Athlete Activism

Download Athlete Activism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000509168
Total Pages : 202 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Athlete Activism by : Rory Magrath

Download or read book Athlete Activism written by Rory Magrath and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-11-24 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the phenomenon of athlete activism across all levels of sport, from elite and international sport, to collegiate and semi-pro, and asks what this tells us about the relationship between sport and wider society. With contributions from scholars around the world, the book presents a series of fascinating case studies, including the activism of world-famous athletes such as Serena Williams, Megan Rapinoe and Raheem Sterling. Covering a broad range of sports, from the National Football League (NFL) and Australian Rules, to fencing and the Olympic Games, the book sheds important light on some of the most important themes in the study of sport, including gender, power, racism, intersectionality and the rise of digital media. It also considers the financial impact on athletes when they take a stand and the psychological impact of activism and how that might relate to sports performance. It has never been the case that ‘sport and politics don’t mix’, and now, more than ever, the opposite is true. This is essential reading for anybody with an interest in the politics or sociology of sport, the politics of protest, social movements or media studies.

We Matter

Download We Matter PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Akashic Books
ISBN 13 : 1617756121
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (177 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis We Matter by : Etan Thomas

Download or read book We Matter written by Etan Thomas and published by Akashic Books. This book was released on 2018-03-06 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interviews with sports stars, activists, surviving family members, and others fighting racial injustice: “Before Kaepernick, there was Etan Thomas.”—The New York Times A Library Journal Best Book of the Year Professional athletes have long been influential figures in American life. Today, many of them are using their platforms to speak up about injustice and inequality. This book features interviews by former NBA player Etan Thomas with over fifty athletes, executives, media figures, and more—interwoven with essays and critiques by Thomas. Includes personal stories and opinions from: Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Bill Russell, Dwyane Wade, Russell Westbrook, Steve Kerr, Oscar Robertson, Mark Cuban, Michael Bennett, Carmelo Anthony, Derrick Rose, Swin Cash, Alonzo Mourning, Chris Webber, Jemele Hill, Anquan Boldin, Jamal Crawford, Juwan Howard, Ray Jackson, Shannon Sharpe, James Blake, John Carlos, Laila Ali, Michael Eric Dyson, Joakim Noah, Eric Reid, Adam Silver, Soledad O'Brien, John Wall, Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf, Bradley Beal, Tamika Catchings, Curtis Conway, Harry Edwards, Chris Hayes, Chamique Holdsclaw, Scoop Jackson, Bomani Johnes, Shaun King, Jimmy King, Ted Leonsis, Thabo Sefolosha, Ilyasah Shabazz, Torrey Smith, Kenny Smith, Michael Smith, David West, Michael Wilbon, Jahvaris Fulton (brother of Trayvon Martin), Emerald Snipes (daughter of Eric Garner), Allysza Castile (sister of Philando Castile), Valerie Castile (mother of Philando Castile), and Dr. Tiffany Crutcher (sister of Terence Crutcher) “In We Matter, Thomas strives to show the influence professional athletes can have when they join the conversation on race, politics, and civil rights. Thomas conducted 50 interviews, which included Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Bill Russell, Laila Ali, Michael Bennett, and Eric Reid, among many other athletes, as well as journalists, television personalities, and family members of unarmed black men who were shot and killed. Thomas also explored his ties with the Wizards and spoke with John Wall, Bradley Beal, and current majority team owner Ted Leonsis.”—TheWashington Post “The honest conversations, published in transcript form and often accompanied by black-and-white photos, serve as a primer on recent police violence cases, a history lesson on the first athletes who stood up for racial injustice, an examination of the experience of being young and black in the United States, and an insightful look at how it feels to lose a loved one to tragedy, from contributors such as Jemele Hill, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, and Carmelo Anthony...An important read, executed uniquely.”—School Library Journal (starred review) “Voices of pain, anger, and hope resound through these pages--and through the reader's heart.”—Kirkus Reviews

Athlete Activism

Download Athlete Activism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Greenhaven Publishing LLC
ISBN 13 : 1534506365
Total Pages : 128 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (345 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Athlete Activism by : Gary Wiener

Download or read book Athlete Activism written by Gary Wiener and published by Greenhaven Publishing LLC. This book was released on 2019-12-15 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While Colin Kaepernick's 2016 protests reignited the debate surrounding athletes and political activism, the relationship between the two is a longstanding tradition. The athletic field has long been a site for protests against racism, hosting key events in the fight for equality, such as legendary African American baseball player Jackie Robinson's 1947 induction into the MLB. Recent protests have expanded to issues like sexism, LGBT rights, and immigration, and have made use of social media and other modern developments. This volume examines the controversies surrounding athlete activism as well as its place in history and contemporary politics.

Long Shot

Download Long Shot PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Haymarket Books
ISBN 13 : 1608467465
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (84 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Long Shot by : Craig Hodges

Download or read book Long Shot written by Craig Hodges and published by Haymarket Books. This book was released on 2017-01-09 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this memoir, the Chicago Bulls basketball star details his life on the court as an athlete and off the court as an activist. As a member of the 1992 world-champion Chicago Bulls, a dashiki-clad Hodges delivered a handwritten letter to President George H. W. Bush demanding that he do more to address racism and economic inequality. Hodges was also a vocal union activist, initiated a boycott against Nike, and spoke out forcefully against police brutality in the wake of the Rodney King beating. But his outspokenness cost him dearly. In the prime of his career, after ten NBA seasons, Hodges was blackballed from the NBA for using his platform as a professional athlete to stand up for justice. In this powerful, passionate, and captivating memoir, Hodges shares the stories—including encounters with Nelson Mandela, Coretta Scott King, Jim Brown, R. Kelly, Michael Jordan, and others—from his lifelong fight for equality for Black Americans. Praise for Long Shot “A skillfully told, affecting memoir of sports and social activism.” —Kirkus Reviews “Hodges has told his compelling life story with fiery passion, looping around a cast of characters stretching from Jordan, Magic Johnson and Phil Jackson back to Muhammad Ali, Arthur Ashe and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, before returning to the present.” —Guardian “Craig Hodges is someone I looked up to as a child & now as an adult . . . I read Long Shot in like two hours, I couldn’t stop turning pages. There are so many hooks in it.” —Jesse Williams, actor, producer, director, activist “A beautifully written, brutally honest book. If you loved the Michael Jordan-era Chicago Bulls, if you love black history, or if you are fascinated by the politics of sports, I highly recommend this book. Simply put: Craig Hodges’ life is incredible and Long Shot is invaluable.” —AETHLON: The Journal of Sport Literature

The Revolt of the Black Athlete

Download The Revolt of the Black Athlete PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Illinois Press
ISBN 13 : 0252051548
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (52 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Revolt of the Black Athlete by : Harry Edwards

Download or read book The Revolt of the Black Athlete written by Harry Edwards and published by University of Illinois Press. This book was released on 2017-05-02 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Revolt of the Black Athlete hit sport and society like an Ali combination. This Fiftieth Anniversary edition of Harry Edwards's classic of activist scholarship arrives even as a new generation engages with the issues he explored. Edwards's new introduction and afterword revisit the revolts by athletes like Muhammad Ali, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Tommie Smith, and John Carlos. At the same time, he engages with the struggles of a present still rife with racism, double-standards, and economic injustice. Again relating the rebellion of black athletes to a larger spirit of revolt among black citizens, Edwards moves his story forward to our era of protests, boycotts, and the dramatic politicization of athletes by Black Lives Matter. Incisive yet ultimately hopeful, The Revolt of the Black Athlete is the still-essential study of the conflicts at the interface of sport, race, and society.

The Heritage

Download The Heritage PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Beacon Press
ISBN 13 : 0807026999
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Heritage by : Howard Bryant

Download or read book The Heritage written by Howard Bryant and published by Beacon Press. This book was released on 2018-05-08 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following in the footsteps of Robeson, Ali, Robinson and others, today’s Black athletes re-engage with social issues and the meaning of American patriotism Named a best book of 2018 by Library Journal It used to be that politics and sports were as separate from one another as church and state. The ballfield was an escape from the world’s worst problems, top athletes were treated like heroes, and cheering for the home team was as easy and innocent as hot dogs and beer. “No news on the sports page” was a governing principle in newsrooms. That was then. Today, sports arenas have been transformed into staging grounds for American patriotism and the hero worship of law enforcement. Teams wear camouflage jerseys to honor those who serve; police officers throw out first pitches; soldiers surprise their families with homecomings at halftime. Sports and politics are decidedly entwined. But as journalist Howard Bryant reveals, this has always been more complicated for black athletes, who from the start, were committing a political act simply by being on the field. In fact, among all black employees in twentieth-century America, perhaps no other group had more outsized influence and power than ballplayers. The immense social responsibilities that came with the role is part of the black athletic heritage. It is a heritage built by the influence of the superstardom and radical politics of Paul Robeson, Jackie Robinson, Muhammad Ali, Tommie Smith, and John Carlos through the 1960s; undermined by apolitical, corporate-friendly “transcenders of race,” O. J. Simpson, Michael Jordan, and Tiger Woods in the following decades; and reclaimed today by the likes of LeBron James, Colin Kaepernick, and Carmelo Anthony. The Heritage is the story of the rise, fall, and fervent return of the athlete-activist. Through deep research and interviews with some of sports’ best-known stars—including Kaepernick, David Ortiz, Charles Barkley, and Chris Webber—as well as members of law enforcement and the military, Bryant details the collision of post-9/11 sports in America and the politically engaged post-Ferguson black athlete.

Exploring the Technological, Societal, and Institutional Dimensions of College Student Activism

Download Exploring the Technological, Societal, and Institutional Dimensions of College Student Activism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1522572759
Total Pages : 303 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (225 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Exploring the Technological, Societal, and Institutional Dimensions of College Student Activism by : Miller, Michael T.

Download or read book Exploring the Technological, Societal, and Institutional Dimensions of College Student Activism written by Miller, Michael T. and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2018-11-23 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social demonstrations that take place on university campuses have profound effects on students as well as the environments in which those students live and learn. These demonstrations, in recent years, have taken on traditional forms such as spontaneous protests, organized marches, and organized rallies, but they have also been affected by technologically mediated strategies that can bring larger sets of students together to support shared beliefs. Exploring the Technological, Societal, and Institutional Dimensions of College Student Activism provides emerging research exploring the theoretical and practical aspects of social demonstrations on university campuses and responses from administrative professionals. Featuring coverage on a broad range of topics such as advocacy, student activism, and free speech, this book is ideally designed for university administrators, policymakers, government officials, academic leaders, researchers, and institutions seeking current research on student engagement in social demonstrations on the campuses of colleges and universities.

Social Justice and the Modern Athlete

Download Social Justice and the Modern Athlete PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1666904589
Total Pages : 319 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (669 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Social Justice and the Modern Athlete by : Mia Long Anderson

Download or read book Social Justice and the Modern Athlete written by Mia Long Anderson and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2022-12-15 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Social Justice and the Modern Athlete: Exploring the Role of Athlete Activism in Social Change is an edited volume that illuminates the power athletes have to influence and rectify social injustices. It highlights athlete activism in the areas of politics, gender equity, nonviolent protest, mental health, and the online sphere"--

We Will Win the Day

Download We Will Win the Day PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1440839530
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (48 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis We Will Win the Day by : Louis Moore

Download or read book We Will Win the Day written by Louis Moore and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2017-09-21 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This exceedingly timely book looks at the history of black activist athletes and the important role of the black community in making sure fair play existed, not only in sports, but across U.S. society. Most books that focus on ties between sports, black athletes, and the Civil Rights Movement focus on specific issues or people. They discuss, for example, how baseball was integrated or tell the stories of individuals like Jackie Robinson or Muhammad Ali. This book approaches the topic differently. By examining the connection between sports, black athletes and the Civil Rights Movement overall, it puts the athletes and their stories into the proper context. Rather than romanticizing the stories and the men and women who lived them, it uses the roles these individuals played—or chose not to play—to illuminate the complexities and nuances in the relationship between black athletes and the fight for racial equality. Arranged thematically, the book starts with Jackie Robinson's entry into baseball when he signed with the Dodgers in 1945 and ends with the revolt of black athletes in the late 1960s, symbolized by Tommie Smith and John Carlos famously raising their clenched fists during a medal ceremony at the 1968 Olympics. Accounts from the black press and the athletes themselves help illustrate the role black athletes played in the Civil Rights Movement. At the same time, the book also examines how the black public viewed sports and the contributions of black athletes during these tumultuous decades, showing how the black communities' belief in merit and democracy—combined with black athletic success—influenced the push for civil rights.

The Kaepernick Effect

Download The Kaepernick Effect PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : The New Press
ISBN 13 : 1620976862
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (29 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Kaepernick Effect by : Dave Zirin

Download or read book The Kaepernick Effect written by Dave Zirin and published by The New Press. This book was released on 2021-09-14 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Riveting and inspiring first-person stories of how “taking a knee” triggered a political awakening among athletes of all ages and levels, from the celebrated sportswriter “With profiles of courage that leap of the page, Zirin uncovers a whole national movement of citizen-athletes fighting for racial justice.” —Ibram X. Kendi, National Book Award–winning author of Stamped from the Beginning Hailed by Publishers Weekly in a starred review as “an enthralling look at the impact of peaceful protest by sports figures at the high school, college, and professional levels,” The Kaepernick Effect explores the story of how quarterback Colin Kaepernick’s simple act of “taking a knee” spread like wildfire throughout American society, becoming the preeminent public symbol of resistance to America’s persistent racial inequality. In this powerful book, critically acclaimed sports journalist and author Dave Zirin chronicles “the Kaepernick effect” for the first time, through “a riveting collection of first-person stories” (The Nation) from high school athletes and coaches, college stars and high-powered athletic directors, and professional athletes across many different sports—from Megan Rapinoe to Michael Bennett. In each case, he uncovers the fascinating explanations and motivations behind what became a mass political movement in sports. “Necessary reading for all, especially those who want to make a difference in promoting social justice, equity, and inclusion, and end police brutality” (Library Journal, starred review), The Kaepernick Effect is for anyone seeking to get involved in the new movement for racial justice in America: “Take a knee, everyone, and start a revolution” (Kirkus Reviews).

Athletic Activism

Download Athletic Activism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Emerald Group Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1802622055
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (26 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Athletic Activism by : Jeffrey Montez de Oca

Download or read book Athletic Activism written by Jeffrey Montez de Oca and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2023-08-08 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rooted in a global, transnational perspective, Athletic Activism: Global Perspectives on Social Transformation demonstrates how athletic activism can not only impact global discourse about inequity across various social location, but foster institutional change that advances social justice.

Activist Athletes

Download Activist Athletes PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : The Rosen Publishing Group
ISBN 13 : 1642823341
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (428 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Activist Athletes by : The New York Times Editorial Staff , The New York Times Editorial Staff

Download or read book Activist Athletes written by The New York Times Editorial Staff , The New York Times Editorial Staff and published by The Rosen Publishing Group. This book was released on 2020-07-30 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recently, activist athletes have challenged expectations of how players should conduct themselves. While we love to see athletes with big personalities and flashy lifestyles, the response can be less enthusiastic when athletes make bold political statements. The articles in this volume show how common activist athletes truly are. Some use their platform to speak on social conflict, while others fight to improve their working conditions. Some LGBTQ athletes take action by simply being themselves. Through reading about players past and present who stood up for their beliefs, we gain a new appreciation for the role professional sports can play in our lives. Media literacy questions and terms are included to help readers further analyze news coverage and reporting styles.

It was Always a Choice

Download It was Always a Choice PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781439921753
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (217 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis It was Always a Choice by : David Steele

Download or read book It was Always a Choice written by David Steele and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book contextualizes the latest rise in athlete activism against racial inequality by surveying the history of protest in American sports. Steele reveals that the platform sports stardom affords has always come with the responsibility to speak out against injustice even if not all athletes have answered that call"--

Above the Rim

Download Above the Rim PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Abrams
ISBN 13 : 1647001617
Total Pages : 40 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (47 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Above the Rim by : Jen Bryant

Download or read book Above the Rim written by Jen Bryant and published by Abrams. This book was released on 2020-10-06 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The story of Elgin Baylor, basketball icon and civil rights advocate, from an all-star team Hall-of-famer Elgin Baylor was one of basketball’s all-time-greatest players—an innovative athlete, team player, and quiet force for change. One of the first professional African-American players, he inspired others on and off the court. But when traveling for away games, many hotels and restaurants turned Elgin away because he was black. One night, Elgin had enough and staged a one-man protest that captured the attention of the press, the public, and the NBA. Above the Rim is a poetic, exquisitely illustrated telling of the life of an underrecognized athlete and a celebration of standing up for what is right.

Athletic Activism

Download Athletic Activism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Emerald Group Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1802622039
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (26 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Athletic Activism by : Jeffrey Montez de Oca

Download or read book Athletic Activism written by Jeffrey Montez de Oca and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2023-08-08 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rooted in a global, transnational perspective, Athletic Activism: Global Perspectives on Social Transformation demonstrates how athletic activism can not only impact global discourse about inequity across various social location, but foster institutional change that advances social justice.

Full Dissidence

Download Full Dissidence PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Beacon Press
ISBN 13 : 0807019550
Total Pages : 202 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Full Dissidence by : Howard Bryant

Download or read book Full Dissidence written by Howard Bryant and published by Beacon Press. This book was released on 2020-01-21 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A bold and impassioned meditation on injustice in our country that punctures the illusion of a postracial America and reveals it as a place where authoritarianism looms large. Whether the issues are protest, labor, patriotism, or class division, it is clear that professional sports are no longer simply fun and games. Rather, the industry is a hotbed of fractures and inequities that reflect and even drive some of the most divisive issues in our country. The nine provocative and deeply personal essays in Full Dissidence confront the dangerous narratives that are shaping the current dialogue in sports and mainstream culture. The book is a reflection on a culture where African Americans continue to navigate the sharp edges of whiteness—as citizens who are always at risk of being told, often directly from the White House, to go back to where they came from. The topics Howard Bryant takes on include the player-owner relationship, the militarization of sports, the myth of integration, the erasure of black identity as a condition of success, and the kleptocracy that has forced America to ask itself if its beliefs of freedom and democracy are more than just words. In a time when authoritarianism is creeping into our lives and is being embraced in our politics, Full Dissidence will make us question the strength of the bonds we think we have with our fellow citizens, and it shows us why we must break from the malignant behaviors that have become normalized in everyday life.

A Legacy of African American Resistance and Activism Through Sport

Download A Legacy of African American Resistance and Activism Through Sport PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Peter Lang Incorporated, International Academic Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781433184994
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (849 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Legacy of African American Resistance and Activism Through Sport by : Joseph N. Cooper

Download or read book A Legacy of African American Resistance and Activism Through Sport written by Joseph N. Cooper and published by Peter Lang Incorporated, International Academic Publishers. This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, there has been increased attention garnered toward activism in sport within the United States. In 2016, Colin Kaepernick's activist act of taking a knee during the national anthem before National Football League games sparked a nationwide debate on the intersection of sports, race, and politics. Kaepernick's actions were a part of a long lineage of activism in and through sport. Prior accounts of African American activism in and through sport have been limited in the following eight areas: (1) primarily focused on one type of activism (e.g., symbolic protests/boycotts); (2) a lack of differentiation between activism and borderline activist actions (e.g., agency, pioneering, and advocacy); (3) a lack of emphasis on hybrid resistance; (4) a focus on athletes and teams versus sportspersons (i.e., media, scholars, business leaders, and community members) and institutions (i.e., historically Black colleges and universities, athletic programs, and conferences) more broadly; (5) largely focused on one era of prominent athlete activism in the 1960s; (6) principally excluded and marginalized the importance of women's role in resistance efforts (e.g., activism for social change); (7) primarily focused on activism at the intercollegiate and professional levels with less attention toward youth and interscholastic levels; and (8) a lack of theoretically driven analyses of the resistance efforts exhibited by African American sportspersons, teams, groups, organizations, and institutions. Instead of exclusively using the term activism, the author uses the broader encompassing term of resistance as the focal framework for this text. Resistance is defined as intentional and/or unintentional actions by individuals, groups, organizations, and/or institutions that challenge oppressive systems and ideological hegemony. Using adaptive race- and ethnicity-centric typologies and interdisciplinary theories, this book offers a critical analysis of African Americans' intra- and inter-generational resistance actions where, when, why, and how sport has been utilized to express their humanity, preserve their cultural heritages, empower themselves and their communities, project political views, and pursue freedom, equality, and justice.