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Assessing Human Fecal Contamination In A Mixed Use Watershed Using Microbial Source Tracking
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Book Synopsis Assessing Human Fecal Contamination in a Mixed-Use Watershed Using Microbial Source Tracking by : Jonathan M. Honey
Download or read book Assessing Human Fecal Contamination in a Mixed-Use Watershed Using Microbial Source Tracking written by Jonathan M. Honey and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :Jorge W. Santo Domingo Publisher :Emerging Issues in Food Safety ISBN 13 :9781555813741 Total Pages :285 pages Book Rating :4.8/5 (137 download)
Book Synopsis Microbial Source Tracking by : Jorge W. Santo Domingo
Download or read book Microbial Source Tracking written by Jorge W. Santo Domingo and published by Emerging Issues in Food Safety. This book was released on 2007 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents a state-of-the-art review of the current technology and applications being utilized to identify sources of fecal contamination in waterways. - Serves as a useful reference for researchers in the food industry, especially scientists investigating etiological agents responsible for food contamination. - Provides background information on MST methods and the assumptions and limitations associated with their use. - Covers a broad range of topics related to MST, including environmental monitoring, public health and national security, population biology, and microbial ecology. - Offers valuable insights into future research directions and technology developments.
Book Synopsis Use of Spatial Sampling and Microbial Source-tracking Tools for Understanding Fecal Contamination at Two Lake Erie Beaches by :
Download or read book Use of Spatial Sampling and Microbial Source-tracking Tools for Understanding Fecal Contamination at Two Lake Erie Beaches written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Microbial Source Tracking by : Michèle Gourmelon
Download or read book Microbial Source Tracking written by Michèle Gourmelon and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-01-18 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Environmental Microbial Surveillance by : Matthew Thomas Flood
Download or read book Environmental Microbial Surveillance written by Matthew Thomas Flood and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding of the connections between water and health, through the use of water quality monitoring, surveys and surveillance, can help to address the impacts of anthropomorphic changes on the environment. This study sought to understand these connections through the water quality monitoring within watershed basins as well as pathogen surveillance within sewersheds. Specifically, this dissertation sought to 1) understand the sources of pollution and their connections with land use in the various subsections of watersheds; 2) to find a cost-effective way to surveil the spread of SARS-CoV-2 using wastewater surveillance; and 3) to understand the differences in wastewater surveillance between communities. Water quality monitoring using microbial source tracking (MST) was performed with a survey of five mixed-use watersheds in Michigan. Through the use of spatial clustering, it was found that temporal contamination was primarily driven by precipitation and its associated variables (e.g., streamflow, turbidity, overland flow), while spatial contamination is driven by land uses (e.g., septic tank density, tile drain proportions, and tillage). Additionally, porcine fecal contamination was more often correlated with nutrients in streams than either bovine or human contamination. The development of a cost-effective workflow for the detection and quantification of SARS-COV-2 in wastewater was undertaken. Wastewater from communities around Michigan were collected and analyzed along with viral surrogates for SARS-CoV-2 to investigate different workflow options. The Pseudomonas phage Phi6 was seeded in different wastewater matrices to test concentration and recovery by ultrafiltration-based method and polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation. The PEG method provided better virus recovery than the ultrafiltration-based methods as measured using RT-ddPCR. The comparison of two communities (A and B) wastewater results for SARS-CoV-2 analyzed against case data was undertaken. These results were significantly correlated with cases in both communities, but the level of correlation differed based on spatial (e.g., zipcode vs county level cases) and temporal (e.g., date of symptom(s) onset vs. the referral date for cases) resolution. Wastewater surveillance was more representative of higher spatial resolution (zipcode data) of cases in both communities. When examining the temporal resolution of the communities, community B's wastewater results were more closely tied to the onset of symptoms and not the case referral date.The ability to monitor indicators of pollution in watersheds and surveil etiological agents of disease in sewersheds provide non-intrusive methods for evaluating the potential risks and current burdens to community health. The first part of the work could be considered "downstream" monitoring identifying sources and potential exposures with the goal of reducing waterborne disease. While "upstream" monitoring was used for identifying the disease trends in the community and was focused on public health measures to prevent transmission. This project contributed novel methods, results and analysis providing valuable knowledge ultimately addressing the role of monitoring strategies to protect public health.
Book Synopsis Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment by : Charles N. Haas
Download or read book Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment written by Charles N. Haas and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-06-09 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides the latest QMRA methodologies to determine infection risk cause by either accidental microbial infections or deliberate infections caused by terrorism • Reviews the latest methodologies to quantify at every step of the microbial exposure pathways, from the first release of a pathogen to the actual human infection • Provides techniques on how to gather information, on how each microorganism moves through the environment, how to determine their survival rates on various media, and how people are exposed to the microorganism • Explains how QMRA can be used as a tool to measure the impact of interventions and identify the best policies and practices to protect public health and safety • Includes new information on genetic methods • Techniques use to develop risk models for drinking water, groundwater, recreational water, food and pathogens in the indoor environment
Book Synopsis Utility of Microbial Source-tracking Markers for Assessing Fecal Contamination in the Portage River Watershed, Northwestern Ohio, 2008 by : Christopher M. Kephart
Download or read book Utility of Microbial Source-tracking Markers for Assessing Fecal Contamination in the Portage River Watershed, Northwestern Ohio, 2008 written by Christopher M. Kephart and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Discrimination of Human and Non-human Fecal Sources with Rapid Methods in Coastal Waters and Sediments by : Amity Gayle Zimmer-Faust
Download or read book Discrimination of Human and Non-human Fecal Sources with Rapid Methods in Coastal Waters and Sediments written by Amity Gayle Zimmer-Faust and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial contamination in coastal waters is an important public health and economic problem worldwide. It is common for the sources as well as the environmental fate and transport of fecal contamination in recreational waters to be unknown making it difficult to mitigate the input and to understand the relative health risk associated with a given water body. A comprehensive understanding of sources and bacterial dynamics is needed for effective mitigation and management of microbial contaminants. The main objectives of this study were to identify sources of fecal contamination to a chronically impaired Southern California watershed, to demonstrate applicability of microbial source tracking (MST) tools, including source-specific markers for discrimination of human and non-human sources, to evaluate the fate of fecal contaminates in coastal sediments, and to develop and optimize immunomagnetic separation/adenosine triphosphate (IMS/ATP) assays for rapid enumeration of viable fecal contamination. A three-year MST study was conducted to help explain elevated levels of surfzone fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) at Topanga State Beach, a critically impaired Southern California Beach. This study investigated sources of FIB to the Topanga watershed and the applicability of using MST technology longer time scales. MST markers effectively elucidated temporal and seasonal trends in fecal bacterial levels, and dog and gull marker appeared to be a significant sources to Topanga lagoon and Topanga State Beach. However, a lack of correlation between FIB and marker measurements was noted, and dog marker and FIB levels did not covary when compared at different Southern California beaches. Sediments were found to play an important and variable role in environmental fate of MST markers and FIB. Variable decay was observed for different indicators and in different sediments, with differences noted even within one watershed. The human HF183 marker was useful for providing evidence of recent inputs of human fecal contamination and behaved similarly to the molecular marker for Campylobacter (qCAMP) and FIB in brackish sediments. The general Bacteroides (GB3) and enterococci (ENT1A) markers were more conservative and under certain circumstances had comparable decay to culturable FIB. Application of a suite of markers may be necessary for effective evaluation of sediment fecal bacterial levels. Moreover, differences were observed between relative decay amongst the different sediments tested, illustrating the need for more routine sediment monitoring. IMS/ATP assays provided useful information regarding fecal contamination levels and measurements made had a consistent relationship with measurements made by standard methods. IMS/ATP utilizes paramagnetic beds and target-specific antibodies to isolate target organisms. Following isolation, adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) is extracted from the target population and quantified. The Cov-IMS/ATP method rapidly measured viable enterococci in complex surface waters, providing a useful eld tool for assessment of coastal water quality and for identi cation of hot spots of fecal contamination. An inversely-coupled (Inv-IMS/ATP) assay for detection of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron was developed and applied for rapid detection of human-associated fecal contamination. The Inv-IMS/ATP assay yielded measurements of viable B. thetaiotaomicron that were comparable to the HF183 human marker in complex source waters impacted with both wastewater and runoff, and the Inv-IMS/ATP assay was able to effectively differentiate between surface waters impacted with adequately and inadequately treated wastewater. IMS/ATP assays show promise for rapid evaluation of recreational water quality in areas where access to more expensive methods is limited and in areas where water quality is unpredictable. This research highlights the difficulties and complexities associated with effective tracking and management of microbial contaminates in the coastal environment. Additional research evaluating relative aging of molecular markers and relative contributions from different sources is needed to fully interpret field-based source marker data. Sediments were shown to have an important and variable role in fate of fecal contaminants in the environment. Additional studies are needed evaluating how watershed models can most effectively be adapted to include a sediment compartment and how different sources of fecal contamination and source markers decay in sediments with variable characteristics. IMS/ATP assays showed promise and can be successfully applied in complex waters for rapid enumeration of viable fecal contamination; additional verification of assay performance is needed at complex sites impacted with multiple sources.
Book Synopsis Workshop on Microbial Source Tracking in Water by : Paul A. Rochelle
Download or read book Workshop on Microbial Source Tracking in Water written by Paul A. Rochelle and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2006-07-31 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The drinking water and wastewater industries are interested in developing a better understanding of sources of fecal contamination. Microbial source tracking (MST) offers the potential to apportion the contribution of various animal groups to this contamination. However, while there are many methods available there is no clear indication as to the most appropriate approach. There has been little systematic comparison of methods and only a few blind trials, and issues of reproducibility, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, resolution, and robustness need to be addressed. There is confusion among potential end-users and some disagreement among scientists. Therefore, due to the uncertainty surrounding the most appropriate tools and applications of MST, a workshop of 45 experts representing water and wastewater utilities, academia, state and federal government agencies, medical institutions, and private laboratories was convened in San Antonio, Texas over a three-day period (February 16 – 18, 2005). The overall objective of the workshop was to identify the knowledge gaps and research needs for application of MST technologies by the wastewater and drinking water industries.
Book Synopsis Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply by : National Research Council
Download or read book Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-02-17 with total page 569 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1997, New York City adopted a mammoth watershed agreement to protect its drinking water and avoid filtration of its large upstate surface water supply. Shortly thereafter, the NRC began an analysis of the agreement's scientific validity. The resulting book finds New York City's watershed agreement to be a good template for proactive watershed management that, if properly implemented, will maintain high water quality. However, it cautions that the agreement is not a guarantee of permanent filtration avoidance because of changing regulations, uncertainties regarding pollution sources, advances in treatment technologies, and natural variations in watershed conditions. The book recommends that New York City place its highest priority on pathogenic microorganisms in the watershed and direct its resources toward improving methods for detecting pathogens, understanding pathogen transport and fate, and demonstrating that best management practices will remove pathogens. Other recommendations, which are broadly applicable to surface water supplies across the country, target buffer zones, stormwater management, water quality monitoring, and effluent trading.
Book Synopsis Assessing the Impact of Septic Systems on Microbial Water Quality of Streams in Urbanizing Watersheds of Metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia by : Robert A Sowah
Download or read book Assessing the Impact of Septic Systems on Microbial Water Quality of Streams in Urbanizing Watersheds of Metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia written by Robert A Sowah and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Septic systems, also known as onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS), are used widely across the southeast of U.S. As widely as these systems are used in the southeast and other parts of the U.S., their impact on microbial water quality has not been elucidated to allow for their proper management at the watershed level. The overall goal of this study was to isolate septic system impact at the watershed level by using multiple approaches including targeted monitoring of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and microbial source tracking (MST) markers as well as watershed scale modeling. Twenty four urbanizing watersheds impacted by a gradient of septic system density and land use characteristics were monitored over a three year period for water quality parameters including the FIB E. coli and enterococci, human-specific Bacteroidales genetic markers and standard water quality parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, specific conductance). Septic system influence on fecal bacteria loads at the watershed level was also modeled with the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT). Correlation and multivariable regression analysis indicate that septic systems, specifically the density of septic systems and the proximity of septic systems to streams, were significant drivers of fecal pollution in urbanizing watersheds of metropolitan Atlanta. The influence of septic systems was seasonally dependent with the strongest impact observed in spring season. Analysis of the human-associated marker showed strong negative correlation (r = -0.64) to the proximity of septic systems to streams during the spring season. Additionally, the human marker was significantly higher in high density watersheds compared to low density areas overall. SWAT model results show septic system influence as a result of the proximity of septic systems to local streams, with the most significant influence observed when septic systems are less than 10 m from nearby streams. This study provides tools that can be used at the watershed level to understand the impact of septic systems on microbial water quality. The study findings can be used to support decisions regarding septic system management to protect water resources.
Book Synopsis Bacterial Source Tracking in Impaired Watersheds by : Emily Catherine Martin
Download or read book Bacterial Source Tracking in Impaired Watersheds written by Emily Catherine Martin and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bacterial contamination due to excessive levels of bacteria is a confounding problem and remediation of impaired watersheds relies on the detection of fecal indicator bacteria and then assessing the source of said bacteria. Bacterial source tracking (BST) is an approach for assessing potential sources of this contamination. The purpose of this study was to utilize both cultivation-independent and -dependent methods to improve the ability to track sources of fecal contamination. First, E. coli community composition was assessed across three standard water quality assessments including USEPA Methods 1603 and 1604, and Colilert®, to determine their impact on BST library-based performance. Results indicate that the three assessed methods of enumeration and isolation may select for different populations of E. coli and standardized methods may be warranted if library-dependent BST is part of a research plan. Next, BST techniques were used to enumerate and characterize E. coli communities across various dairy manure management techniques used in the Leon River watershed in central Texas to determine effectiveness of BST efforts in tracking contamination from dairy manure. Results of this study indicated that manure and effluent management strategies which employed means to remove solids from the manure tended to decrease the levels of E. coli in the effluent. Some E. coli genotypes were found across the managerial treatments even though there were no clear seasonal trends or site groupings among the dataset. The vast majority of the isolates classified using the Texas E. coli BST library were correctly classified back to their major source class, thus increasing confidence in the methods currently being utilized to track dairy fecal contributions in this Central Texas watershed. Finally, deer bacterial fecal communities from south and central Texas were analyzed using 454-pyrosequencing to assess the potential for the development of a deer-specific BST marker. Microbial communities did not cluster by site or year suggesting that deer fecal communities in these Texas regions are stable over time and could be amenable to marker development. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/149494
Book Synopsis Manual of Environmental Microbiology by : Cindy H. Nakatsu
Download or read book Manual of Environmental Microbiology written by Cindy H. Nakatsu and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-08-11 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The single most comprehensive resource for environmental microbiology Environmental microbiology, the study of the roles that microbes play in all planetary environments, is one of the most important areas of scientific research. The Manual of Environmental Microbiology, Fourth Edition, provides comprehensive coverage of this critical and growing field. Thoroughly updated and revised, the Manual is the definitive reference for information on microbes in air, water, and soil and their impact on human health and welfare. Written in accessible, clear prose, the manual covers four broad areas: general methodologies, environmental public health microbiology, microbial ecology, and biodegradation and biotransformation. This wealth of information is divided into 18 sections each containing chapters written by acknowledged topical experts from the international community. Specifically, this new edition of the Manual Contains completely new sections covering microbial risk assessment, quality control, and microbial source tracking Incorporates a summary of the latest methodologies used to study microorganisms in various environments Synthesizes the latest information on the assessment of microbial presence and microbial activity in natural and artificial environments The Manual of Environmental Microbiology is an essential reference for environmental microbiologists, microbial ecologists, and environmental engineers, as well as those interested in human diseases, water and wastewater treatment, and biotechnology.
Book Synopsis Indicators for Waterborne Pathogens by : National Research Council
Download or read book Indicators for Waterborne Pathogens written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-05-19 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent and forecasted advances in microbiology, molecular biology, and analytical chemistry have made it timely to reassess the current paradigm of relying predominantly or exclusively on traditional bacterial indicators for all types of waterborne pathogens. Nonetheless, indicator approaches will still be required for the foreseeable future because it is not practical or feasible to monitor for the complete spectrum of microorganisms that may occur in water, and many known pathogens are difficult to detect directly and reliably in water samples. This comprehensive report recommends the development and use of a "tool box" approach by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency and others for assessing microbial water quality in which available indicator organisms (and/or pathogens in some cases) and detection method(s) are matched to the requirements of a particular application. The report further recommends the use of a phased, three-level monitoring framework to support the selection of indicators and indicator approaches.Â
Book Synopsis Microbial Source Tracking: Methods, Applications, and Case Studies by : Charles Hagedorn
Download or read book Microbial Source Tracking: Methods, Applications, and Case Studies written by Charles Hagedorn and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-08 with total page 645 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding the origin of fecal pollution is essential in assessing potential health risks as well as for determining the actions necessary to remediate the quality of waters contaminated by fecal matter. As a result, microbial source tracking (MST) has emerged as a field that has evolved and diversified rapidly since the first approaches were described only a decade ago. In response to the emergence of MST, there have been three large multi-laboratory method comparison studies (two in the US and one in Europe), plus numerous workshops, book chapters, and review articles dedicated to synthesizing information on the topic. Furthermore, a federal (USEPA) guide document describing the uses and limitations of MST methods was published in 2005, and a book dedicated to MST as an emerging issue in food safety was published in 2007. These documents provide a collective body of literature on MST that is both conflicting and complementary, often repetitious, and difficult to condense and interpret. In addition, it does not reflect the current diversity of MST approaches with different organisms, newer methodologies such as quantitative PCR, and anthropogenic chemicals, nor does it embrace the scope of MST research being conducted around the world. The three editors of the book, all with extensive MST expertise, have developed chapters and invited authors who reflect the rich diversity and truly international scope of MST. The unifying theme throughout the book is the design of more standardized approaches to MST that include performance criteria (regardless of method or organism), plus recommendations for field study design and MST implementation. The editors intend that this book will serve as a valuable reference for all those who are involved with
Book Synopsis Evaluation and Performance of Rapid Methods for Identifying and Tracking Sources of Fecal Pollution in Coastal Watersheds by : Vanessa Thulsiraj
Download or read book Evaluation and Performance of Rapid Methods for Identifying and Tracking Sources of Fecal Pollution in Coastal Watersheds written by Vanessa Thulsiraj and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fecal contamination of coastal waters is known to degrade the environment and poses a health risk to recreational beach users. Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) are used around the world to assess water quality and characterize fecal contamination. Elevated levels of FIB have been linked to health risks in epidemiological studies. However, some limitations exist with this indicator. FIB cannot be used to identify the specific sources as they originate from both human and animal sources. FIB may also persist and regrow in the environment. In order to effectively remediate the cause of pollution and characterize the hazards at chronically impaired beaches it is necessary to measure indicators that can provide information about the sources of the general fecal pollution. Tracking pollution sources at impaired beaches is critical to ensuring the health of coastal watersheds and reducing the incidence of swimming related illness. Molecular methods have gained popularity to identify and detect sources of fecal contamination using host-associated markers. The work presented here addresses areas warranting further research in the state of the science of water quality monitoring. In Chapter 2, we demonstrate that host-associated markers exhibit similar limits of detection in different water types and are robust in environmental field applications. Additionally, we provide a cost-benefit analysis and provide water quality managers with information supporting the inclusion of molecular methods in current monitoring practices. This body of work also presents novel methods for rapid and viability-based detection of recent fecal contamination with propidium monoazide (PMA-qPCR) and a field portable method covalently-linked IMS/ATP technique (Cov-IMS/ATP). In Chapters 3 and 4, we present results on optimization and specificity of the Cov-IMS/ATP. We evaluated the performance of Cov-IMS/ATP at three different watersheds for rapid quantification of enterococci, and show this method to be a robust tool in assessing water quality at complex sites. This work also addresses drawbacks of traditional qPCR to quantify viable fecal contamination. We validate the PMA-qPCR method and demonstrate its performance in detecting recent fecal contamination in environmental waters. Use of these methods demonstrates a new framework that can enhance current microbial source tracking studies and water quality monitoring.
Book Synopsis Advances in Watershed Science and Assessment by : Tamim Younos
Download or read book Advances in Watershed Science and Assessment written by Tamim Younos and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-01-31 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume offers concepts, methods and case studies of innovative and evolving technologies in the area of watershed assessment. Topics discussed include: (1) Development and applications of geospatial, satellite imagery and remote sensing technologies for land monitoring; (2) Development and applications of satellite imagery for monitoring inland water quality; (3) Development and applications of water sensor technologies for real-time monitoring of water quantity and quality; and (4) Advances in biological monitoring and microbial source tracking technologies. This book will be of interest to graduate students and researchers involved in watershed science and environmental studies. Equally, it will serve as a valuable guide to experts in government agencies who are concerned with water-availability and water-quality issues, and engineers and other professionals involved in the design of land- and water-monitoring systems.
