical infrastructure and the Amer. economy. Pervasive and sustained cyber attacks against the U.S. continue to pose a potentially devastating impact on fed. and non-fed. systems and operations. In Feb. 2011, the Dir. of National Intelligence testified that, in the past year, there had been a dramatic increase in malicious cyber activity targeting U.S. computers and networks, incl. a more than tripling of the vol. of malicious software since 2009. This testimony describes: (1) cyber threats to cyber-reliant critical infrastructures and federal information systems; and (2) the continuing challenges federal agencies face in protecting the nation's cyber-reliant critical infrastructures and federal systems. A print on demand report.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 7 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (873 download)
Download or read book Assessing Vulnerabilities, Risks, and Consequences of Damage to Critical Infrastructure written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the publication of 'Critical Foundations: Protecting America's Infrastructure, ' there has been a keen understanding of the complexity, interdependencies, and shared responsibility required to protect the nation's most critical assets that are essential to our way of life. The original 5 sectors defined in 1997 have grown to 18 Critical Infrastructures and Key Resources (CIKR), which are discussed in the 2009 National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) and its supporting sector-specific plans. The NIPP provides the structure for a national program dedicated to enhanced protection and resiliency of the nation's infrastructure. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) provides in-depth, multi-disciplinary assessments of threat, vulnerability, and consequence across all 18 sectors at scales ranging from specific facilities to infrastructures spanning multi-state regions, such as the Oil and Natural Gas (ONG) sector. Like many of the CIKR sectors, the ONG sector is comprised of production, processing, distribution, and storage of highly valuable and potentially dangerous commodities. Furthermore, there are significant interdependencies with other sectors, including transportation, communication, finance, and government. Understanding the potentially devastating consequences and collateral damage resulting from a terrorist attack or natural event is an important element of LLNL's infrastructure security programs. Our work began in the energy sector in the late 1990s and quickly expanded other critical infrastructure sectors. We have performed over 600 physical assessments with a particular emphasis on those sectors that utilize, store, or ship potentially hazardous materials and for whom cyber security is important. The success of our approach is based on building awareness of vulnerabilities and risks and working directly with industry partners to collectively advance infrastructure protection. This approach consists of three phases: The Pre-Assessment Phase brings together infrastructure owners and operators to identify critical assets and help the team create a structured information request. During this phase, we gain information about the critical assets from those who are most familiar with operations and interdependencies, making the time we spend on the ground conducting the assessment much more productive and enabling the team to make actionable recommendations. The Assessment Phase analyzes 10 areas: Threat environment, cyber architecture, cyber penetration, physical security, physical penetration, operations security, policies and procedures, interdependencies, consequence analysis, and risk characterization. Each of these individual tasks uses direct and indirect data collection, site inspections, and structured and facilitated workshops to gather data. Because of the importance of understanding the cyber threat, LLNL has built both fixed and mobile cyber penetration, wireless penetration and supporting tools that can be tailored to fit customer needs. The Post-Assessment Phase brings vulnerability and risk assessments to the customer in a format that facilitates implementation of mitigation options. Often the assessment findings and recommendations are briefed and discussed with several levels of management and, if appropriate, across jurisdictional boundaries. The end result is enhanced awareness and informed protective measures. Over the last 15 years, we have continued to refine our methodology and capture lessons learned and best practices. The resulting risk and decision framework thus takes into consideration real-world constraints, including regulatory, operational, and economic realities. In addition to 'on the ground' assessments focused on mitigating vulnerabilities, we have integrated our computational and atmospheric dispersion capability with easy-to-use geo-referenced visualization tools to support emergency planning and response operations. LLNL is home to the National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center (NARAC) and the Interagency Modeling and Atmospheric Assessment Center (IMAAC). NARAC/IMAAC has capabilities to respond to toxic industrial chemical spills, nuclear-power plant accidents, fires, chemical/biological agents, radiological/nuclear devices (RDDs, INDs), and other airborne hazards. Our web-based systems provide hazards assessments of critical infrastructure for defensive planning and can provide infrastructure operators and emergency responders with a baseline for planning and exercises. LLNL's infrastructure security web mapping services facilitate dissemination of technical information for all phases of disaster management. Examples of some of these products are shown in the Figure 1.
