Autoimmune Thyroiditis

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Thyroid Autoimmunity

Author : A. Pinchera
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 146130945X
Total Pages : 579 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (613 download)

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Book Synopsis Thyroid Autoimmunity by : A. Pinchera

Download or read book Thyroid Autoimmunity written by A. Pinchera and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 579 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1956, three groups independently reported evidence that some thyroid disease appearing spontaneously in humans or experimentally induced in animals are related to autoimmune processes. The interval between these landmark discoveries and the present has witnessed a remarkable and continuing growth of both knowledge and concepts concerning the mechanisms of immune regulation, the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases, and their clinical and laboratory manifestations. More importantly knowledge of thyroid autoimmunity has, in many respects, comprised the vanguard of an ever increasing appreciation and understanding of autoimmune diseases in general. On November 24-26 1986, an International Symposium on Thyroid Autoimmunity was held in Pisa. Its purpose was to commemorate the birth of thyroid autoimmunity as a scientific discipline, to summarize current knowledge and concepts in this area, and where possible, to anticipate areas of opportunity for the future - hence the theme of the Symposium, Memories and Perspectives. To open the meeting, the Magnifico Rettore (Chancellor) of the University of Pisa granted special Awards to Dr. Deborah Doniach, Dr. Ivan Roitt, and Dr. Noel R. Rose, who published the first fundamental studies in the field of thyroid autoimmunity, and to Dr. Duncan G. Adams, whose discovery of the long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) opened the door to our current understanding of the pathogenesis of Graves' disease. During the meeting thirty plenary lectures were presented.

Diagnostic Criteria in Autoimmune Diseases

Author : Yehuda Shoenfeld
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1603272852
Total Pages : 555 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis Diagnostic Criteria in Autoimmune Diseases by : Yehuda Shoenfeld

Download or read book Diagnostic Criteria in Autoimmune Diseases written by Yehuda Shoenfeld and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-06-08 with total page 555 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: According to the Autoimmune Diseases Coordinating Committee (ADCC), between 14.7 and 23.5 million people in the USA – up to eight percent of the population are affected by autoimmune disease. Autoimmune diseases are a family of more than 100 chronic, and often disabling, illnesses that develop when underlying defects in the immune system lead the body to attack its own organs, tissues, and cells. In Handbook of Autoimmune Disease, the editors have gathered in a comprehensive handbook a critical review, by renowned experts, of more than 100 autoimmune diseases, divided into two main groups, namely systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases. A contemporary overview of these conditions with special emphasis on diagnosis is presented. Each chapter contains the essential information required by attending physicians as well as bench scientists to understand the definition of a specific autoimmune disease, the diagnostic criteria, and the treatment.

Autoimmune Endocrinopathies

Author : Robert Volpé
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1592597041
Total Pages : 508 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (925 download)

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Book Synopsis Autoimmune Endocrinopathies by : Robert Volpé

Download or read book Autoimmune Endocrinopathies written by Robert Volpé and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1999-06-04 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dr. Robert Volpé and his distinguished contributors comprehensively review the latest thinking about the theoretical, experimental, and clinical aspects of autoimmune endocrine disorders. These world-renowned experts examine the pathogenesis and immunogenetics of these diseases, discuss the role of sex hormones in autoimmunity, and elucidate the nature of autoantigens. They also provide clinical detail on a wide variety of autoimmune endocrinopathies, including autoimmune thyroid disease, Graves' ophthalmopathy and dermopathy, human insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and autoimmune adrenocortical failure. Postpartum autoimmune endocrine syndromes, autoimmune hypophysitis, and the polyglandular autoimmune syndromes are also discussed in detail. Comprehensive and authoritative, Autoimmune Endocrinopathies provides today's most up-to-date understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune endocrine diseases.

Thyroid Diseases

Author : Paolo Vitti
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783319450124
Total Pages : 770 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis Thyroid Diseases by : Paolo Vitti

Download or read book Thyroid Diseases written by Paolo Vitti and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-09-09 with total page 770 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the latest advances in knowledge of the pathogenesis of thyroid diseases and describes the state of the art in their diagnosis and treatment, including newly emerging management approaches. After an opening section that addresses thyroid physiology and laboratory evaluation, each of the major thyroid diseases and their subtypes is discussed, covering goiter and thyroid nodule, thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis, and thyroid carcinoma. Other conditions that affect thyroid function or induce thyroid dysfunction are also considered, e.g., pregnancy, non-thyroidal disorders, and medication use. The book is designed to assist practitioners to achieve optimal outcomes in clinical routine by providing clear guidance on clinical examination, the use of diagnostic tests, first- and second-line therapies, and follow-up. Chapter have been written by recognized experts in the field.

Autoimmune Thyroiditis

Author : Werner A. Scherbaum
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642763014
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (427 download)

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Book Synopsis Autoimmune Thyroiditis by : Werner A. Scherbaum

Download or read book Autoimmune Thyroiditis written by Werner A. Scherbaum and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current knowledge relevant to the understanding of thyroid autoimmunity is summarized in this book. Some of the world's leading scientists in this field review recent data from four subject areas: immunogenetics, thyroid peroxidase as an antigen, environmental factors, and cytokines. Much ongoing and as yet unpublished work is described, especially in the discussion included after each article. This information is of particular interest since the body of knowledge in these fields is growing very rapidly. The book is based on a workshop in which researchers from 13 countries took part. One major aim was to raise controversial points and to develop ideas for their potential solution. At the workshop it became apparent that a great deal of the information given in textbooks is outdated. This is an important update for researchers who are interested in the above topics and in understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of thyroid autoimmunity.

Autoimmune Neurology

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0444634460
Total Pages : 569 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (446 download)

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Book Synopsis Autoimmune Neurology by :

Download or read book Autoimmune Neurology written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2016-03-11 with total page 569 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Autoimmune Neurology presents the latest information on autoimmune neurologic disease, the immune response to the body where organs run wild, causing the immune system to attack itself. Autoimmunity is a main element in numerous nervous system diseases and can target any structure within the central or peripheral nervous system. Over the past 20 years, significant advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of autoimmune disorders, including the use of biomarkers has led to new diagnosis and treatment options. Neurologic conditions associated with autoimmune reactions include dementia, neuromuscular disease, epilepsy, sleep disorders, diabetes, and other common neurologic disorders and disease. This current tutorial-reference will be a must-have title for clinical neurologists, research neurologists, neuroscientists, and any medical professional working with autoimmune disease and disorders. - Includes comprehensive coverage of autoimmune neurology - Details the latest techniques for the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases and disorders, including dementia, neuromuscular disease, epilepsy, and sleep disorders - Presents a focused reference for clinical practitioners and the clinical neurology and neurology research communities

The Everything Guide to Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

Author : Aimee McNew
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1440598150
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (45 download)

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Book Synopsis The Everything Guide to Hashimoto's Thyroiditis by : Aimee McNew

Download or read book The Everything Guide to Hashimoto's Thyroiditis written by Aimee McNew and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2016-10-07 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Heal your thyroid with the Paleo diet! If you've been diagnosed with the autoimmune condition Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, you know how difficult it can be to improve symptoms. However, scientists are discovering ways to address this disease without resorting to prescription drugs and synthetic treatments: through the Paleo diet. By using functional medicine and healing foods, you may finally find relief! In The Everything Guide to Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, you'll discover the causes and symptoms, as well as the link between gut health and thyroid health. You'll learn exactly which foods can help improve your condition and which ones exacerbate problems. This all-in-one health guide features meal plans, 200 nutritious recipes, and easy tips for transitioning to the Paleo lifestyle--so you can improve your well-being and heal your body naturally.

Medicare Coverage of Routine Screening for Thyroid Dysfunction

Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309088852
Total Pages : 135 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Medicare Coverage of Routine Screening for Thyroid Dysfunction by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Medicare Coverage of Routine Screening for Thyroid Dysfunction written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-09-01 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When the Medicare program was established in 1965, it was viewed as a form of financial protection for the elderly against catastrophic medical expenses, primarily those related to hospitalization for unexpected illnesses. The first expansions to the program increased the eligible population from the retired to the disabled and to persons receiving chronic renal dialysis. It was not until 1980 that an expansion of services beyond those required "for the diagnosis or treatment of illness or injury or to improve the functioning of a malformed body member" was included in Medicare. These services, known as preventive services, are intended either to prevent disease (by vaccination) or to detect disease (by diagnostic test) before the symptoms of illness appear. A Committee was formed "to conduct a study on the addition of coverage of routine thyroid screening using a thyroid stimulating hormone test as a preventive benefit provided to Medicare beneficiaries under Title XVIII of the Social Security Act for some or all Medicare beneficiaries."

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

Author : Izabella Wentz
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780615825793
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (257 download)

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Book Synopsis Hashimoto's Thyroiditis by : Izabella Wentz

Download or read book Hashimoto's Thyroiditis written by Izabella Wentz and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Hashimoto's is more than just hypothyroidism. ... The body becomes stuck in a vicious cycle of immune system overload, adrenal insufficiency, gut dysbiosis, impaired digestion, inflammation, and thyroid hormone release abnormalities. ... The lifestyle intereventions discussed in this book aim to dismantle the vicious cycle piece by piece, ...allowing the body to rebuild itself."--P. 4 of cover.

Hashimoto's Protocol

Author : Izabella Wentz, PharmD.
Publisher : HarperCollins
ISBN 13 : 0062571303
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (625 download)

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Book Synopsis Hashimoto's Protocol by : Izabella Wentz, PharmD.

Download or read book Hashimoto's Protocol written by Izabella Wentz, PharmD. and published by HarperCollins. This book was released on 2017-03-28 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Instant #1 New York Times Bestseller Dr. Izabella Wentz, the author of the phenomenal New York Times bestseller Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis, returns with a long-awaited, groundbreaking prescription to reverse the symptoms of this serious autoimmune condition that is becoming one of the country’s fastest growing diseases. More than thirty-five million Americans currently suffer from Hashimoto’s—an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid gland and causes the body to attack its own cells. To alleviate the symptoms of this debilitating condition—including chronic cough, acid reflux, IBS, allergies, chronic pain, hair loss, brain fog, and forgetfulness—patients are often prescribed synthetic hormones that have numerous life-altering side effects. But there is a better way. Diagnosed with Hashimoto’s at twenty-seven, pharmacist Dr. Izabella Wentz knows first-hand the effects of the disease, as well as the value—and limitations—of medication. The key to improved health, she argues, involves lifestyle interventions. In Hashimoto’s Protocol, she outlines a proven treatment that has helped thousands heal and many others feel better—in as fast as ninety days. Drawing on her own personal experience as well as her work consulting with thousands of patients, Hashimoto’s Protocol offers a practical pathway for healing and reversing the autoimmune damage at the root of the disease. The first step is a quick-start two-week detox that includes foods to eat and inflammatory foods to avoid, advice on supplements to support the liver, and an adrenal recovery plan. Next, readers create a personalized plan with foods, supplements, and other lifestyle interventions tailored to their body’s own unique Hashimoto’s triggers, which they can identify using self-tests included in the book. Hashimoto’s Protocol also features original recipes. Grounded in the latest science, Hashimoto’s Protocol is the first book to offer a proven protocol by an acknowledged expert in the field to treat this condition and help sufferers reclaim their lives.

Autoimmune Diseases in Endocrinology

Author : Anthony P. Weetman
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1597455172
Total Pages : 435 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (974 download)

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Book Synopsis Autoimmune Diseases in Endocrinology by : Anthony P. Weetman

Download or read book Autoimmune Diseases in Endocrinology written by Anthony P. Weetman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-26 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a comprehensive and novel text that examines key features that predispose individuals to autoimmune diseases. The first section details the basic mechanism of autoimmunity and examines immunogenetic and environmental factors in autoimmunity. The next section examines autoimmune thyroid disease. The third section takes a look at Type 1 diabetes mellitus. In the final section, authors explain other autoimmune endocrinopathies.

Idiotypes in Medicine: Autoimmunity, Infection and Cancer

Author : R.C. Kennedy
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080534430
Total Pages : 557 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis Idiotypes in Medicine: Autoimmunity, Infection and Cancer by : R.C. Kennedy

Download or read book Idiotypes in Medicine: Autoimmunity, Infection and Cancer written by R.C. Kennedy and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1997-11-19 with total page 557 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the most comprehensive review of the idiotypic network available. All the current knowledge of idiotypes of the various antibodies is incorporated in this volume. The pathogenic role of idiotypes in autoimmunity and cancer is reviewed in depth. The therapeutic part focusses on harnessing anti-idiotypes for treating autoimmunological disorders, and on the employment of idiotypes for vaccines in cancer and infectious diseases, as well as explaining the manipulation of the idiotypic network in autoimmunity and cancer idiotypes and vaccines.

The Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Healing Diet

Author : Kate Barrington
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1612436242
Total Pages : 181 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (124 download)

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Book Synopsis The Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Healing Diet by : Kate Barrington

Download or read book The Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Healing Diet written by Kate Barrington and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2016-10-04 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: THE ULTIMATE GUIDE TO REGAINING ONE'S HEALTH BY OVERCOMING THIS DEBILITATING AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE If you have Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, you may feel as if there is nothing you can do. But have no fear—this book walks you through the symptoms, diagnosis and treatments so you will have the courage to face your situation head-on. The Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Healing Diet features: • A path through recognizing symptoms • Information on diagnosis & treatment plans •A guide for foods to enjoy & foods to avoid • Over 100 wholesome & delicious recipes • Workout plans & tips Teaching you everything you need to know, this book will help you overcome this autoimmune disease by incorporating thyroid-healthy foods into your diet and avoiding gut-aggravating foods. Follow this program to get back to your everyday lifestyle and be symptom-free.

Diagnosing and Managing Hashimoto’s Disease: Emerging Research and Opportunities

Author : Sakr, Mahmoud
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1522596577
Total Pages : 263 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (225 download)

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Book Synopsis Diagnosing and Managing Hashimoto’s Disease: Emerging Research and Opportunities by : Sakr, Mahmoud

Download or read book Diagnosing and Managing Hashimoto’s Disease: Emerging Research and Opportunities written by Sakr, Mahmoud and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2019-11-22 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Once thought uncommon, cases of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis are becoming much more commonplace through the increasing use of needle biopsy and serologic tests for antibodies that have led to much more frequent recognition. It is currently one of the most common thyroid disorders with the possibility that it may be increasing in frequency. As diagnostic methods improve, it is imperative that quick treatments are administered to improve the quality of life of patients. Diagnosing and Managing Hashimoto’s Disease: Emerging Research and Opportunities is an essential publication that provides critical reference material for diagnosing and treating Hashimoto’s Disease in a clinical environment. Featuring research on topics such as spontaneous hypothyroidism, papillary thyroid carcinoma, and differential diagnosis, this publication is ideally designed for clinicians, therapists, doctors, nurses, hospital administrators, researchers, educators, academicians, and students looking for the most up-to-date research on treating Hashimoto’s Disease.

What You Must Know About Hashimoto’s Disease

Author : Brittany Henderson, MD
Publisher : Square One Publishers, Inc.
ISBN 13 : 0757054757
Total Pages : 253 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (57 download)

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Book Synopsis What You Must Know About Hashimoto’s Disease by : Brittany Henderson, MD

Download or read book What You Must Know About Hashimoto’s Disease written by Brittany Henderson, MD and published by Square One Publishers, Inc.. This book was released on 2019-02-11 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, it is estimated that over 20 million people have thyroid problems. And of this number, the most common thyroid condition is Hashimoto’s Disease—a form of hypothyroidism in which the body’s immune system attacks its own thyroid gland. Despite millions of people having this disease, many suffer with life-changing symptoms for years without being diagnosed. And even after diagnosis, many Hashimoto’s patients continue to experience debilitating effects from this disease. Fatigue, muscle and joint pain, weight gain, headaches, hair loss, and throat/neck pain are some of the commonly occurring symptoms. That’s why endocrinologist and thyroid specialist Dr. Brittany Henderson and patient Allison Futterman joined together to write What You Must Know About Hashimoto’s Disease. Realizing that far too many patients are not getting the information and care they need, the authors created this book to help those who are suffering from this all-too-common form of hypothyroidism. Written in understandable language, the authors give you an insider’s view of what you need to know about Hashimoto’s. The book is divided into three parts. Part 1, Getting to Know Your Thyroid, explains how your thyroid functions, how Hashimoto’s affects your health, and what signs to look for. Part 2, Testing and Diagnosis, looks at the most reliable tests used to detect Hashimoto’s, how they work, and what to expect from testing. Part 3, Treatment and Management, discusses the most effective conventional medications as well as those complementary treatments that have proven to be effective. Unfortunately, there still remains a lack of understanding of Hashimoto's among patients and health professionals alike. As a serious autoimmune disorder, Hashimoto’s is multifaceted and complex. What You Must Know About Hashimoto’s Disease provides patients with an invaluable resource that they can rely on at every stage of their journey to greater health.

How I Reversed My Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Hypothyroidism

Author : Robert T. Dirgo
Publisher : iUniverse
ISBN 13 : 059516708X
Total Pages : 138 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (951 download)

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Book Synopsis How I Reversed My Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Hypothyroidism by : Robert T. Dirgo

Download or read book How I Reversed My Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Hypothyroidism written by Robert T. Dirgo and published by iUniverse. This book was released on 2001-02-07 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first book of its kind, in which the author details the specific step by step approach, he took to reduce his Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Hypothyroidism. This is an impelling story that will inform and inspire the reader. This is a must read for any sufferer of Hypothyroidism or autoimmune related disorders, who is open to alternative treatments. The book will keep the reader engrossed anticipating the next turn in this fascinating journey to recovery. It presents a personal triumph in laymans terms that are easy to relate to. Its a message of Hope, Faith and Joy! In addition to being an inspiring source of possibilities, it is also packed with valuable Thyroid related resources. The author provides a Personal Health Diary as well, which the reader can utilize on their personal journey to improved health.

The Association of Other Autoimmune Diseases in Patients With Thyroid Autoimmunity

Author : Alessandro Antonelli
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889456250
Total Pages : 118 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (894 download)

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Book Synopsis The Association of Other Autoimmune Diseases in Patients With Thyroid Autoimmunity by : Alessandro Antonelli

Download or read book The Association of Other Autoimmune Diseases in Patients With Thyroid Autoimmunity written by Alessandro Antonelli and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-11-02 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) are T cell-mediated organ-specific autoimmune disorders resulting from an immune dysregulation leading to a thyroid immune attack (Antonelli and Benvenga). Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis are the two main clinical presentations of AITD, and their clinical hallmarks are thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism, respectively. In many cases, AITD may be associated in the same patient with other organ-specific autoimmune attacks (such as in the case of type II autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, or type I diabetes, etc). Furthermore, AITD and thyroid function abnormalities have been frequently described in patients with systemic rheumatologic autoimmune diseases. Conversely, patients affected with the above mentioned autoimmune disorders are more frequently affected by AITD. In this Research Topic, constituted by nineteen papers, we review and discuss new evidence about the association of other autoimmune diseases in patients with AITD. Among other organ-specific autoimmune disorders, the associations of AITD with chronic autoimmune gastritis (Cellini et al.), vitiligo (Baldini E et al.), lichen (Guarneri et al.), psoriasis (Ruffilli et al.), myasthenia gravis (Lopomo and Berrih-Aknin) and glomerulopathies (Santoro et al.) have been treated. Also the associations of AITD, in systemic autoimmune diseases have been treated (as Sjögren’s syndrome, Baldini C et al.; systemic sclerosis, Fallahi et al.; systemic lupus erythematosus, Ferrari et al.; Antiphospholipid syndrome, Versini; sarcoidosis, Fazzi et al.; the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants, Watad et al.; rheumatoid arthritis, Bliddal et al.; Hepatitis C Virus and mixed cryoglobulinemia, Ferri et al.; and, psoriathic arthritis, Ruffilli et al.). Furthermore peculiar aspects associated with post partum thyroiditis have been reviewed too (Di Bari et al., Le Donne et al.). The exact pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the above reported associations are not completely known. It has been hypothesized that the influence of genetic (Coppedè), and environmental factors (Antonelli and Benvenga), could lead to the onset of autoimmune phenomena in different organs in the same subject, characterized by predominance of a Th1 immune pattern at the beginning, and in the active phase of these disorders. In conclusion, an association of other autoimmune diseases in patients with thyroid autoimmunity has been shown, and this Research Topic provides an extensive update of the literature, and suggests interesting points for new investigations.